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Pratik - Saturn V rocket, used for the American manned lunar landing missions

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Pratik - Saturn V rocket, used for the American manned lunar landing missions

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Pratik - Sudeep, the
fallibility of the axiomatic approach can be made if an of the axioms are
proven false. On these thin lines of axioms how do you propose your theory?

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Pratik - Sudeep, the
fallibility of the axiomatic approach can be made if an of the axioms are
proven false. On these thin lines of axioms how do you propose your theory?

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Pratik - Space Exploration roadmap image

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Pratik - Space Exploration roadmap image

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Answer to Pratik's question.

Yes! As it is derived from the five axioms above, the falsification of any of these axioms destroys our proposition. For example, if it could be established that something could actually emerge spontaneously from absolute nothing, from true vacuum (not just false vacuum), then our proposition does not follow. [However, the peculiarity and hence non-naturalness of the 'absolute nothing' that could give rise to something still needs some explanation or a creator.] Secondly, if it could be convincingly shown that some logical mistake has been committed in the reasoning leading from the five axioms to the proposition (the author is confident that this is definitely not possible), the proposition also collapses. Could the proposition itself be falsified directly? As pointed out by Susskind (2004), many great ideas have been accused of unfalsifiability but later ways for falsification/verification have been found.

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Folowing are the question that i would like to ask the general public to gain an insight as to how much they know about interstellar travel:-

1. Do you know what interstellar travel means ?

2. Have you seen any sci-fi movies or read any books that depict interstellar travel ?

3. Do you believe that we might actually be able to create that technology one day ?

4. Are you familiar with any theories related to space warping ?

5. Are you aware of any idea or project which may enable us to travel at speeds close to the speed of light ?

6. Are you interested in learning more about interstellar travel ?

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Shravan - Applications of Interstellar Travel

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Shravan - Applications of Interstellar Travel

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1. It will help in exploring the farthest ends of our universe and decoding its various mysteries.

2. It would enable us to search for planets very similar to our Earth and even search for extraterrestrial life if it exists.

3. It would enable humans to settle on other planets and expand intergalactic civilization.

4. It would provide us with a greater insight of the way the universe works.

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Sudeep, if such thing happens then the first thing to say is that if the alien succeeded in making it understood that it wanted to know 'what it meant for human beings to have a mind', then you would presume that it had a mind. Of course, there's always the initial possibility that you are listening to a tape recording, but if you manage to continue an intelligent conversation, that can be ruled out. Then there's the possibility that your 'alien' is merely a mechanical probe responding to instructions from real aliens in their orbiting space ship or back on Mars, and relaying their questions to you. In that case, you are dealing with real minds, at one remove.

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Sudeep - Even if we are able to develop the technology required, is it still economically possible and feasible ?

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Sudeep - Even if we are able to develop the technology required, is it still economically possible and feasible ?

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Pratik - Shravan, when will we have the technology to attain speeds for interstellar travel that have been mentioned in your article ?

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Pratik - Shravan, when will we have the technology to attain speeds for interstellar travel that have been mentioned in your article ?

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Sudeep - Pratik,If a visiting alien were to land in your garden and asked you what it meant for human beings to have a mind, how would you answer?

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Sudeep - Pratik,If a visiting alien were to land in your garden and asked you what it meant for human beings to have a mind, how would you answer?

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Pratik - Image of extraterrestrial life map

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Pratik - Image of extraterrestrial life map

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Sudeep - Application of understanding the origin of space 

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Sudeep - Application of understanding the origin of space 

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Because it gives us a clearer understanding of where we have come from, where we are going, who and what we are, and what our purpose is here. There have been many scientific theories over the years about the origin of life and how the universe may have been created. However, science makes little comment on the purpose of the universe or the reason for life. But why would something come to be without a purpose? Once you consider that there is a purpose to life, the search for life's origins may very well lead you into a different direction than simply trying to find an explanation for a mechanical or chemical process of creation. In this book we are going to deal with these points, and more.

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Pratik - Image of space exploration history

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Pratik - Image of space exploration history

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As all proposed methods of rapid interstellar travel involve large-scale construction activities in space, it seems certain that it will not become economically possible until a large space-based industry and its associated infrastrucutre has been built up. Only a truly interplanetary society, exploiting the economic potential of the whole solar system, will have sufficient economic strength to pursue a programme of interstellar exploration.

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Pratik - Video on space exploration documentary

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Pratik - Video on space exploration documentary

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It is clear from the article that neither the technology, nor the economic base, necessary to achieve rapid interstellar flight exists at present and will not exist for decades or even centuries to come. On the other hand, it is also clear that interstellar travel violates no physical law and is therefore a legitimate technological goal for the distant future. We have already achieved the capability of slow interstellar travel and there is no reason to believe that the much higher velocities considered in the article will forever be out of reach.

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Pratik - Video on Space Exploration history

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Pratik - Video on Space Exploration history

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1) How is thermodynamics involved in the explanation of origin of space

~ The first law of thermodynamics is taken as an axiom to disprove the belief of 'god' creating this universe. Simply stated as 'Nothing comes from nothing'

2) Give an example of summation of probabilities of an event to certainty as time goes to infinity

~ If an event has 10% chance of happening in any one year, then the chance that it will happen (at least once) is 19% in two years, 65.132% in ten years, and more than 99.99% in 100 years.

3) is existence of matter an presumption in proving the axiomatic approach of origin of universe

~ yes

4) is it possible that there exists a race which is for more superior than ours in terms of technological advancements in the universe

~ yes

5) according to the summation of probabilities what kind of events are bound not to happen

~ events which have absolute zero probability of happening all the time are never bound to happen

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Shravan,In my humble opinion, Space Exploration is important not only to humanity’s curiosity of the great beyond, but it is also important for the future of the earth and all of us living on it. So here are my top 5 reasons why space exploration is important for the world.

1. Promote Science Education – The Apollo missions inspired a whole generation of kids who wanted to grow up to be astronauts, rocket scientists, and engineers. We all know that science education has been slightly lacking in the United States as of late. Don’t you think that NASA’s return to the moon, or more importantly the much anticipated manned mission to Mars will again inspire a whole new generation to reach for the stars so to speak? I do.

2. NASA’s Environmental Research – You would think that the guys who burn a million pounds of rocket fuel wouldn’t be the most environmentally minded people in the world, or out of the world as it may be. However, most people don’t know that NASA does a lot of good environmental research while they are up there looking down at all of us. NASA has done a lot of work in studying air quality, climate change, alternative energy, and near earth objects; which as we all know from the movies can destroy the earth any day now without warning, unless we have a group of oil drillers, a nuke, and Bruce Willis.

3. Eliminate Earth Over Population – The current earth population is almost 6.8 BILLION people. Arguably beyond the carrying capacity of the earth already. The big dream is space colonization. We need somewhere to put all these people, or we all might end up living in skyscrapers, see all animal’s habitats destroyed, and smog up the air beyond what is breathable.

4. Natural Resources – Related to over population, we are burning through the earth’s natural resources pretty quickly. Out in space there is virtually unlimited resources. It is all just a matter of collecting it and bringing it back, which granted will not be an easy task. Still… it is virtually unlimited natural resources! There will be no more excuses for hiking up prices on barrels of oil. (Although hopefully we will have moved far beyond oil by then).

5.Put Ourselves into Perspective – From space earth is really small. From space earth is really fragile. Sometimes I think it would be a good thing to put our place in the universe into perspective.  I don’t go into your house light up a stogy, start pulling up your carpet, kick down your door, and then kill your cat. Yet, we as the human species have been doing that to our own home the earth for quite a while now. If we start seeing how small and fragile we are out there floating in space, maybe, just maybe we will not be so prone to abusing our one true home.

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1) Journal of Cosmology

Yew-Kwang Ng, Ph.D., Monash University, Clayton, Australia

http://journalofcosmology.com/QuantumCosmos113.html

2) Youtube

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dst9olsYJAc

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NRhVcTTMlrM

3) Theoretical Physics - http://www.nature.com/news/theoretical-physics-the-origins-of-space-and-time-1.13613

4) National Geographic

http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/space/universe/origins-universe-article/

5) Stephan Hawking - Lecture

http://www.hawking.org.uk/the-origin-of-the-universe.html

6) Wikipedia - Big Bang

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bang

7) Wikipedia - Cosmogony

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmogony

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If Space and Time are not fundamental, then what is it?

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Big Bang Expansion

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Dr. Christopher D. Impey, Distinguished Professor, Astronomy/Steward Observatory, The University of Arizona The scientific story of creation begins 13.7 billion years ago in a circumstance of incredible temperature and density, when all matter and radiation was contained in a region smaller than an atom.

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Structure of universe. origin of time and space.

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Structure of the Universe. Gravitation. Origin of Space and Time.

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String Theory. Holographic Universe. Gravity. Origin of Space and Time. Consciousness.

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1. antimatter - In particle physics, antimatter is material composed of antiparticles, which have the same mass as particles of ordinary matter but opposite charges, as well as other particle properties

2. antiprotons - An antiproton is the antimatter counterpart of a proton.

3.interstellar - occurring or situated between stars.

4. pions - Pions are a type of meson, which are subatomic particles made of a combination of quarks and antiquarks.

5. muons- The muon is an elementary particle similar to the electron, with electric charge of −1 e and a spin of ¹⁄₂, but with a much greater mass

6. cryogenic - cryogenics is the science that addresses the production and effects of very low temperatures. The word originates from the Greek words 'kryos' meaning "frost" and 'genic' meaning "to produce."

7. collimated - Collimated light is light whose rays are parallel, and therefore will spread minimally as it propagates.

8. agglomerate - to collect or gather into a cluster or mass.

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Shravan - Video of Interstellar and Interplanetary Space Travel

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Shravan - Video of Interstellar and Interplanetary Space Travel

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1) Anthropic - Of or pertaining to mankind or humans, or the period of humanity's existence

2) Masquerade - a false show or pretence.

3) Omnipotence - the quality of having unlimited or very great power

4) Abiogenesis - the original evolution of life or living organisms from inorganic or inanimate substances.

5) Nebular Cloud - A diffuse cloud of interstellar dust or gas or both, visible as luminous patches or areas of darkness depending on the way the mass absorbs or reflects incident light or emits its own light.

6) Cosmic Consciousness - a higher form of consciousness than that possessed by the ordinary man.

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Shravan - Video of Neil deGrasse Tyson on Interstellar Travel 

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Shravan - Video of Neil deGrasse Tyson on Interstellar Travel 

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Neil deGrasse Tyson on Interstellar Travel

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Neil deGrasse Tyson discusses his thoughts on Interstellar travel. An excerpt on lecture in University of Wisconsin on February 2009.

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Shravan - Pratik, why is space exploration important ? What do we gain out of it ?

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Shravan - Pratik, why is space exploration important ? What do we gain out of it ?

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by Donald Goldsmith

Dyson's argument in favor of machines counts for little among those who insist — who know — that our destiny lies in the presence of humans, not our mechanistic surrogates, in space. For many of us, this knowledge runs more deeply than argument can reach. A glance at the history of the United States' space program reminds us of the many times, during the 40-plus years since the last lunar landing, that NASA has attempted to produce a reasonable plan to send humans beyond low-Earth orbit — only to have the expense of such projects, combined with the lack of a clear focus for astronaut activity, lead to their abandonment. Because the manned lunar program basically served as a counterpunch to Soviet efforts in space, once NASA and the United States achieved their initial goal of landing on the moon, they proved unable of following a coherent plan for future space exploration by humans.

What do these ambitions tell us about the future of interstellar exploration? Even before we consider human versus automated journeys, we should note that any answers to this question begin with a number: 1 million. The stars nearest to the sun lie at distances approximately 1 million times the distance to Mars at its closest approach to Earth. This ratio implies that travel to the stars at speeds our best spacecraft are capable of will take hundreds of thousands of years, and this, in turn, implies that any interstellar exploration will require either a civilization that knows how to plan for the long haul, or the ability to make spacecraft that can travel much faster — perhaps 10,000 times more rapidly — than what we have now. (I'll save the discussion of "wormholes" like those seen in the movies "Contact" and "Interstellar " for later.)

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by Donald Goldsmith

If we don't want to wait, what about taking the "Interstellar" route and using a wormhole to pass near-instantaneously from here to there? Kip Thorne, a physicist at the California Institute of Technology who's an expert on the subject — and whose screenplay inspired "Interstellar" — has written a book to accompany the film: "The Science of Interstellar" (W.W. Norton and Company, 2014). In the book, Thorne demonstrates that humans cannot rule out wormhole travel, but there is no guarantee that this method actually works, or that it could allow safe conduct through the voids of space.

Physicists have recently suggested that the Milky Way could contain — or even be! — a giant wormhole. On the other hand, an argument against wormhole travel, or at least against its easy operation, lies in the fact that no creatures of a more advanced civilization appear to be popping out of wormholes in our solar system. A similar argument can be made against time travel, at least in the backward direction, since we have yet to encounter beings from the future who have decided to visit our present.

To be frank, concepts of interstellar travel have progressed only modestly since Dyson envisioned the Orion project decades ago. Yes, layers of refinement have been added: "Slow" versus "fast" spaceflight has been debated and scored, experience has now given some indications of how well humans can survive long periods in space, and theoretical physics has provided some tantalizing possibilities that might make such journeys much easier than they now appear. But the big picture has not changed: First, we must figure out how to live successfully for the long term on Earth, and then we can go to the stars.

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Shravan - Interstellar Space Travel: Our Salvation

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Shravan - Interstellar Space Travel: Our Salvation

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by Fredrick Jenet and Teviet Creighton

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Malin, Michael & Edgett, Ken (2000)-Evidence for Recent Groundwater Seepage and Runoff on Mars. Science, Vol. 288. no. 5475, pp. 2330 – 2335.

McArthur, D. & Boran, I. (2004)-Agent-Centered Restrictions and the Ethics of Space Exploration. Journal of Social Philosophy vol. 35 No.1, 148-163.

Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (2007). Deontological Ethics.-http:.//plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethicsdeontological Article first published 1st Nov (2007).

McKay, D. S., Gibson Jr., E. K., Thomas-Keprta, K.L., Vali, H., Romanek, C. S., Clemett, S. J., Chillier, X.D. F., Maechling, C. R., Zare, R. N. 1996 - Search for Past Life on Mars: Possible Relic Biogenic Activity in Martian Meteorite ALH84001. Science 273 (5277): 924-930.

Gibson, C. H. & Wickramasinghe, N. C. (2010)- The Imperatives of Cosmic Biology. Journal of Cosmology, 5, 1101-1120.

Aristotle (1980)- The Nicomachean Ethics. Translated by Hippocrates C. Apostle. D. Reidel Publishing CompaMcCollom, Thomas M (1999). Methanogenesis as a Potential Source of Chemical Energy for Primary Biomass Production by Autotrophic Organisms in Hydrothermal Systems on Europa. Journal of Geophysical Research, Volume 104, Issue E12, p. 30729-30742ny, London.

Wikipedia-www.wikipedia.com

Youtube-www.youtube.com
Jones, N. (2001). Bacterial Explanation for Europa’s Rosy Glow. http:.//www.newscientist.com/article/dn1647. New Scientist

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The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Space Technology - by Kenneth Gatland
Advances in Astronautical Sciences -
Journals

Frontiers in Propulsion Research - by D. F. Dipperey

The American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics

Paper by B.R. Finney - www.aiaa.org

The British Interplanetary Society

Paper by B. N. Cassenti

Paper by R. L. Forward - www.bis-space.com

ScienceDigest - www.sciencedigest.org

Popular Science - www.pop

Space - www.space.com

Wikipedia - www.wikipedia.org

Youtube - www.youtube.com

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Shravan - Summary of Interstellar Travel

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Shravan - Summary of Interstellar Travel

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Interstellar space travel is manned or unmanned travel between stars. Interstellar travel is much more difficult than interplanetary spaceflight; the distances between the planets in the Solar System are less than 30 astronomical units (AU)—whereas the distances between stars are typically hundreds of thousands of AU, and usually expressed in light-years. Because of the vastness of those distances, interstellar travel would require either great speed, a high percentage of the speed of light, or huge travel time, lasting from decades to millennia or longer.

The speeds required for interstellar travel in a human lifetime far exceed what current methods of spacecraft propulsion can provide. Even with a hypothetically perfectly efficient propulsion system, the kinetic energy corresponding to those speeds is enormous by today's standards of energy production. Moreover, collisions by the spacecraft with cosmic dust and gas can produce very dangerous effects both to passengers and the spacecraft itself.

A number of strategies have been proposed to deal with these problems, ranging from giant arks that would carry entire societies and ecosystems, to microscopic space probes. Many different spacecraft propulsion systems have been proposed to give spacecraft the required speeds, including nuclear propulsion, beam-powered propulsion, and methods based on speculative physics.

For both manned and unmanned interstellar travel, considerable technological and economic challenges need to be met. Even the most optimistic views about interstellar travel see it as only being feasible decades from now—the more common view is that it is a century or more away. However, in spite of the challenges, if interstellar travel should ever be realized, then a wide range of scientific benefits can be expected.

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Pratik: Applications Of Space Exploration

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Pratik: Applications Of Space Exploration

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In a time when economic austerity is en vogue, we find ourselves debating what is worth spending money on and what isn’t. Programs have to justify their existence and those programs that are seen as ancillary or superfluous get the ax. Unfortunately, often science that doesn’t have an immediate practical use is seen as fluff and a waste of time and money. In the United States, NASA can be an object of this debate. We should not be exploring the solar system, some say, when we have so many problems on the Earth. This, I believe, is an incredibly myopic point of view that ignores the myriad of technological advances that make our lives longer, safer, and more fun made possible by the space program

1)Cell Phone Camera:

You know how you basically can’t buy a cell phone anymore without a camera? In the 1960s, engineers at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) first developed the concept of the digital camera. In the 1990s, a team at the JPL worked to create cameras that are small enough to fit on spacecraft while maintaining scientific quality. One third of cell phone cameras contain the technology developed from this research.

2)Clean Energy Technology: Not every piece of technology is directly applicable to non-space faring activities. But, more often than not, technology developed for space flight is refined to create something useful for us land lubbers. For example, the company that developed the Space Shuttle Main Engine is using the expertise gained to create clean energy technology that would decrease carbon emissions by 10 percent, the equivalent of taking 50,000 cars off the road. 3)Scratch-Resistant Lenses: In an attempt to find diamond-hard coatings for aerospace systems, the Lewis Research Center contributed to making sunglass lenses more resistant to scratches and spotting. A technique for creating diamond-hard coatings was developed and patented, and in the late 1980s Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. got a license to use the patent. The technique was further developed and later used to make lenses that are scratch-resistant and shed water more easily. 4)Water Filtration and Purification: Lest you think NASA tech is just used for superficial creature comforts, think again. NASA has contributed quite a lot to the development of water purification technology over the years. Just by necessity, NASA developed ways to filter water for manned space missions. But that’s not all. Water purification technology also helped treat contaminated water after the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill off the Gulf of Mexico. Furthermore, technology developed to purify water on Apollo spacecraft is now used to purify dolphin tanks and is an alternative to chemical disinfectants. 5)CAT Scans: A space program needs a pretty good digital image analysis to locate and measure objects. Digital imaging is the computer processed numerical representation of physical images. The JPL played a lead role in developing this technology. This has proven incredibly useful in a variety of medical technologies, like CAT scanners, radiography and microscopy.

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New Terms For Me In Document: 1.Abiogenic-Not produced or derived by means of living organisms or their processes. 2.Extremophile-An organism that lives under extreme conditions of temperature, salinity etc; commercially important as a source of enzymes that operate under similar conditions. 3.Debris-Rubble, wreckage, scattered remains of something destroyed. 4.Panspermia-The hypothesis that microorganisms may transmit life from outer space to habitable bodies; or the process of such transmission. 5.Prudence-The quality or state of being prudent; wisdom in the way of caution and provision; discretion; carefulness; hence, also, economy; frugality 6.Colonization-The process of establishing a colony. 7.Epistemically-In a manner that pertains to knowledge. 8.Sentient-Conscious or self-aware. 9.Pyrolytic- Of, relating to, or produced by pyrolysis. 10.Brute-Without reason or intelligence.

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Pratik:Summary of Space Exploration and Extraterrestrial life

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Pratik:Summary of Space Exploration and Extraterrestrial life

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The article is about space exploration and extraterrestrial life.Many scientists have tried and some are trying to explore space as much as possible.It has become a topic to do scientific research.Space exploration is the ongoing discovery and exploration of celestial structures in outer space by means of continuously evolving and growing space technology. While the study of space is carried out mainly by astronomers with telescopes, the physical exploration of space is conducted both by unmanned robotic probes and human spaceflight. While the observation of objects in space, known as astronomy, predates reliable recorded history, it was the development of large and relatively efficient rockets during the early 20th century that allowed physical space exploration to become a reality. Common rationales for exploring space include advancing scientific research, uniting different nations, ensuring the future survival of humanity and developing military and strategic advantages against other countries. Space exploration has often been used as a proxy competition for geopolitical rivalries such as the Cold War. The early era of space exploration was driven by a "Space Race" between the Soviet Union and the United States. The launch of the first man-made object to orbit the Earth, the USSR's Sputnik 1, on 4 October 1957, and the first Moon landing by the American Apollo 11 craft on 20 July 1969 are often taken as landmarks for this initial period. The Soviet space program achieved many of the first milestones, including the first living being in orbit in 1957, the first human spaceflight (Yuri Gagarin aboard Vostok 1) in 1961, the first spacewalk (by Aleksei Leonov) on 18 March 1965, the first automatic landing on another celestial body in 1966, and the launch of the first space station (Salyut 1) in 1971. After the first 20 years of exploration, focus shifted from one-off flights to renewable hardware, such as the Space Shuttle program, and from competition to cooperation as with the International Space Station (ISS). With the substantial completion of the ISS following STS-133 in March 2011, plans for space exploration by the USA remain in flux.Constellation, a Bush Administration program for a return to the Moon by 2020 was judged inadequately funded and unrealistic by an expert review panel reporting in 2009 .The Obama Administration proposed a revision of Constellation in 2010 to focus on the development of the capability for crewed missions beyond low Earth orbit (LEO), envisioning extending the operation of the ISS beyond 2020, transferring the development of launch vehicles for human crews from NASA to the private sector, and developing technology to enable missions to beyond LEO, such as Earth/Moon L1, the Moon, Earth/Sun L2, near-earth asteroids, and Phobos or Mars orbit. In the 2000s, the People's Republic of China initiated a successful manned spaceflight program, while the European Union, Japan, andIndia have also planned future manned space missions. China, Russia, Japan, and India have advocated manned missions to the Moon during the 21st century, while the European Union has advocated manned missions to both the Moon and Mars during the 20 /21st century. Extraterrestrial life is life that does not originate from Earth. It is also called alien life, or, if it is a sentient and/or relatively complexindividual, an "extraterrestrial" or "alien" (or, to avoid confusion with the legal sense of "alien", a "space alien"). These as-yet-hypothetical life forms range from simple bacteria-like organisms to beings with civilizations far more advanced than humanity. Although many scientists expect extraterrestrial life to exist, so far no unambiguous evidence for its existence exists. The science of extraterrestrial life is known as exobiology. The science of astrobiology also considers life on Earth as well, and in the broader astronomical context. Meteorites that have fallen to Earth have sometimes been examined for signs of microscopic extraterrestrial life. Since the mid-20th century, there has been an ongoing search for signs of extraterrestrial intelligence, from radios used to detect possible extraterrestrial signals, to telescopes used to search for potentially habitable extrasolar planets. It has also played a major role in works of science fiction. Over the years, science fiction works, especially Hollywood's involvement, has increased the public's interest in the possibility of extraterrestrial life. Some encourage aggressive methods to try to get in contact with life in outer space, whereas others argue that it might be dangerous to actively call attention to Earth.

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QUESTIONER

1.First images of Earth from

space was taken using a?

Ans- V-2 rocket

2.First spacecraft to impact on the moon was ?

Ans-Luna 2

3.First ever artificial satellite to orbit the Earth was?

Ans-Sputnik

4.What was the first successful spacecraft to Mars?

Ans-Mariner 4

5.Is humanity alone in the universe?

Ans-No

6.Is there extraterrestrial life?

Ans-Yes

7.How do we search for alien life in the universe?

Ans-A majority of the search for extraterrestrial life has been done through the use of radio telescopes.

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Methods of How I collected the data

I colleted the data from various sources such as internet , differents types of books related to space exploration and extraterretrial life.I searched for the books related to only space exploration and others only related to extraterrestrial life.Some books contained both space exploration and extraterrestrial life .I read the points related to my topic from those books and finally combined them to form my article.I searched for the videos of space exploration on youtube to make my article better.Then I got some knowledge about my topic from Wikipedia.And thus I finally made my article.This is how I collected the data.