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What is the primary use of genetics in the field of agriculture?  (TG)

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What is the primary use of genetics in the field of agriculture?  (TG)

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I have collected a lot of data by watching several Youtube videos.Furthermore, i have gained a lot of knowledge from Ted Talks and IEEE(journals).I have also used several websites to gain more information.

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I feel all the applications I have mentioned is feasible and very much achievable.

The most feasible one being the idea of directly introducing vaccines into crops,In fact, several crops including bananas and potatoes have already been engineered to deliver the oral vaccine for the hepatitis B virus.

As far as my team is concerned they too feel that scientists can achieve this feat in the future,and this will help mankind like never before.

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With the help of gene therapy it would soon be possible to find a cure for several inherited disorders,some types of cancers and certain viral infections ,but this technology is yet in its rudimentry stages and is fairly risky.

Not far from reality is the idea of including vaccines directly into food products. Advocates claim that genetically engineering specific crops to deliver essential vaccines will be inexpensive, accessible, and safe. In fact, several crops including bananas and potatoes have already been engineered to deliver the oral vaccine for the hepatitis B virus.

Additional environmental applications of genetic engineering include the potential of using engineered bacteria to turn waste into useful products including plastic and even fuel

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1-GMO or plants that can survive in extreme weather irrespective of their production can be the key to eradicate malnutrition from desert and other arid region.

2-GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISM for pest control

eg a type of bird that feeds only on mosquitoes

3-Genetically modified plants that always grow to a pre-fixed size.

eg a lawn that maintains itself

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Diagram representing a basic GMO being created

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Diagram representing a basic GMO being created

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health effects of genetically modified food

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health effects of genetically modified food

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https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&sqi=2&ved=0CBwQFjAAahUKEwjXmqPT77DIAhVCQI4KHREWBt0&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bionet.nsc.ru%2FICIG%2FCHM%2Fbooks%2FHartl_Jones_Genetics.pdf&usg=AFQjCNF9G1qMXzJfulJXaZaGrPNqtynKQw&sig2=5gMDIWmrjPD-ee1euVXfLA&bvm=bv.104615367,d.c2E

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1- Adaptive mutation: The phenomenon where by bacteria and yeast cells in stationary (non-growing) phase, have some way of producing (or selectively retaining) only the most appropriate mutations that enable them to make use of new substrates for growth.

2-Allele: A particular variant of a gene.

3-Biofilm: A layer of extracellular matrix containing quiescent, non-proliferating micro-organisms.

4-Epistasis: Interaction between genes.

5-Horizontal Gene Transfer: The direct uptake of foreign genetic material by cells and incorporation into the cells’ genome.

6-Operon:  A multigenic unit consisting of a regulator gene, a promoter-operator region and one or more other genes whose expression is regulated.

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We think that the Gnetically modified organisms is the area in which genetic engineering will be most successfull   (

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We think that the Gnetically modified organisms is the area in which genetic engineering will be most successfull   (

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GMOs are the source of medicines andgenetically modified foods and are also widely used in scientific research and to produce other goods.GMOs are used in biological and medical research, production of pharmaceutical drugs,experimental medicine (e.g. gene therapy), and agriculture (e.g. golden rice, resistance toherbicides). The term "genetically modified organism" does not always imply, but can include, targeted insertions of genes from one species into another.To feed the increainsg population of the world genetically modified organisms is of utmost importance.

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Q)Are you aware of genetically modified organisms?

Suggested answer type:Yes or No.

Q)Have you ever consumed genetically modified food?

Suggested answer type;Yes or No

Q)Do you think this food has any additional effect on your health?

Suggested answer type;Yes or No

Q)Do you think we can transplant organs from other animals to humans using genetic modification in the near future?

Suggested answer type;Yes or No

Q)Do you think the world will survive without GMOS?

Suggested answer type;Yes or No

Q)Do you think genetic modification has made a profound impact in the field of medicine?

Suggested answer type;Yes or No.

My audience includes students,undergraduates and graduates who have interest in the field of genetics

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Cloning pigs as organ donors for humans - IEEE Xplore Document

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In order to overcome this shortage of organs, scientists have considered the possibility of using animals as a source of organs. Xenotransplantation, or xe

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1)Genetic modification may be able to fill up the shortfall of human organs for transplants by using transgenic pigs in order to provide the supply of vital organs ideal for human transplants. The pigs can be genetically modified by adding a specific human protein that will be able to coat pig tissues and prevent the immediate rejection of the transplanted organs into humans

2) DNA recombinant technologies are  used in the production of Human Insulin , Human Growth Hormone , follistim (for treating infertility) and several other drugs and vaccines.
3) Genetically modified bacteria were the first organisms to be modified in the laboratory, due to their simple genetics. These organisms are now used for several purposes, and are particularly important in producing large amounts of pure human proteins for use in medicine.

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What are the uses of genetic modification in medicine?

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What are the uses of genetic modification in medicine?

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1)Xenotransplantation-Xenotransplantation involves the transplantation of nonhuman tissues or organs into human recipients

2)Gene Therapy-The addition,deletion or manipulation of genes in order to counteract several diseases.

3)Somatic cell-Refers to all cells except the egg or sperm cell.

4)Somatic cell nuclear transfer-In genetics and developmental biology,somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is a laboratory technique for creating an ovum with a donor nucleus

5)Recombinant DNA (rDNA) -These are DNA molecules formed by laboratory methods of genetic recombination (such as molecular cloning)

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1)cloning
The production of a cloned embryo by transplanting the nucleus of a somatic cell into an ovum.

2)biotechnology
The use of living organisms (especially microorganisms) in industrial, agricultural, medical, and other technological applications.

3)GMOs (or “genetically modified organisms”) are living organisms whose genetic material has been artificially manipulated in a laboratory through genetic engineering, or GE. 5) Genetic modification or transgenesis is the process whereby a genetically modified organism is made in the laboratory. This involves making artificial or modified genetic material (GM constructs) which are inserted into the genomes of cells or embryos. The cell or embryo is regenerated to an organism, out of which a GM line or transgenic line is derived.
6) Transgenic organism An organism created by genetic engineering, in which one or more foreign genes have been incorporated into its genome.
7)Nuclear transplant cloning A process whereby the nucleus containing the genome of an adult cell is transferred into an egg from which the nucleus was previously removed. The egg with the transplant nucleus is then stimulated to divide and develop into an organism.

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1)campbell,N.A,J.B Reese and L.G.Mitc

hell,1999.Biology,5th edition,Addison Wesley Longman,Inc,USA

2)Clark,D.P. and L.D.Russel,1997,Molecular Biology made simple and fun.Cache River Press,Vienna

3)Fox,M.1998 Danger of G.E foods and crops.[online],Available:

http://www.purefood.org/ge/gedangerfox.cfm

4)Klug,W.S. and M.R.Cummings ,Concepts of Genetics,6th edition.Prentice Hall ,Inc,New Jersey.

5)The Benefits of Human Cloning[online] ,Available:

http://www.humancloning.org/benefits.htm

6)https://.youtube.com/watch?=OB_0OLKGMpQ

7)https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3IsQ92KiBwM

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Jeffrey Sachs Discusses Pros of Genetically Modified Foods

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View Jeffrey Sachs' comments on the pros of genetically modified foods in alleviating poverty and hunger in developing countries. The Conversations About Plant Biotechnology Web site offers additional video podcasts with farmers and experts from around the world.

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How does genetic modification affect the environment?

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How does genetic modification affect the environment?

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How does genetic modification affect the environment?

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How does genetic modification affect the environment?

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How does genetic modification affect the environment?

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Unlike previous pollution genetically engineered crops are living organisms, they can reproduce and spread. This poses an ongoing threat to the environment. If something goes wrong this GM pollution cannot simply be recalled or cleaned up. Ecologists believe that the release of these unpredictable organisms could have far reaching consequences in much the same way that non-native species such as the cane toad have become pests. Such effects may only emerge after a few generations. Persistent GM crops may cross with related weeds to become ‘superweeds’ – particularly vigorous weeds that outcompete other plants and destroy natural plant ecosystems.

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organs are grown externally on other animals

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organs are grown externally on other animals

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Is genetic engineering a precise and predictable science

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Is genetic engineering a precise and predictable science

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No, genetics is not precise because genes interact with each other and their environment in very complex ways which are impossible to predict.

eg: splicing the human growth gene in mice led to very large mice but the same in pigs le to skinny and arthritic animals.

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 Isn't genetic engineering merely a minor extension of traditional breeding practices?

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 Isn't genetic engineering merely a minor extension of traditional breeding practices?

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No. While farmers have used cross-breeding techniques to cultivate crop and animal species with desired characteristics, genetic engineering represents a radical departure from this practice. Cross-breeding can only occur within closely-related life forms. Genetic engineering allows scientists to cross the species barrier, mixing genetic material among of animals, plants and microorganism. The offspring of genetic engineering would never be found in nature. For example, fish genes have been placed in tomatoes, human genes in tobacco, bacteria in corn, and viruses in squash and fruit.

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Journal on advantages and disadvantages of genetic technology       (himanshu)

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Journal on advantages and disadvantages of genetic technology       (himanshu)

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Reference articles-
1)Modern Genetic Analysis by Anthony JF Griffiths, William M Gelbart, Jeffrey H Miller, and Richard C Lewontin
.Published New York: W. H. Freeman; 1999.
2)https://www.ted.com/talks/pamela_ronald_the_case_for_engineering_our_food
3)Jeffrey Sachs Discusses Pros of Genetically Modified Foods.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OW9d9LexUrY
4) selective breeding-https://in.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20110603115124AAi0Yc5)Gene splicing-http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/gene-splicing
6)https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W_CnR0Ak604&spfreload=10.
7) Cloning pigs as organ donors for humans,by Liangxue Lai,published by Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine, IEEE  (Volume:23 , Issue: 2 ).

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OB_0OLKGMpQ

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Selective breeding has been used for a very long time in livestock and domestic animals; it is why we have so many different breeds of dogs and cats and why some cattle are better for milk and some for meat. Selective breeding allows humans to take Darwin's theory of evolution and create an animal which does what we want it to do. Darwin's argument was that the older an animal, the more it would breed and spread its genes, and the older animals were those with the traits which best suited them for survival, and so the genes which would be most passed on would be those which were conducive to survival. Therefore, selective breeding involved taking animals with the best traits and breeding them with other animals with the best traits

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(Taronish)

Humans can bring together specific genetic combinations in either plants or animals by selective breeding.This involves the careful selection of individuals with specific desirable characteristics and their controlled mating with the goal of producing a population that has a high proportion of individuals with the desired characteristics.

This is called selective breeding

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(Himanshu)What are the applications of selective breeding?

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(Himanshu)What are the applications of selective breeding?

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Ancient ancestor of the banana and the modern day genetically modified banana.

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The effort of one geneticist  (Taronish)

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The effort of one geneticist  (Taronish)

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Pamela Ronald describes her decade-long quest to isolate a gene that allows rice to survive prolonged flooding.

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Pamela Ronald: The case for engineering our food | TED Talk

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Pamela Ronald studies the genes that make plants more resistant to disease and stress. In an eye-opening talk, she describes her decade-long quest to isolate a gene that allows rice to survive prolonged flooding. She shows how the genetic improvement of seeds saved the Hawaiian papaya crop in the 19…

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Genetically modified salmon vs farm salmon

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4) is the genetic engineered seed can threaten our entire food supply?        (himanshu(

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4) is the genetic engineered seed can threaten our entire food supply?        (himanshu(

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Insects, birds, and wind can carry genetically altered seeds into neighboring fields and beyond. Pollen from transgenic plants can cross-pollinate with genetically natural crops and wild relatives. All crops, organic and non-organic, are vulnerable to contamination from cross-pollinatation.

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3)is there any danger of widespread crop failure due to genetically engineered seeds? (himanshu)

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3)is there any danger of widespread crop failure due to genetically engineered seeds? (himanshu)

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Genetic engineers intend to profit by patenting genetically engineered seeds. This means that, when a farmer plants genetically engineered seeds, all the seeds have identical genetic structure. As a result, if a fungus, a virus, or a pest develops which can attack this particular crop, there could be widespread crop failure.

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2)Are there any side effects in genetic engineering? (himanshu)

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2)Are there any side effects in genetic engineering? (himanshu)

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Genetic engineering is like performing heart surgery with a shovel. Scientists do not yet understand living systems completely enough to perform DNA surgery without creating mutations which could be harmful to the environment and our health. They are experimenting with very delicate, yet powerful forces of nature, without full knowledge of the repercussions.

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1)are we technologically advanced to perform dna slicing?(himanshu)

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1)are we technologically advanced to perform dna slicing?(himanshu)

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A genetic engineer moves genes from one organism to another. A gene can be cut precisely from the DNA of an organism, but the insertion into the DNA of the target organism is basically random. As a consequence, there is a risk that it may disrupt the functioning of other genes essential to the life of that organism.

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As you move into genetic engineering, you may be overcome by a feeling that you have trespassed into forbidden territory just because of the enormous potential for change. We have our hands in the very clay of life. Life is no longer immutable, not in the characteristics of a species but potentially real time, in...

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When a gene from one organism is purposely moved to improve or change another organism in a laboratory, the result is a genetically modified organism (GMO). It is also sometimes called "transgenic" for transfer of genes

(

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resources used to gain a basic understanding about genetics

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resources used to gain a basic understanding about genetics

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How are dna components fit for making transgenic cells determined?

genetic engineering includes replacing part of the dna by genes from other species sometimes even completely unrelated.

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Article: "Human identification system based on ECG features" Journal: Int. J. of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, 2015 Vol.19 No.1 pp.92 - 103 Abstract: Currently biometrics is widely used for security needs. In particular, the ECG that provides optimum security since it is more universal and difficult to be forged. This research presents a new approach for personal identification from electrocardiogram signals. After pre-processing, fiducial points were detected for each heartbeat. Then three types of features, namely temporal attributes, amplitude attributes and morphological descriptors, are extracted. Hidden Markov model was used for analysis of parameters and personal recognition. A combination between 21 features and 10 morphological parameters was performed in a one system in order to bring more significant improvement in terms of recognition. Results demonstrate that the proposed method is efficiently used to identify the normal and diseased subjects. In particular, the best identification rate of 99.10% is obtained for the subjects of MIT-BIH Normal Sinus Rhythm database whereas the subjects of MIT-BIH Arrhythmia database have led to a recognition accuracy of 98.39%. - Inderscience Publishers - linking academia, business and industry through research

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International publishers of academic, scientific and professional journals since 1979.

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Summary of the issues come across in the field of genetics.(himanshu)

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Summary of the issues come across in the field of genetics.(himanshu)

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1. Unknown Consequences of Viral Genes in the Human Body

2. Uncertain Effects That May be Brought by Genetically Modified Life Form

3. It Borderlines on the Issues Pertaining on Morality.Genetic engineering can hinder the moral issues particularly in religion. They also wonder if man has the ability and right to influence the course and law of nature.

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Reference  article on the uses of genetics in agriculture and medicine.(Taronish)

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Reference  article on the uses of genetics in agriculture and medicine.(Taronish)

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Genetics and Human Affairs - Modern Genetic Analysis - NCBI Bookshelf

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Genetics seems to hold a special place in human affairs. Not only is it relevant in the same sense that other scientific disciplines are, but it also has much to tell us about the nature of our humanity, and in this sense it is unique among the biological sciences.

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Uses of genetic engineering in medicine and agriculture  (Taronish Gotlaseth)

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Uses of genetic engineering in medicine and agriculture  (Taronish Gotlaseth)

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Reference articles-1)Modern Genetic Analysis by Anthony JF Griffiths, William M Gelbart, Jeffrey H Miller, and Richard C Lewontin
.Published New York: W. H. Freeman; 1999.2)https://www.ted.com/talks/pamela_ronald_the_case_for_engineering_our_food
3)Jeffrey Sachs Discusses Pros of Genetically Modified Foods.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OW9d9LexUrY
4) selective breeding-https://in.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20110603115124AAi0Yc5)Gene splicing-http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/gene-splicing6)https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W_CnR0Ak604&spfreload=10.7) Cloning pigs as organ donors for humans,by Liangxue Lai,published by Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine, IEEE  (Volume:23 , Issue: 2 ).

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Living things inherit from their parents many of their physical characteristics. The genes of the parents determine these characteristics. The study of these genes is called Genetics; in other words genetics is the branch of biology that deals with heredity.

Genes govern the inheritance of traits like sex, color of the eyes, hair (for humans and animals), leaf shape and petal color (for plants).

Applications of genetics deals with modification of an organisms genome to create genetically modified organisms (GMO) bearing the desired characteristics.

Most common example is genetically modified crops.

Other notable applications are in cloning , selective breeding genetically modified bacteria.