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Using your own knowledge and the representation, explain the implications of the 1905 revolution and the impacts of the Tsar's manifesto on Russia?

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Using your own knowledge and the representation, explain the implications of the 1905 revolution and the impacts of the Tsar's manifesto on Russia?

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The 1905 revolution changed Russia, although the tsarist regime emerged unscathed in the short term. Despite a significant war loss, the rise of unions, crippling industrial action and surfacing of key opposition groups. it was because of the October manifesto, which allowed the civilian population to be granted essential foundations of civil freedom, without postponing the scheduled election and that no one is to be taking into custody without reason.

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Throughout the history of Tsarist Russia, the Tsar's have generally been revered and well liked by the people of the Russian Empire. However the Russian people of 1905 developed a feeling of discontent towards the Tsar and the Russian Government due to events such as the failing efforts for modernization and industrialization, the Russo-Japanese war (which began on the 8th of February 1904) and 'Bloody Sunday' (9th of January 1905).

Firstly, the period of modernization and industrialization initialized by Tsar Alexander III and continued by Nicholas II, which came as a consequence of disastrous results from the Crimean War (1853-1856), in which Russia found itself at war with not only Turkey but also England and France,it was a military disaster for Russia which not only revealed the countries military weaknesses and inadequate combat style but also its lack of industrial and social sophistication . Also, the famine of 1891-1892, further exposed Russia's severe lack of proper infrastructure and the governments ineffectiveness in tackling larger social problems, such as disease, archaic farming strategies, and hunger. The rapid industrialization, created using taxes, prices and interest rates, and with the absence of workplace protections and prohibition of trade unions, led to the oppression of the working class through deplorable working conditions industrial factories. Sergei Kravchinsky wrote in 1894 " It is difficult to conceive of more exhausting work..."

The Russo-Japanese also ignited discontent towards the Tsar. The effect on Russia of its war with Japan was far-reaching at a time of great social unrest. As news of continuous defeats reached the ears of the Russian population it became clear to ordinary Russians that their country was seriously under-equipped for military engagement. Instead of diverting public attention from the dire economic and social situation, the war highlighted Russia's poor technological infrastructure. The discontent of the Russian people grew rapidly and manifested into the assassination of Plehve (15th July 1904) who was regarded by many as the driving force behind Russia's involvement in the war with Japan. This led to the installment of Prince P.D Sviatopolk-Mirskii who adopted a more liberal approach to politics. This involved the relaxation of censorship in the media and the abolishment of corporal punishment. Mirskii also pushed for the formation of a constitution which was rejected by the Tsar. This created further discontent amongst the Russian population (PARIS CONFERENCE UNITES OPPOSING PARTIES AGAINST AUTOCRATIC GOVERNMENT.

The final straw of the Russian people's acceptance of the Tsars indifference to their demands for equality of opportunity, better conditions in cities and country, as well as a demand for increased infrastructure and modernisation, was the 'Bloody Sunday' massacres. Falling wages coupled with the rising cost of living increased discontent in the major cities. Between October 1903 and October 1904 real wages had decreased by up to one quarter, while industrial recession, terrible working conditions and poor harvests led to growing worker restlessness. This accumulated and led to peaceful protests led by Father Georgei Gapon organised on the 9th of January 1905 who planned to approach the Tsar with a petition outlining the grievances of the people of St Petersburg . This resulted in soldiers firing upon the crowd which is depicted in the extract with Father Gapon laying on the floor dead, with the petition clutched in his hand. From now on Tsar Nicholas II was referred to as Nicholas the Bloody.

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d) To what extent are these representations useful in understanding the role of ordinary Russian people in the 1905 revolution? Give reasons for your answer.

The representations of the role of ordinary everyday Russians in the 1905 revolution are accurate in both the Illustration of bloody Sunday as well as Pytor Kropotkin’s account of the event. The illustration shows the anger the ordinary Russian had during the protest and the demonstration itself had arisen due to the workers anger over the worsening working and living conditions and declining pay that were down to one quarter of the usual. The start of the protests against working conditions occurred in St Petersburg where Putilov steel works company released 4 workers which caused uproar. Gapon was the key figure that led the 1905 revolution; he was a renegade priest who was at the front of the march to the Winter Palace at St Petersburg holding nothing but a crucifix and a portrait of the Tsar with a banner behind him saying “Soldiers do not fire on the people”.

The representation shows the impact that religion had on the events of the 1905 revolution and how religion was always with the people whether they went. During the protest there were religious symbols are shown in the illustration as being carried by everyday Russians. The illustration also shows the fear in the people’s faces of the Tsar’s soldiers as they fired upon the crowd, as well as their frantic struggle to flee the Winter Palace.

Pytor Kropotkin’s explains the spontaneous nature of bloody Sunday, as he states “ the working men again threw the weight of their will into the contest and gave quite a new turn in the movement, as this was not the work of any revolutionary organisation”

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Using your own knowledge and the representation, explain why many people would disagree with this representation.

The representation shows Liberty being freed from prison, with Nicholas in the background, keys in hand. This is an optimistic view of the October Manifesto, published in Punch on the 8th of October 1905.

The October Manifesto received a mixed perception- some groups, like the Octobrists accepting the reform as a step in the right direction, while others, like the Constitutional Democrats (Kadets), doubted it would come into practice and pursued further consessions,

Industrial workers wanted a more immediate change, and because most were disengaged from the push for political reform and revolution, they didn't take notice of the small amount of change the October Manifesto brought.

The peasants, on the other hand, were more appeased by the manifesto- while still wishing for more immediate reform. Their needs weren't really met by the Manifesto, they had been hoping to gain land and have lower taxes. But, since they were so thinly spread, isolated, and lacked the ability to rally together, they were poorly coordinated and unable to voice their concerns.

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a) What attitude or value is the artist trying to convey about Nicholas II?

The image attempts to show that Nicholas is inept and unaware of the discontent of the nation. He is also portrayed as just realising this discontent when he smells the smoke of the fuse in his room, implying that he will only become aware of this anger, when he is just about to be abdicated, or even killed.

b) How does the artist do this?

The artist does this by replacing the idea of discontent and hate with smoke which Nicholas smells, therefore realising the discontent and hate he is surrounded by. Nicholas looks surprised at the presence of the smoke in the representation which shows his surprise at the presence of discontent in reality. Apart from surprise, he also evidently fears for his own survival and privilege in the representation as he moves his fur coat away from the flames.

c) Why has the artist written 'aristocracy, despotism and tyranny' on the stairs to the Tsars throne?

These three words are the foundations for the Tsars power over the Russian

d) In what sense was the duma (metaphorically speaking) a 'bomb' under the throne of Nicholas II after 1905?

The duma can be described as a bomb under the throne of Nicholas II after 1905, because the dumas entered Russia into a period of parliamentary government. Between 1906 and 1917, Russia was ruled by combination of Tsar and dumas, as representatives of the people. However, while the people of Russia saw the public elected body's of the dumas as a major breakthrough in making Russia more democratic, the Tsar still felt Russia was a firm autocracy. The Tsar issued laws upgrading the state council of Imperial Russia, this conservative body clearly went against the promises of the October manifesto and the Duma. The first duma opened on 27 April, the main groups were the peasents and the Kadets, they called for reforms such as Freedom to strike, abolition of capital punishment, universal and direct voting. Nicholas found these demands unacceptable and the duma only lasted 73 days, 3 more dumas to come were also councelled leading to discontent amoungst the masses as their demands weren't being heard despite Nicholas apparent acceptance. Some historians argue that Nicolas wasted this oppurtunity to stop the revolution.

e) How did the Tsar respond to this threat

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Throughout the history of Tsarist Russia, the Tsar's have generally been revered and well liked by the people of the Russian Empire. However the Russian people of 1905 developed a feeling of discontent towards the Tsar and the Russian Government due to events such as the failing efforts for modernization and industrialization, the Russo-Japanese war (DATE) and 'Bloody Sunday' (DATE).

Firstly, the period of modernization and industrialization initialized by Tsar Alexander III and continued by Nicholas II, which came as a consequence of disastrous results from the Crimean War (1853-1856), in which, RESULT. Also, the famine of 1891-1892, further exposed Russia's severe lack of proper infrastructure and the governments ineffectiveness in tackling larger social problems, such as disease, archaic farming strategies, and hunger. The rapid industrialization, created using taxes, prices and interest rates, and with the absence of workplace protections and prohibition of trade unions, led to the oppression of the working class through deplorable working conditions industrial factories. PRIMARY SOURCE

The Russo-Japanese also ignited discontent towards the Tsar. The effect on Russia of its war with Japan was far-reaching at a time of great social unrest. As news of continuous defeats reached the ears of the Russian population it became clear to ordinary Russians that their country was seriously under-equipped for military engagement. Instead of diverting public attention from the dire economic and social situation, the war highlighted Russia's poor technological infrastructure. The discontent of the Russian people grew rapidly and manifested into the assassination of Plehve (15th July 1904) who was regarded by many as the driving force behind Russia's involvement in the war with Japan. This led to the installment of Prince P.D Sviatopolk-Mirskii who adopted a more liberal approach to politics. This involved the relaxation of censorship in the media and the abolishment of corporal punishment. Mirskii also pushed for the formation of a constitution which was rejected by the Tsar. This created further discontent amongst the Russian population PARIS CONFERENCE UNITES OPPOSING PARTIES AGAINST AUTOCRATIC GOVERNMENT.

The final straw of the Russian people's acceptance of the Tsars indifference to their demands for equality of opportunity, better conditions in cities and country, as well as a demand for increased infrastructure and modernisation, was the 'Bloody Sunday' massacres. Falling wages coupled with the rising cost of living increased discontent in the major cities. Between October 1903 and October 1904 real wages had decreased by up to one quarter, while industrial recession, terrible working conditions and poor harvests led to growing worker restlessness. This accumulated and led to peaceful protests led by Father Georgei Gapon organised on the 9th of January 1905 who planned to approach the Tsar with a petition outlining the grievances of the people of St Petersburg . This resulted in soldiers firing upon the crowd which is depicted in the extract with Father Gapon laying on the floor dead, with the petition clutched in his hand. From now on Tsar Nicholas II was referred to as Nicholas the Bloody.

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Group 6 - Implications of the 1905 Revolution - Why it failed

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Group 6 - Implications of the 1905 Revolution - Why it failed

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Group 5 - Views of those at Bloody Sunday

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Group 5 - Views of those at Bloody Sunday

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Group 3 - Document Analysis - Death the Tsar of all Russians

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Group 3 - Document Analysis - Death the Tsar of all Russians

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Group 2 - 1905 Revolution - Bloody Sunday at the Winter Palace

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Group 2 - 1905 Revolution - Bloody Sunday at the Winter Palace