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An organized whole. Gestalt psychologists emphasized our tendacy to integrate pieces of info into meaningful wholes.

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The organization of the visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings.

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Interposition: a monocular cue; if one object partially blocks the view of another, we perceive it as closer.

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Relative Size:
a monocular cue; if we assum two objects are similar in size we perceive the one that casts the smaller retinal image as farther away

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Relative Motion: a monocular cue; as we move, objects that are stationary appear to move; the closer the object, the faster it appears to move.

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Relative Height: a monocular cue; objects higher in our field of vision are perceived as farther away; causes the illusion that taller objects are longer than shorter objects.

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Texture gradient: a monocular cue; a gradual change from course, distinct texture to fine, indistinct textures signals increasing distance

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-- Light and Shadow: a monocular cue; nearby objects reflect more light to our eyes, dimmer objects seem farther away (assuming light comes from above)

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rule for grouping; tendancy to fill in gaps to create complete whole objects

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rule for grouping; tendancy to perceive connected, similar figures as 1 unit

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rule for grouping; tendancy to perceive smooth, continuous patterns

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Relative Clarity: a monocular cue; light from distant objects passes through more atmosphere therefore they are perceived as hazy and farther away than sharp, clear objects

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The temdacy for vision to dominate the other senses.

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rule for grouping; tendancy to group figures together that are similar

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a rule for grouping; tendancy to group nearby objects figures together

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perceptual tendancy to organize stimuli into coherant groups

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amount of light an object reflects relative to surroundings

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A door casrs an increasingly trapezoid image on our retinas as it opens, yet we will still perceive it as rectangular.

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Suggested that the cornerd in our rectangularly carpentered world teach us to interpret "outward" or "inward" pointing arrowheads at the ends of a line as a cue to the line's distance from us and so to its length. The red line defined by the corner at the ticket booth looks shorter than the red line defined by the room corner. But are the same length.

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A binocular cue for perceiving depth: By comparing images from the two eyeballs, the brain computed distance- the greater the desparity(difference) between the two images, the closer the object.

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Depth cues, such as retinal disparity and convergence, that depend on the use of two eyes.

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Depth cues, such as interposition and linear perpective, available to either eye alone.

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A laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and younf animals.

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The ability to see objects in three dimensional although neural activity and slow body functions.

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The Ponzo illusion operates on the same principle. The monocular depth cue of linear perspective leads us to believe that, given two similar objects, the distant one can only cast the same size retinal image as the closer object if it is larger. The topmost bar therefore appears longer.

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--Linear Perpective:
a monocular cue; parallel lines such as RR tracks, seem to converge with distance; the greater the convergence, the greater the distance perceived

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A binocular cue for perceiving depth; the extent to which eyes converge inward when looking at an object. The greater the inward strain, the closer the object.