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Andrew Carnegie (1835-1919) was among the most famous and wealthy industrialists of his day. Through the Carnegie Corporation of New York, the innovative philanthropic foundation he established in 1911, his fortune has since supported everything from the discovery of insulin and the dismantling of nuclear weapons, to the creation of Sesame Street and the Common Core Standards.

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Upon his death in 1877, at age 82, Cornelius Vanderbilt, also known as Commodore Vanderbilt, was the wealthiest man in the United States and probably the greatest of the nineteenth century railroad barons. Earlier in his business career he probably was the greatest shipping tycoon in the United States. His estate was worth 100 million dollars, a sum unheard of in those days. He left the bulk of his estate to his son William Henry Vanderbilt, because he was the only child who had been actively involved in the business that produced the Vanderbilt fortune. William Henry also had been instrumental in building and expanding the railroad business since he joined his father in the management of the organization upon becoming an adult.

Cornelius was born in Port Richmond, Staten Island, New York on May 27, 1794. His parents were poor and his father earned his living by providing low level transportation services. As was usual for the common people in those days, Cornelius went to work at age 11, and was employed by his father. We know little of his parents but his ancestors came from the town of De Bilt, in the province of Utrecht in the Netherlands. His great great great grandfather was Jan Aertsen who came to New Netherland as an indentured worker in 1650, at the time of the early Dutch settlements including New Amsterdam. Cornelius married his first cousin, Sophia Johnson [1795-1868] on December 19, 1813 when he was only 19 and she was only 18 years old. They had their first child, Phebe Jane Vanderbilt [1814-1878] the following year in 1814. Eleven more surviving children followed until the last one, George Washington Vanderbilt [1839-1864], was born twenty five years later.

Between the years 1805 and 1810 Cornelius worked for his father and for the ferry services serving Staten Island. In 1810 when he was sixteen years old he convinced his parents to lend him $100 so he could buy a sailboat to start his own ferry and freight business. They provided him with the money but with the understanding that he would share the profits from the business with his parents. He used the money to start a passenger and freight service between Staten Island and New York City. There was a lot of competition in the ferry service business, but Vanderbilt competed on the basis of lower fares, asking as little as 18 cents per trip. He was quite successful and apparently was able to repay the $100 loan to his parents within one year. According to local lore, he was even able to earn a $1,000 for his parents during the first year of operations as part of their share in the profits.

The war of 1812 provided new opportunities for growth. The forts around New York City expanded and Vanderbilt obtained a government contract to supply them. Between 1814 and 1818 he expanded with additional schooners for freight and passenger services in Long Island Sound and in the coastal trade from New England to Charleston, South Carolina.

In 1818 he sold all his sailing vessels and became a steamboat captain and partner with Thomas Gibbons who operated a ferry service between New Brunswick, New Jersey and New York City. The Vanderbilt-Gibbons partnership charged only a quarter of the competitive fares. It soon became the dominant ferry service on the busy Philadelphia-New York City route. During the 1818-1829 time period the partnership made a fortune.

In 1829 Vanderbilt decided to go on his own and began passenger and freight service on the New York City-Peekskill Hudson River route. Again he competed on the basis of price and quickly eliminated the competition. He then expanded his service to Albany, New York. He also opened passenger and freight service to the Long Island Sound, Providence and Connecticut areas. By the 1840s Vanderbilt had a fleet of 100 steamships and he had become the biggest employer in the United States. At that point he not only competed on the basis of price but also on the basis of comfort, size, speed, luxury and elegance in the steamship passenger transportation industry.

During the California gold rush in 1849, Vanderbilt began steamship service to San Francisco by way of Nicaraqua. His competitors used the Panama route which was longer. Vanderbilt was able to cut two days off the length of the trip to San Francisco, and it was 600 miles shorter. This part of his transportation business netted him over one million dollars per year. As a result he became the principal transportation service provider on the East Coast to San Francisco route.

In the 1850s he did two possibly foolish things. In 1853 he decided to take his first vacation ever. He had a steam yacht built and made a triumphant tour of Europe. While on his trip he had left the management of the business to contract managers. They tried to fraudulently take over the business while he was away in Europe. Although they were not successful, his temporary absence from his business proved to be costly, but he quickly recovered. Another not so successful business attempt was trying to compete against the British Cunard Steamship Line, a line subsidized by the British government, on the North Atlantic passenger service route. This also proved to be a failure. So the old fox discovered that not all his ventures were automatically successful.

In the 1860s he became aware that the big growth in the future for the transportation industry was not by way of water but by way of rail. So he became interested in railroad transportation, which was then still in its infancy. But instead of building new railroads, he took the easier route of buying existing railroads. He acquired the Long Island Railroad followed by the New York and Harlem Railroad and the Hudson River Railroad. In 1867 he also acquired the Central Railroad and merged it with the other railroads he already owned. As he had done with his shipping ventures, he focused on improving service and on upgrading capital equipment while maintaining low fares. He eventually merged all his initial acquisitions into what became known as the New York Central Railroad. It is estimated that he made $ 25 million in the first five years from his railroad ventures.

The eventual main heir to his empire, his son William Henry Vanderbilt, influenced his father to expand rail service into the direction of Chicago. To do so they acquired the Lakeshore and Michigan Railway, the Michigan Southern, the Canadian Southern and the Michigan Central Railroad, creating for that time the largest American system of railway transportation.

In 1868 Cornelius lost his wife Sophia. This was a great loss to him. She had provided him with ten still living children and apparently was a good business woman herself, supporting and advising him in many of his business decisions. One of the things that is not widely known is the fact that Cornelius was a meticulous planner and analyst. Before he entered into any deal or venture he would meticulously analyze it and have it evaluated by others before making a decision. Many people attribute his success to luck. In reality Cornelius was a super smart and astute business man and hands-on manager of his many businesses. Although he may have made some mistakes along the way, he was always able to either cut his losses or extract himself from the occasional debacle. And undoubtedly, he often involved his wife Sophia in many if not most of his business decisions.

A year after the death of his wife Sophia, Vanderbilt now 73 years old, married a distant cousin named Frances Armstrong Crawford, and known as Frank. She was 34 years his junior. The marriage was probably a good one because it gave him a new outlook on life. It is doubtful if his children approved of it. After all, his new wife was younger than seven of his twelve children. It appears that the marriage to a younger woman gave him an imagined extension to his life.

Allthough Vanderbilt had not engaged in philanthropy at all until that point in his life, through his new wife's influence, he perpetuated his name through a gift of one million dollars to Nashville's Central University. One million dollars may not sound like a lot of money, but in the 1870's it was. Using a conversion ratio of 260, based on the gross domestic product per capita then and now, the one million dollars was essentially equal to $260 million in today's terms. The Nashville Central University would become, and to this day still is, the prestigious Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee.

During the last years of his life, his son William H. Vanderbilt became the senior manager of the business, and continued the path his father had set. Cornelius passed away in 1877 at the age of 83. He had left the bulk of his estate to his son William H. Vanderbilt and only gave modest amounts of half a million dollars to each of his other nine surviving children. Needless to say his will was contested but the suit was thrown out. He also donated $50,000 to the Church of the Strangers in New York City. Following his death the offspring did not suffer. Even half a million dollars, equal to 130 million dollars today, was also a substantial amount in 1877. The value of the Vanderbilt estate in today's terms would have been about $26 billion.

Cornelius and Sophia Vanderbilt had 12 children, but only 11 survived to adulthood.

1. Phebe Jane Vanderbilt Cross [1814-1878]

2. Ethelinda Vanderbilt Allen [1817-1889]

3. Eliza Vanderbilt Osgood [1819-1890]

4. William Henry Vanderbilt [1821-1885]

5. Emily A. Vanderbilt Thorn [1823-1896]

6. Maria L. Vanderbilt Clark Niven [1827-1896]

7. Francis L. Vanderbilt [1828-1868]

8. Cornelius J. Vanderbilt [1830-1882]

9. Maria A. Vanderbilt La Beau Berger [1834-1902]

10. Catherine J. Vanderbilt Barker La Fitte [1836-1881]

11. George W. Vanderbilt [1839-1864]

REFERENCES University of St. Francis The Reader's Companion to American History Infoplease Encyclopedia Brittanica APPENDIX FAMILY TREE BRANCHES FOR THE ELEVEN VANDERBILTS DESCRIBED IN THE INDIVIDUAL BIO PROFILES INCLUDED IN THE COLLECTION OF "PROMINENT DUTCH AMERICANS"
THE ELEVEN VANDERBILTS ARE HEADED UP BY THE MOST PROMINENT ONE WHO IS THE FOUNDER OF THE VANDERBILT FAMILY TREE PRESENTED BELOW: CORNELIUS VANDERBILT (1794-1877).

CORNELIUS VANDERBILT IS KNOWN AS THE COMMODORE AND FOUNDER OF THE VANDERBILT NEW YORK CENTRAL RAILROAD SYSTEM AND THE VANDERBILT FAMILY.

There will be three family tree branches shown below to indicate the relationship between the eleven Vanderbilts whose bio profiles are included in the New Netherland Institute collection of Prominent Dutch Americans. All of those included have a common ancestor: Commodore Cornelius Vanderbilt.

The eleven Vanderbilts and their respective family tree branches will be listed below. This will allow you to determine where each one of the ten Vanderbilts fits in the overall Vanderbilt family tree. The first Vanderbilt to appear is the founder of the Vanderbilt family clan.

CORNELIUS VANDERBILT (1794 -1877) WAS THE FOUNDER OF THE VANDERBILT FAMILY AND THE NEW YORK CENTRAL RAILROAD SYSTEM. HE WAS KNOWN AS THE COMMODORE, OR COMMODORE CORNELIUS VANDERBILT.

His son William Henry Vanderbilt was the sole individual in the family who continued the operation and control of the transportation empire represented by the New York Central Railroad and to a large extent the Vanderbilt family. His name is listed below.

WILLIAM HENRY VANDERBILT (1821-1885) HE WAS THE SON, MAIN HEIR AND SUCCESSOR TO THE COMMODORE. HE BECAME THE CENTRAL PERSON WHO EXPANDED THE NEW YORK CENTRAL RAILROAD SYSTEMHICH HIS FATHER DEVELOPED.

William Henry Vanderbilt had two sons consisting of Cornelius Vanderbilt II [1843-1899] and William Kissam Vanderbilt [1849-1920]. Each one of the two sons is the head of their own respective Vanderbilt family branch. Below follow the three branches of the two sons.
THE FIRST FAMILY BRANCH OF THE VANDERBILTS
CORNELIUS VANDERBILT II (1843-1899) WAS THE OLDER SON OF WILLIAM HENRY VANDERBILT AND ONE OF THE COMMODORE'S GRANDSONS. AFTER HIS FATHER'S DEATH HE BECAME THE SUCCESSOR AND MANAGER OF THE NEW YORK CENTRAL RAILROAD SYSTEM.

Below follows Cornelius Vanderbilt III, the next member in this branch. He was the son of Cornelius Vanderbilt II.

CORNELIUS VANDERBILT III (1873-1942) WAS ONE OF WILLIAM HENRY VANDERBILT'S GRANDSONS.

The next person is Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney [1875-1942]. She was a daughter of Cornelius Vanderbilt II [1843-1899]. She was involved in the founding of the Whitney Museum of American Arts, named after her husband's family name.

GERTRUDE VANDERBILT WHITNEY [1875-1942] GRANDDAUGHTER OF WILLIAM HENRY VANDERBILT

Below follows Cornelius Vanderbilt IV, the next member in this branch. He was the son of Cornelius Vanderbilt III.

CORNELIUS VANDERBILT IV (1898-1974) WAS ONE OF WILLIAM HENRY VANDERBILT'S GREAT GRANDSONS.
THE SECOND FAMILY BRANCH OF THE VANDERBILTS
WILLIAM KISSAM VANDERBILT (1849-1920) WAS THE YOUNGER SON OF WILLIAM HENRY VANDERBILT AND ONE OF THE GRANDSONS OF COMMODORE CORNELIUS VANDERBILT. HE BECAME THE LEADER OF THE VANDERBILT FAMILY CLAN FOLLOWING THE DEATH OF HIS OLDER BROTHER CORNELIUS VANDERBILT II.

Below follows the next member of the William Kissam Vanderbilt branch. His name is Harold Sterling Vanderbilt.

HAROLD STIRLING VANDERBILT (1884-1970) WAS THE SON OF WILLIAM KISSAM VANDERBILT (1849-1920) AND THE LAST VANDERBILT TO HAVE SOME CONTROL OVER THE NEW YORK CENTRAL RAILROAD SYSTEM. HE WAS A BOARD MEMBER UNTIL 1954.

Below follows the third family tree branch of Reginald Claypoole Vanderbilt. His branch shows how the two youngest members, Gloria Vanderbilt and her son Anderson Cooper fit into the overall Vanderbilt family tree.
THE THIRD FAMILY BRANCH OF THE VANDERBILTS
This branch is headed up by Reginald Claypoole Vanderbilt.
REGINALD CLAYPOOLE VANDERBILT [1880-1925] WAS THE SON OF CORNELIUS VANDERBILT II.
Reginald Claypoole Vanderbilt and Gloria Morgan were the parents of Gloria Vanderbilt [1924].

GLORIA VANDERBILT [1924] WAS THE DAUGHTER OF REGINALD CLAYPOOLE VANDERBILT.

Gloria Vanderbilt is the mother of Anderson Cooper. His father was Wyatt Cooper.

ANDERSON COOPER [1967] IS THE ONLY SURVIVING SON OF GLORIA VANDERBILT.

Anderson Cooper was the grandson of Reginald Claypoole Vanderbilt and the great great great grandson of the Commodore, Cornelius Vanderbilt [1794-1877].

Final Note: Collectively there are bio profiles for 11 members of the Vanderbilt family. Nine members are Vanderbilts, and the other two are Anderson Cooper, the surviving son of Gloria Vanderbilt and Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney.

The eleven members of the Vanderbilt family listed above are only a small portion of all the descendants of Commodore Cornelius Vanderbilt [1794-1877]. But they are the most prominent and are included to show how they are related to each other. In the 1990's there was a family reunion of the Vanderbilt descendants and close to 200 people showed up. And they were only representative of a still larger group of descendants.
E-BOOKS AVAILABLE FROM AMAZON; GOOGLE: Kindle Store Pegels PROMINENT DUTCH AMERICANS, CURRENT AND HISTORIC
EIGHT PROMINENT DUTCH AMERICAN FAMILIES: THE ROOSEVELTS, VANDERBILTS AND OTHERS, 2015

FIFTEEN PROMINENT DUTCH AMERICAN FAMILIES: THE VAN BURENS, KOCH BROTHERS, VOORHEES AND OTHERS, 2015

PROMINENT DUTCH AMERICANS IN U.S. GOVERNMENT LEADERSHIP POSITIONS, 2015
DUTCH PEGELS INVOLVED IN WARS
ALLIED EUROPE CAMPAIGN-1944/1945: TACTICAL MISTAKES, 2017

THE SECOND WORLD WAR IN THE NETHERLANDS: MEMOIRS, 2017

FRENCH REVOLUTION, NAPOLEON AND RUSSIAN WAR OF 1812, 2015

About the New Netherland Institute

For over three decades, NNI has helped cast light on America's Dutch roots. In 2010, it partnered with the New York State Office of Cultural Education to establish the New Netherland Research Center, with matching funds from the State of the Netherlands. NNI is registered as a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization. Contributions are tax-deductible to the extent permitted by law.

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Housed in the New York State Library, the NNRC offers students, educators, scholars and researchers a vast collection of early documents and reference works on America's Dutch era. More

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Upon his death in 1877, at age 82, Cornelius Vanderbilt, also known as Commodore Vanderbilt, was the wealthiest man in the United States and probably the greatest of the nineteenth century railroad barons. Earlier in his business career he probably was the greatest shipping tycoon in the United States.

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Nick Name: J. P. Morgan, Pierpont

Also Known As: John Pierpont Morgan

Born in: Hartford

Famous as: Financier and Banker

Spouse/Ex-: Amelia Sturges, Frances Tracy Morgan

father: Junius Spencer Morgan

mother: Juliet Pierpont

children: Anne Morgan, J. P. Morgan, Jr., Juliet Pierpont Morgan, Louisa Pierpont Morgan

place of death: Rome

City: Hartford, Connecticut

Founder/Co-Founder: Northern Securities Company, International Mercantile Marine Co., Anglo American plc, Metropolitan Club, Southern Railway, J.P. Morgan & Co.

education: The English High School, University of Göttingen, Cheshire Academy

J.P. Morgan was an American financier and banker who founded J.P. Morgan & Co., one of the leading financial firms of the United States. Born to a successful financier in Connecticut, Morgan received education in Boston and then attended the University of Göttingen in Germany. Thereafter, he was trained as an accountant at the New York banking firm of Duncan, Sherman and Company. Later, Morgan got involved in his father's banking company and subsequently became a partner in Drexel, Morgan and Company. In 1895, the firm was restructured as J. P. Morgan and Company, evolving into one of the most important banking houses in the world. In the meantime, Morgan arranged the merger of Edison General Electric and the Thompson-Houson Electric Company to form General Electric, which materialized as the primary electrical-equipment manufacturing company in the country. After financing the creation of the Federal Steel Company, he later merged it with Carnegie Steel Company to form the United States Steel Corporation. During his final years, Morgan concentrated on gaining control of nation's leading corporations and financial institutions. In addition to being a foremost financier, Morgan was also an enthusiastic art collector and a leading philanthropist of his time. Hailed as a master of finance at the time of his death in 1913, J.P. Morgan is still considered as one of America's leading businessmen and is largely credited for shaping the nation.

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Who was J. P. Morgan? Everything You Need to Know

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Nick Name: J. P. Morgan, Pierpont Also Known As: John Pierpont Morgan Born in: Hartford Famous as: Financier and Banker Spouse/Ex-: Amelia Sturges, Frances Tracy Morgan father: Junius Spencer Morgan mother: Juliet Pierpont children: Anne Morgan, J. P.

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These four American businessmen  (green tabs) are infamously known as robber barons.   Or were they captains of industry?...  I don't know!
You decide.
Research two of these businessmen (watch the videos).

Write one paragraph for the first businessman you chose.  Write another for the second.
Finally, as a third paragraph, tell if you think they were "robber barons" or "captains of industry" and explain why (give justification for your answer).

* If you do not have headphones, I have attached written biographies of these men (red tabs); however, in all truth, I want you to watch the videos.  You will learn more, I assure you.

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OIL INDUSTRY

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The Rockefeller Archive Center is a major repository and research center for the study of philanthropy and its impact throughout the world.

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RR'S AND BANKING

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STEEL INDUSTRY

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SHIPPING INDUSTRY