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The amount of light an object reflects relative to its surroundings. If you view sunlit black paper through a narrow tube so nothing else is visible, it may look gray, because in bright sunshine it reflects a fair amount of light. Veiw it without the tube and it is again black, because it reflects much less light than the objects around it.

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Richard L. Gregory suggested that the corners in our rectangularly carpentered world teach us to interpret "outward" or "inward" pointing arrowheads at the ends of a line as a cue to the lines distance from us and so it's length. The red line defined by the corner at the ticket booth looks shorten than the red line defined by the room corner. But if you measure them, you will see that both are the same length.

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Based on the same principle as the fleeing monsters. The two red bars cast identical-sized images on our retinas. But experience tells us that a more distan object can create the same-sized image as a nearer one only if it is actually larger. As a result,we perceive the bar that seems farther away as larger.

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A door casts an increasingly trapezoidal image on our retinas as it opens, yet we still perceive it as rectangular.

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Nearby objects reflect more light to our eyes. Given two identical objects, the dimmer one seems farther away. This illusion can also contribute to accidents l, as when a fog-shrouded vehicle, or one with only its parking lights on, seems farther away than it is.

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Parallel lines, such as railroad tracks, appear to converge with distance. The more the lines converge, the greater their perceived distance. Linear perspective can contribute to rail-crossing accidents by leading people to overestimate a train's distance.

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As we move, objects that are actually stable may appear to move. If while riding on a his you fix your gaze on some object -sat, a house- the objects closer than the house (the fixation point) appear to move backward. The nearer the object is to you, the faster it seems to move.

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We perceive objects higher in our field of vision as farther away. Because we perceive the lower part of a figure-ground illustration as closer, we perceive it as figure (Vecera &a others, 2002). Invert the illustration below(right) and the black becomes ground, like a night sky. Relative height may contribute to the illusionthat  vertical dimensions are longer than identical horizontal dimensions.

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A gradual change from a coarse, distinct texture to a fine, indistinct  texture signals increasing distance. Objects far away appear smaller and more densely packed

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Becuse light from distant objects passes through more atmosphere, we perceive hazy objects as farther away than sharp, clear objects. In fog or snow, the car in front of you may therefore seem farther away than it is.

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If one object partially blocks our view of another, we perceive it as closer. Rene Magritte painting of a woman on horseback purposely confuses figure and ground by interposition.

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If we assume that two objects are similar in size, we perceive the one that casts the smaller retinal image as farther away. To a driver, distant pedestrians appear smaller, which also means that smaller-looking pedestrians (children) may sometimes be misperceived as more distant than they are(Stewart, 2000).

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Depth cues, such as interposition and linear perspective, available to either eye alone.

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A binocular cue for perceiving depth; the extent to which the eyes converge inward when looking at an object. The greater the inward strain, the closer to object.

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A binocular cue for perceiving depth: By comparing images from the two eyeballs, the brain computes distance- the greater the disparity (difference) between the two images, the closer the objects.

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Depth cues, such as retinal disparity and convergence, that depends on the use of two eyes.

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A laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals.

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Enables us to estimate their distance from us. At a glance,we estimate the distance of an oncoming car or the height of a house.

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We fill in gaps to create a complete, whole object. Thus we assume that the circles (right) are complete but particularly blocked by the (illusory) triangle. Add nothing more than little line segments that close off the circles and now your brain stops constructing a triangle. Usually, these grouping principles help us construct reality.

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We perceive smooth, continuous patterns rather than discontinuous ones. The pattern at lower left could be a series of altering semicircles, but we perceive it as two continuous lines. One wavy, one straight.

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Because they are uniform and linked, we perceive the two dots and the line between them as a single unit.

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We group together figures that are similar to each other. We see the triangles and circles as vertical columns of similar shapes, not as horizontal rows of dissimilar shapes.

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We group nearby figures together. We see not six separate lines, but three sets of two lines.

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The organization of the visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings.
-proximity
-similarity
-continuity
-connectedness
-closure

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An organized whole. Gestalt psychologist emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of info into meaningful wholes.

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The tendency for vision to dominate the other senses