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James Monroe was the 4th president, also Democratic-Republican, and served from March 4, 1817 to 1825.

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- The western hemisphere is closed (U.S. sphere of influence). Any attempt to establish colonies is a threat to the U.S.
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- Nations are different in the western hemisphere than in Europe. We are a democracy, while they are monarchies. The Monroe Doctrine wouldn't interfere in European affairs.

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- Following military service, Monroe embarked on a career in politics. He became a Virginia Assembly delegate in 1780.
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- The following year he was chosen as a Virginia representative to the congress at the confederation, America's governing body from 1781-1789.

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James Madison was a Democratic-Republican that served as the 4th president from March 4, 1809 to 1817

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- Fort McHenry survives British bombardment; Baltimore is saved.
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- Francis Scott Key wrote a poem about what he saw during the war. The poem became known as the National Anthem of America.

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Thomas Jefferson was a Democratic-Republican that served as the 3rd president from March 4, 1801 to 1809.

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- Louisiana Purchase from France. The Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains is $15m (3 cents per acre). Jefferson believed that this was his greatest accomplishment as president.
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- He

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George Washington served as the first president from April 30, 1789 to 1797. He didn't belong to any political party.

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- President Washington made up the Cabinet of advisers and they had regular meetings by 1793. The Cabinet had a Secretary of State (Thomas Jefferson), Secretary of Treasury (Alexander Hamilton), Secretary of War (Henry Knox), and an Attorney General (Edmund Randolph)
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- Washington served 2 terms but the tradition of 2 terms was broken by FDR in 1940

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- When Washington had refused a 3rd presidential term, he retired from presidency and all public life
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- By him leaving after 2 terms, Washington set a precedent that has been held to by most American presidents after him.

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- Washington accepted a nominal command of American military forces after our relation with France worsened.
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- He becomes Lieutenant General, and that is the rank that he will hold onto until he dies.

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John Adams was a Federalist that served as the 2nd president from March 4, 1797 to 1801.

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- After serving two terms in office, Madison left D.C. in 1817 and returned with his wife to Montpelier.
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- He remained active in various civic caused, and in 1826 he became rector of the University of Virginia (founded by Thomas Jefferson).

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- President Jefferson modified the Embargo Act
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- This act now permitted vessels to transport American goods from foreign forts

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- Adams tried to silence political opposition by making the 3 following acts: Alien Act, Sedation Act and Naturalization Act
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- Alien Act states that the president can deport "dangerous" foreigners.
- Sedation Act can imprison people who criticize the government.
- Finally, the Naturalization Act states that citizenship changed from 5 to 14 years.

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- President Jefferson is inaugurated for his second term and George Clinton officially succeeds Aaron Burr as vice-president.
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- While in his inaugural office, Jefferson proposed that Federalist-inspired internal taxes be completely gone.

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-  Appointed Minister to France by George Washington in 1794, in an effort to help improve relations with that nation (France and Great Britain were at war).
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- Had some initial success in strengthening Franco-American ties: however, relations soured with the November 1794 signing of the controversial Jay's Treaty (an agreement between U.S. and Britain that regulates commerce and navigation).

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- Adams had sent 3 American individuals to France to represent the U.S. peace commission. They were received coolly then later asked to pay a bribe of they wanted to speak with French Foreign Minister Charles Maurice Talleyrand.
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- The incident affected the U.S. relations with France and damaged the Democratic-Republican Party because of its traditional pro-France stance. (After French agents who met with the American delegation, this episode became known as the "XYZ Affair").

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- He ran ahead of the Federalist candidates for congress, who were swept from office in a Republican landslide.
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- Thanks to the debt maneuvering of Aaron Burr, all 12 of New York's electoral votes went to Jefferson instead of Adams, (Adams lost and Jefferson became president).

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- Treaty of Ghent was signed in December 1814 in Europe. Before it reached America, a major U.S. victory for the troops at the Battle of New Orleans.
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- The victory helped shine a light of positivity on the controversial war. Having been blamed once for the errors of the war, Madison was eventually hailed for its triumph.