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Ptolemy's Revolutionary Ideas and Hs Impact 

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Ptolemy's Revolutionary Ideas and Hs Impact 

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Who:
astronomer, mathematician and geographer
What:
he drew up a geocentric, or earth-centered universe that was immobile
When:
2nd Century AD
Where:
Egypt/Greece
Impact:

1. He indicated that earth did not move and was the center of the universe

2. He stated that all other objects moved around the earth in perfect circles.

3. He stated  that the moon and other planets actually moved backwards.

4. He attempted to align astronomy with Astrology.

5. He indicated that the entire universe was driven by the interplay of hot, cold, wet and dry

6. This model of the universe fit within the Christian concept of Creation

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Ptolemy's geocentric universe (aka Claudius Ptolemaeus' model)

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Aristotle's Revolutionary Ideas and His Impact

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Aristotle's Revolutionary Ideas and His Impact

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Who:
Greek Philosopher, scientist, student to Plato
What:
He began the scientific-system that became the framework of philosophy that stressed biology rather than mathematics.
When:
C.384 BCE - C.322 BCE
Where:
Stagira, Greece
Impact:
1. He created the Atomic Theory, that all substances of the universe were made of fire, water, air, and Earth.
2. According to him: the sun, the moon, the planets, and the stars travel in separates spheres that can be heard ;" music of spheres".
3. He believed the world was made up of individuals(substances), occuring in fixed natural kind(species).
4. He was well known as the teacher of Alexander the Great, Ptolemy, King Phillip II,and other Greek's who impacted the world.
5. Developed the "first phyiosphy" in his book Metaphysics and other books like Nicomachaen Ethics, the Poetics,etc.
6. Founded a school called the Lyceum outside of Athens.
7. With his books ,like "the Generation of Animals", on nature he made a major contribution in the theory of evolution.

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Galen's Revolutionary Ideas And His Impact

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Galen's Revolutionary Ideas And His Impact

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Who:
Greek Physician, philosopher, and surgeon in the Roman Empire
What:
Galens knowledge and understanding of anatomy and medicine moved his theories into critical empiricism.
When:
C.129 AD - C.216 AD
Where:
Pergamon,the Eastern Roman Empire
Impact:
1. He was influenced by Hippocrates ideas creating the theory of "The Four Humours", which are the liquids that the human body contain; blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile and how to treat illnesses.
2. He built these ideas based on the "Theory of Opposites", which was basically if your body had to much phlegm you need something hot and dry so your body is balanced out.
3. In his theory of circulatory system, he discovered that blood circulates(transports) to the heart to the lungs and to the rest of the body.
4. With Galen's work "De motu musculorum" , he was able to exoakin the differences between the motor vs. sensory nerves and agonists vs. antagonists.
5. With the help of Artsitole and Plato, Galen created "Doctrines of Hippocrates and Plato" where he assigned specific paets of the soul to locations in the body.
6. Galen was the "Medical Pope of the Middle Ages" since his major wroks were translated to Latin, Greek, and Islamic texts and was taught at numerous schools.
7. With experiments done on pigs, he discovers that the brain controlled movement.

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galen. history. medicine. anatomy. shp. ocr. history a. bennewmark: hippocrates: d

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An explanation of: Who he was: Why and how he made his discoveries: Why his discoveries were important: Mistakes he made: Why he made them: Why they went uncorrrected for so long.

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Tycho's Brahe Revolutionary Ideas and his Impact 

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Tycho's Brahe Revolutionary Ideas and his Impact 

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Who:
Danish Nobleman, astronomer, observer of the planets and stars, and writer
What:
Tycho set new standards for precise and objective measurements
When:
Dec. 14, 1546 - Dec. 24, 1601
Where:
Knudstrup, Denmark
Impact:
1. He was one of the individuals whose work helped overturn that belief in favor of a heliocentric model of the universe with the sun at the center.
2. Tychonic system is a 16th, model of the solar system based on the combination of mathematical and physical benefits of previous"Copernican and Ptolemaic" systems.
3. Rudolphine Tables was a "newer" star catalogue created by the partnership of both Brahe and Kepler, his assistant, and after Tycho died, Kepler continued their work.
4. He built bigger versions of an sextant, quadrant,and also built an observatory, Uraniborg, which then allowed him to accumulate data on stars and the planets.
5. Tycho,the New Hipparchus, developed the Lunar theory based on variations of the moon's longitude and was later published by Kepler.
6. Tycho records of the motion of Mars to deduce laws of planetary motion then was later pubpished by Kepler.
7. Tycho gave inspiration to poets and writers after the discovery of the new star and supernova while using stellar parallax.
8. During the 1990's Tycho herbal medicines help treat illnesses like fever and the plague.

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Great Minds: Tycho Brahe, the Astronomer With a Pet Elk

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In the late 16th century, Tycho Brahe built an observatory on an island and collecting some of the most accurate data ever. He also lost his nose in a duel with a classmate -- over who was the better mathematician.

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Johannes's  Kepler Revolutionary Ideas and His Impacts

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Johannes's  Kepler Revolutionary Ideas and His Impacts

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Who:
German mathematician, astronomer, and astrologer
What:
Kepler began a large stepping stone in physiology and historiography of science.
When:
Dec. 27, 1571 - Nov. 15, 1630
Where:
Germany
Impact:
1. He created the 3 laws of planetary motion.
2. He developed the theory of the universe based upon the basis of geometric figures like the pyramid or cube.
3. Kepler was working on an essay with the Archduke Ferdinand that would soon measure lunar eclipse.
4. Kepler was advisor to Emperor Rudolph II.
5. Kepler worked with Tycho Brahe on the observations of Mars and published the Rudolphine Table.
6. Kepler published the hexagonal symmetry of snowflakes which was named Kepler conjecture.
7.Copernicus heliocentric theory was supported by calculations made by Kepler.
8.Kepler's thoughts of the universe was that the obits weren't circular but more oval shaped orbits.

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Nicolaus's Copernicus Revolutionary Ideas and His Impacts

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Nicolaus's Copernicus Revolutionary Ideas and His Impacts

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Who:
Polish mathematician,astronomer, physician, governor, and jurist
What:
Nicolaus was a man who broke the boundaries of astronomy and philosophy.
When:
Feb 19, 1473 - May 24, 1543
Where:
Kingdom of Poland
Impact:
1. His theory was that the sun was at the center of the universe with the Earth spinning one daily on its axis, revolving annually around the sun; heliocentric solar system.
2.He made the Copernican Heliocentric model.
3.  The moon orbits the Earth in his theory and that the order of the solar system was
Sun->Moon->Mercury->Venus -> Earth->Mars->Jupiter->Saturn
5.He was the first to be into Leosuncentric
6.He proposed that their was no center of the universe.
7. He developed the Copernican Revolution which made scholars and scientist to possible take a more skeptical attitude toward the dogma.

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Copernicus - Astronomer | Mini Bio | BIO

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Galileo's Galilei Revolutionary Ideas and His Impacts

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Galileo's Galilei Revolutionary Ideas and His Impacts

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Who:
Italian philosopher, astronomer, and physicist
What:
He built upon the scientific development lead by Copernicus and Kepler's work.
When:
Feb 15, 1564 - Jan 06, 1564
Where:
Florence, Italy
Impact:
1. He supported Copernicus heliocentric theory
2. He contradicted Ptolemy, since he discovered that their was some speed of weight.
3. He believed that Earth rotated around the sun and that it was fixed and unmoving.
4. The Inquisition in 1635, threatened Galileo, then was forced to recant and since he couldn't he was put on house arrest and couldn't publish his ideas
5. He found that Venus went through phases, just like the moon.
6. He discovered Jupiter largest moons and Venus's phases.
7.He assembled the one of first telescope, made a thermometer, and improved the geometric and military compass.
8. Agreed wiyh Aristotle on how the moon was not a perfect sphere.
9. He observed other stars in the Milky Way along with Neptune while not knowing it was a planet.
10. Galileo had corrsct the math for the law for acceleration.
11. Galileo produced the introduction into imperfect squares and whole numbers which is called Galileo's paradox.
12.  And in his book "Dialouge Concerning the Two Chief World Systems", he introduced a physical theory to account for the ocean tides.

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Isaac's Nexton Revolutionary Ideas and His  Impacts

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Isaac's Nexton Revolutionary Ideas and His  Impacts

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Who:
English mathematician, astronomer, theologian, and physicist
What:
Isaac Newton built upon the work of Copernicus and Galileo.
When:
Dec 25, 1642 - Mar 20 1726
Where:
England
Impact:
1. He proved the theory of gravitation "every mass attracts every other mass in the universe, the gravitational force between two bodies is proportional to the square distance between them
2.He developed and published in "The Principia" the 3 laws of motion:
A. Object in motion stays in motion, object in rest stays at rest.
B. Force equals mass times acceleration.
C. For every action, there is an eqaul and oppsite reaction.
3. He discovered the laws of light and color which he developed from formatting the laws of motion and published "Optocks" which was his diagram using a prism as a beam expander.
4. Newton is responsible for the invention of Calculus.
5. Newton wrote a number of religious tracts that dealt with the Bible both in literal and symbolic way.
6. Along with Descartes, Newton classified the cubic curves in the plane or plane algebraic curve.
7. Newton built a reflecting telescope using reflective mirrors instead of lenses which he later presented the Royal Society.
8. Soon after the passing of Luscasian professor Isaac Barrow, Newton was elected Fellow of the Royal Society.
9. He made inventions like a windmill, waterclock, and sunclock.

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Cartoon  for kids - Who was Isaac Newton?

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Cartoon for kids - Who was Isaac Newton? well come to channel mini games.

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Rene's Descartes Revolutionary Ideas and His Impact

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Rene's Descartes Revolutionary Ideas and His Impact

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Who:
French philosopher, mathematician, scientist, and writer
What:
He was deamed the "Father of Modern Philosohy and Mathematics".
When:
Mar 31, 1596 - Feb 11, 1650
Where:
France
Impact:
1.He had a thesis called "mind body dualism" a view in the philosophy of mind that mental phenomena are and in some aspects, non physical, or that the mid and body are distinct and separble.
2. He had an important connection between geometry and algebra which made the Cartesian coordinate system.
3. He was given the name "Father of Modern Philosophy" by his development in mechanistic sciences and justification of Scholastic Aristotelian philosophy; taught in rationalism, methods used to teach of reasoning and to attain knowledge.
4. He believes "Existence is drives immediately from the clear and distinct idea of a supreme perfect being".
5. He introduced skepticism as an essential part of the scientific method.
6. Decartes moral philosophy was a tree at which metaphysics was the root, physics was the trunk, and the rest of the scenes were branches that grew from the trunk.
7. Descartes developed of Cartesian geometry and provided the basis of Calculusfor Newton and Leibniz like the rule of the signs and invented analytic geometry.
8.He published an essay that discovered the law of reflection.
9. Descartes proposed through can be only found after a long process of studying and investigation which changed.

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Francis's Bacon Revolutionary Ideas and His Impact

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Francis's Bacon Revolutionary Ideas and His Impact

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Who:
English statesman, philosopher, and scientist
What:
Bacon popularized the scientific method and used it to changed philosophy and knowledge.
When:
Jan 22, 1561 - Apr 9, 1626
Where:
London, England
Impact:
1. He served as an attorney general and Lord chancellor of England, getting rid of a lot of corruptional charges, taking Aristotelian ideas and experimenting them, empiricism which is the foundation of the scientific method.
2. He was Kepler of the great seal for Elizabeth the First.
3. Bacon rejected Thomism as he separated religion and philosophy as they couldn't coexist. This is because faith was based on revelation while philosophy is based on reason which is written in "De augmentis".
4. Bacon used the inductive reasoning(Induction) to improve errors made by Aristotle.
5. Bacon published the Astrologia Sana which expressed his belief that says had physical effects on planets.
6. Bacon saw science as a way to improve social structures helped by tools using truth, human freedom, and sovereignty.
7. Bacon discovered the four "Idols"were responsible for preventing people from having clarity.
A. Idols of the Tribe - are common to everyone due to imprectfection of human nature such as rushed judgment
B. Idols of the Cave - unexamined assumptions a person aqurries from gender,class,culture,religion
C. Idols of the Marketplace - cofusions inherent in language suxh as words that don't exist or are vague
D. Idols of Theater - from fictional words created by dogmatic philosophy thats hasn't been experimented

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A three minute video on the life and contributions of statesman, scientist, and author ~ Sir Francis Bacon. ~ Visit our Facebook page, Grey Matter

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Robert Boyle Revolutionary Ideas and His Impact

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Robert Boyle Revolutionary Ideas and His Impact

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Who:
Anglo-Irish natural philosopher, chemist, physicist, alchemists, and inventor
What:
Boyle was a scientific investigator who continued the principles of Francis Bacon.
When:
Jan 25, 1627 - Dec 31, 1691
Where:
Lismore, Ireland
Impact:
1. Doyle's law stated how pressure of a gas tends to increase as the volume of a container decreases; PV=k.
2. Boyle formed experiments that he believed transmutated of matter like mentals then a statue of Henry IV.
3. He studied the expansive force of freezing water, refractive powers, crystals, electricity and gravities of materials.
4. In such works like "The Sceptical Chymist", Boyle rejected Aristotle's idea of the elements of matter being of the four elements(air, earth, fire, and water).
5. He replaced the four elements into salt, sulfur and mercury which were now the fundamental principles.
6.  In this study "anaylsis" Boyle defined the differences between mixtures and compounds.
7. Nature and scripture as 'two books' written by the same author and insulting nature would be insulting the Creator.
8. "The Boyle Lectures" were lectures finacced by Robert that was to defend the Christian faith.
9."The Robert Bolye Science Room" was a room he deactivated where others like him could study science and conduct experiments.

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A 3 minute short video about the successes of Robert Boyle by Amelia

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Andreas Vesalius Revolutionary Ideas and His Impact

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Andreas Vesalius Revolutionary Ideas and His Impact

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Who:
Flemish anatomist, physician, and author
What:
Vesalius is known as the Father of Modern study of anatomy.
When:
Dec 31, 1514 - Oct 15, 1564
Where:
Brussels, Netherlands
Impact:
1. Vesalius wrote one of the most influential books and with some help pulsihed it "De Humani Corporis Fabrica" which was about groundbreaking to human anatomy.
2. He updated Galen's anatomical handbook "Institutiones Anatomicae" in 1539.
3. He also published a letter on bloodletting which supported Galen's procedure.
4. In 1541, Vesalius with help of many dissections uncovered Galen's anatomy was based upon animal anatomy.
5. He published the correction to Galen's Opera Omina and began his own version of anatomical text.
6. He agrued gainst Aristotle and Galen's interpretation of the heart; he proposed that the heart had four chambers and blood vessels originated from it instead of the liver.
7. Vesalius also disproved Galen again, he discovered that the lower jaw was one bone instead of two.
8. He discovered some of the connections in the body like the stomach, spleen, and colon.
9. During his 12 years of traveling and treating the sick or injured, he wrote Radicis Chynae which was a short text of a medical plant's properties.
10. Vesalius proposed that anatomical dissection might be used to test stipulation.

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renaissance vesalius anatomy galen gcse history shp

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Why was Vesalius so important to the history of medicine?

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William Harvey Revolutionary Ideas and His Impact

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William Harvey Revolutionary Ideas and His Impact

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Who:
English physician and natural historian
What:
William made contributions in anatomy and physiology.
When:
Apr 1, 1578 - Jun 3, 1657
Where:
London, England
Impact:
1. Lumleian Lecturer were lectures held so the knowledge of anatomy throughout Europe would increase.
2. He published "De Motu Cordis" was a work made with the help of scientific methodology that explained the bloods being pumped around the body by the heart.
3.Based upon the purpose of explaining the motion of blood, Harvey discovered the circulatory system in 1616.
4. Harvey proper that blood flowed through the heart in two separate closed loops:1st loop - pulmonary circulation and 2nd loop - systemic.
5. He distanced himself from ideal of the heartbeat made by Rene Descartes.
6. He presented a theory called "epigenesis" which stated the embryo doesn't exist preformed in the egg bit goes through stages like metamorphosis.
7. William donated money to Merton College for building a libary.
8. Willaim Harvey was the father of Modern phsiology and founder of Modern experimental physiology.
9. The valves his teacher discovered had been correct and Harvey discover the cakes maintained the blood to flow one way.

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Phlegm? Bile? Having too much of each used to be the source of all your health problems...or so people thought, until William Harvey came on the scene and blew those ideas to smithereens. All but forgotten now, Harvey was a trailblazer, fighting against 1500 years of established scientific dogma, virtually by himself.

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Anton van Leeuwenhoek Revolutionary Ideas and His Impact

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Anton van Leeuwenhoek Revolutionary Ideas and His Impact

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Who:
Dutch businessman and scientist
What:
Leeuwenhoek is best known for pioneering work in the field of microscopy and maki n contributions towards microbiology.
When:
Oct 24, 1632 - Aug 26, 1723
Where:
Dutch Republic
Impact:
1. He creates the most powerful lenses and started applying then to the macroscopic world since he was fascinated by microscopes.
2. In 1673, the Royal society published a letter of his which included oberservations of mold, need, and lice.
3. He wrote 190 letters to the Royal society which were latter translated into Latin and English and well preserved.
4. In 1676, he sent the Royal Society a letter composed about microscopic life.
5. He had virtual monopoly of microscopic study and discovery.
6. He produced 200 microscopes with different magnification.
7. Peter the Great surprised Leeuwenhoek with a visit and studied blood circulation.
8. He made appormatiy 500 optical lenses and 25 single lens microscope.
9. He studied lots of things with his microscopes but he discovered the vacuole of a cell, spermatozoa, muscular fibers, etc.
10. His last letter was one about his own illness.

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Seeing the Invisible: van Leeuwenhoek's first glimpses of the microbial world

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Amboise Paré Revolutionary Ideas and His Impact

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Amboise Paré Revolutionary Ideas and His Impact

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Who:
French barber Surgeon and physician
What:
Paré was a poineer in srugical techniques and battlefield medicine.
When:
1510 - Dec 20, 1590
Where:
France
Impact:
1. Paré innovated ways to treat gunshot wounds by using a mixture of egg yolk, rose oil, and turpentine instead of boiling oil.
2. Another innovation was during amputation instead of searing vessels with hot irons to check hemorrhage, one could simply tye large arteries together.
3. Paré established the implantation with gold and sliver for teeth,artificial limbs, and artificial eyes.
4. Paré believed that phantom pains occur in the brain, not in the limb.
5. Rejected that bezoar stone could cure any poison.
6. Paré introduced the the lancing of infant's gums using Lancet during teething.
7. Paré revlitized the practice of podalic version in the process of obstetrics.
8. He served four French monarchs

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GCSE History - Who was Ambroise Pare? ('Renaissance Surgery')

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Margaret Cavendish Revolutionary Ideas and  Impacts 

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Margaret Cavendish Revolutionary Ideas and  Impacts 

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Who:
Duchess of Newcastle-upon-Tyne was an English aristocrat, philosopher, poet, scientist, fiction-writer, and playwright
What:
Cavendish was the first women scientists who wrote groundbreaking work on science and natural sciences.
When:
1623 - Dec 15, 1673
Where:
Colchester, United Kingdom
Impact:
1. She helped popularize the ideas of the scientific revolution.
2. She believe the atom and your heath were intertwined together which led to her atomic theory that was all atoms held the matter but it was shaped and sized differently.
3. She was the first woman to vist the Royal Society and first natural philosopher.
4. She wrote Grounds of Natural Philosophy were she was against rationalist and stated man could master nature.
5. She poluarized the ideas of competing vitalistic and mechanistic natural philosophies.
6. In "Poems and Fancies" she explains her natural philosophies.
7. In 1663, she discredited her own theory in her publication of "Philosophical and Physical Opinions".
8. She opposed other scientist saying that their work was wrong because of the microscopes and telescopes which made false observations and interpretation of the natural world.

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Uploaded by Nicholas Escobar on 2014-01-02.