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The Black Death reached Europe in the late 1340s.

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Volti, Rudi. “Bubonic Plague.” Encyclopedia of Science, Technology, and
Society, Vol. 1, Facts On File, 1999. Ancient and Medieval History,
online.infobase.com/HRC/Search/Details/272558?q=plague in europe. Accessed
3 Jan. 2018.

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The Black Death was spread by rats and mosquitoes/other blood suckers feasting on the rodents.

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*Bubonic plague is a disease caused by the bacillus Yersinia pestis.
*Also known as the Black Death.
*The European Black Death began in the Genoese port city of Caffa (Feodosiya) in the Crimea, whence Italian traders carried goods from the Mongol Golden Horde all over the Mediterranean
* plague spreads to human populations from fleas that infest black rats, the plague bacillus, Pasteurella pestis, is fatal to humans and rats and hence needs a separate long-term reservoir

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Believed to have originated in the Gobi Desert.

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Wheeler, Kip. "The Black Plague ; The Least You Need to Know." The Black Plague,
Feb. 2002, web.cn.edu/kwheeler/black_plague.html. Accessed 4 Jan. 2018.

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How did the plague disrupt economic and social activity?

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Alchin, Linda. "Black Death." Black Death, Linda Alchin, 24 Mar. 2014,
www.lordsandladies.org/black-death.htm. Accessed 4 Jan. 2018

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1. What was the plague? (and what did it spread?)
2. Where did the plague originate from? (cause?)
3. How many people did it kill? (did it kill animals?)
4. How did it disrupt social and economic activity
5. What and how did it stop from spreading to other continents? (was there a cure or did it go away?)

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-7500 victims of the disease  were dying everyday
-Called Black Death because one of the symptoms produced a blackening of the skin around the swellings
-Black Death spread by following all the trade routes to every country
-In England the Black Death  raged from 1348-1350
-Black Death was important because the population dropped resulting in a higher value being placed our labour
-Symptoms are..
+Painful Swellings of the lymph nodes
+Very High fever
+Delirium
+begins  to vomit
+muscular pains
+bleeding in the lungs
+mental disorientation
+intense desire to sleep

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Atwood, Christopher P. “Black Death in the Mongol Empire.” Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire, Facts On File, 2004. Ancient and Medieval History, online.infobase.com/HRC/Search/Details/239239?q=Black Death OR plague western europe. Accessed 5 Jan. 2018.

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The most popular theory of how the plague ended is through the implementation of quarantines. This entailed staying out of the path of infected individuals, rats, and fleas. The uninfected would typically remain in their homes and only leave when it was necessary. Those with the financial resources would traditionally escape to the country, far away from the Black Death-infested cities, and live in the comfort of a lavish estate. In cases where infected persons were sharing living quarters with healthy persons, the entire household was quarantined together; this may have been effective in controlling the disease in Milan, Italy, where some families were walled up in their homes and left to die.

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The first historical record of the Bubonic was in Central Asia in 1338/39. It reached China and India by 1346. It infected the Black Sea Port of Kaffa by 1347. One (false) legend says that the Mongols infected the city of Kaffa by shooting infected corpses over the walls with catapults. It is more likely that rats carried infected fleas into the town. Fleeing ships then carried infected rats to Constantinople, Italy, and Marseilles during the year 1347. In 1348, the first outbreaks appeared in England. From July 1349-1351 it spread to places such as Scotland, Scandinavia, and Kiev, Ukraine.

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Practicing proper hygiene also likely played a role in the abatement of the Black Death. Before the pandemic struck, personal hygiene was lackluster at best. It was common to consume contaminated water. People did not wash regularly, and the dead were buried in mass graves.

During the years of the Black Death, however, people began to practice better personal hygiene. More people washed, and though bacteria had yet to be discovered, this cleanliness removed the microorganisms. People began to boil drinking water. As the bodies piled up it became more efficient to burn them, again inadvertently preventing the further spread of disease.

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The need for clean, pure air was another important factor in ending the sweep of the Black Death. Over time, the plague became pneumonic, or airborne, passing from person to person without flea hosts. Many people sought environments in which the air quality was uncontaminated by disease. One way of inhaling pure air was to sit between two burning fires. As the bacteria were destroyed in extreme heat, this may have provided some protection. Pope Clement VI was widely known to have torches placed around him to keep infection at bay.

Many households burned incense with the aim of purifying the quality of air; some of the favored scents were beech, camphor, lemon, rosemary, and sulfur.

Handkerchiefs doused in essential oils were a popular accoutrement for many venturing outside their homes. Pressing an oil-soaked cloth to their faces, people felt safer traversing the streets. The close proximity of the handkerchief to the mouth and nose could have prevented pneumonic contagion.

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"Ecology and Transmission." CDC, www.cdc.gov/plague/transmission/index.html.
Accessed 8 Jan. 2018.

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The plague bacteria can be transmitted to humans in the following ways:

Flea bites. Plague bacteria are most often transmitted by the bite of an infected flea. During plague epizootics, many rodents die, causing hungry fleas to seek other sources of blood. People and animals that visit places where rodents have recently died from plague are at risk of being infected from flea bites. Dogs and cats may also bring plague-infected fleas into the home. Flea bite exposure may result in primary bubonic plague or septicemic plague.

Contact with contaminated fluid or tissue. Humans can become infected when handling tissue or body fluids of a plague-infected animal. For example, a hunter skinning a rabbit or other infected animal without using proper precautions could become infected with plague bacteria. This form of exposure most commonly results in bubonic plague or septicemic plague.

Infectious droplets. When a person has plague pneumonia, they may cough droplets containing the plague bacteria into air. If these bacteria-containing droplets are breathed in by another person they can cause pneumonic plague. Typically this requires direct and close contact with the person with pneumonic plague. Transmission of these droplets is the only way that plague can spread between people. This type of spread has not been documented in the United States since 1924, but still occurs with some frequency in developing countries. Cats are particularly susceptible to plague, and can be infected by eating infected rodents. Sick cats pose a risk of transmitting infectious plague droplets to their owners or to veterinarians. Several cases of human plague have occurred in the United States in recent decades as a result of contact with infected cats.

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Bubonic plague: Patients develop sudden onset of fever, headache, chills, and weakness and one or more swollen, tender and painful lymph nodes (called buboes). This form usually results from the bite of an infected flea. The bacteria multiply in the lymph node closest to where the bacteria entered the human body. If the patient is not treated with the appropriate antibiotics, the bacteria can spread to other parts of the body.

Septicemic plague: Patients develop fever, chills, extreme weakness, abdominal pain, shock, and possibly bleeding into the skin and other organs. Skin and other tissues may turn black and die, especially on fingers, toes, and the nose. Septicemic plague can occur as the first symptom of plague, or may develop from untreated bubonic plague. This form results from bites of infected fleas or from handling an infected animal.

Pneumonic plague: Patients develop fever, headache, weakness, and a rapidly developing pneumonia with shortness of breath, chest pain, cough, and sometimes bloody or watery mucous. Pneumonic plague may develop from inhaling infectious droplets or may develop from untreated bubonic or septicemic plague after the bacteria spread to the lungs. The pneumonia may cause respiratory failure and shock. Pneumonic plague is the most serious form of the disease and is the only form of plague that can be spread from person to person (by infectious droplets).

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If you lived in Medieval Europe between the years of 1346 to 1352, you witnessed one of the worst natural disasters to hit Europe - the Black Death. The incurable disease swept through towns and villages with frightening speed,killing its victims within a few weeks. Many people thought it was the end of the world. Not surprisingly, social and economic changes resulted from the plague. Whether you were born a king's son or a peasant slave, life as you knew it, would never be the same.

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7500 people per day
2,737,500 per year
16,425,000 from 1346-1352 (6 years)
Animals were involved

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"Symptoms." CDC, 14 Sept. 2015, www.cdc.gov/plague/symptoms/index.html. Accessed
17 Jan. 2018.

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Title: Chloe T
Essential Question: Vaishi
Background Info: Chloe T
Spread: Chloe L, Amy
Originate: Amy
Fighting the Plague: Zach, Aiden
Social Activity: Vaishi
Economic Activity: Chloe L
Summary: Aiden
Sources: Zach