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More than half of the residents are younger than 20 years old, and less than one-fifth are older than 60.

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There is extreme heat in the summer, with average temperatures reaching the low 100s and coolness in the winter, with lows averaging in the low 50s, though there is a large difference between daytime and nighttime temperatures. Humidity in Riyadh remains low throughout the year, especially during the summer. When precipitation does occur, it is largely confined to the months between November and May.

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As the country’s capital, Riyadh hosts numerous government ministries and public services headquarters, making the public sector the city’s largest employer. The government employs more than one-third of the city’s workforce and is the source of approximately half of Riyadh’s total production of goods and services.

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Saudi nationals constitute about two-thirds of the city’s population. Among the non-Saudi population, Asians (among whom Indians and Pakistanis predominate) represent about one-half, and Arabs (among whom Egyptians and Yemenis predominate) constitute about two-fifths. Small proportions of Europeans and Americans also reside in the city.

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The average family size is large, with Saudi families averaging more than six members and non-Saudi families averaging approximately five members.

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Life in Riyadh is concentrated around the city’s mosques and its shopping centers. The city’s central core and its many souks (marketplaces) attract heavy pedestrian traffic, emphasizing the city’s intense feeling of vitality. As residents of a major city in a mainly Muslim country, Riyadh’s inhabitants adhere to a number of social norms that include segregation of the sexes and the need to protect the privacy of the family.

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A Market

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More correctly transliterated as al-Riyad ("the gardens")

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Males constitute about half the city’s Saudi population but more than two-thirds of the non-Saudi population, as many expatriate labourers come to work in Riyadh without their families.

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Within the country, religious activities aside from the practice of Islam are prohibited by law, though non-Muslim foreigners have been permitted to worship in private. As a result, Riyadh is in effect an almost wholly Islamic city. Each day begins with the call to dawn prayers issued from loudspeakers at nearby mosques; worshipers pray four more times during the day and into the evening, attending the city’s ubiquitous mosques or choosing other locations where they can perform their ritual ablutions and prayers.

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A Mosque in Riyadh

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Largely dominated by a rocky plateau landscape and in the center of the Arabian Peninsula. Najd’s broad, mountain-studded plateau gives way in the center and east to a series of escarpments arching from north to south. he Ṭuwayq Mountains constitute the backbone of the most densely settled part of Najd, of which Riyadh is a part; the topography of Riyadh itself, however, is relatively flat. Soils in and around the city are made up of an alluvium of gravel, sand, silt, clay deposits, and a limestone subsoil.

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Elevation Map

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There are thousands of miles of paved roads in Riyadh; highways constitute the two main axes of the city. With its grid system of wide thoroughfares and expressways, modern Riyadh was designed as an automobile-oriented city. Taxis are a significant form of transportation in Riyadh; local buses are also available, but their main function is to transport lower-income workers from their living quarters to workplaces in other parts of the city. Riyadh is connected with Al-Dammām, an eastern seaport, by rail.

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Bus

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Highway