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•The British Home Office
• Canada

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• FBI lab (quantico, VA)
• DEA Labs
• Bureau Of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, Explosives (ATF) Labs
• US Army crime investigation laboratory
• USPS Labs

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•1923- Los Angeles PD crime lab (1st in US)
• 1930s- University of CA at Berkeley dept.
•1932 - FBI director J. Edgar Hoover opens FBI laboratory
•1981 FBI opens Forensic Science Research and Training center

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Guilty- confession under torture
Innocent - strength under torture

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Ethical Guidelines for reporting physical evidence 

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Ethical Guidelines for reporting physical evidence 

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1. Personal interest should not bias a report/testimony
2. Never claim results that aren't your own
3. Limit testimony to conclusions drawn from examinations
4. Avoid misleading language and terms easily misconstrued

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Ethical Guidelines for interpreting physical evidence

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Ethical Guidelines for interpreting physical evidence

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1. Don't confuse facts with opinions
2. Qualify and explain opinions
3. Don't draw conclusions beyond personal expertise

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1. Adequate examination
2. Interpret and/or evaluate findings
3. No excessive testing to falsely enhance results
4. Use valid, reliable standards of equipment
5. Use accurate and reliable equipment (precise; reproducible)

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To keep possession off or retain for safekeeping

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Currently the largest organization in Forensic Science; scientist may opt to follow the code of ethics from their regional organization or those from this organization

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The forensic scientist and/or Crime Scene technician presenting findings of a crime scene investigation in a court law

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The statement or declaration of a witness under oath or affirmation, usually in court

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Not partial or biased; fair or just

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Govern whether when, how and for what purpose proof of a case may be placed before a court consideration

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Refers to the chronological documentation/paper trail analysis and disposition of physical and electronic
Evidence

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any object that can establish that a crime has been committed or can link a crime, its victim or suspect

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The branch of philosophy dealing with values relating to human conduct, with respect to the rightness and wrongness of certain actions and the goodness and badness of the motives of the specific action

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The application of science to the law

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• Any distinction between civil and criminal is artificial
• physical evidence (recognize, analyze, preserve)
• Forensic Science = legal matters and legal questions
• significant elements in resolving civil and criminal matters
• link or exonerate suspects

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•American Society Of Crime Laboratory Directors
• International Organization of Standardization(ISO)
•American Society for Testing/Materials (ASTM)
• American Board of Criminalistics

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• American Academy Of Forensic Science (AAFS) (www.aafs.org)
• American Board Of Criminalistics
• Association of Firearms and Tool Mark Examiners (AFTE)

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Must have a college education!!!!!
- internships
-in house training provided by employee agency
- external training sponsored by federal and state agencies, for example, the FBI National Academy located in Quantico, VA
-workshops MUST be provided by various associations in meetings

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Employment Opportunities in Forensic Science 

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Employment Opportunities in Forensic Science 

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1. Federal Bureau of Investigation(FBI)
2. Federal, state and local crime laboratories
3.Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)
4. Bureau Of Firearms, Tobacco, Alcohol and Explosives ( ATF)
5. USPS (US postal service)
6. U.S. Secret Service
7. Central Intelligence Agency(CIA)
8. US Fish and Wildlife Services
9. Teaching at all community colleges

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1. Trace Evidence (hair, fiber, paint, glass, etc.)
2. Latent Prints aka fingerprints
3. Forensic Biology (serology/ DNA)
4. Toxicology (Blood, Alcohol, Poisons)
5. Controlled Substance(Drugs)
6. Questioned Documents(handwriting, typescripts)
7.Firearms
8.Crime Scene Investigation
9. Forensic Photography
10. Forensic Anthropology
11. Forensic Computer Science
12. Forensic Engineering
13. Forensic Entomology
14. Forensic Psychology
15. Forensic Pathology

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Careers in Forensic Science and Qualifications 

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Careers in Forensic Science and Qualifications 

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1. Forensic Scientists (Bachelors in Science or higher)
2. Criminologists (BS or higher in psychology)
3.Crime Scene Investigators (law enforcement certification; IAI)
4. Coroners(same as MEs in jurisdictions, SOME are elected county officials)
5. Medical Examiners(license in pathology including many years of training with a medical degree)
6. Prosecutors (Doctors of JD in criminal law)