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At optimal conditions (can vary) each glycerol molecule from a triglyceride at most produces 18.5 molecules of ATP per molecule of glycerol (may be rounded to 19)

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1.  Not all irreversible reactions can be considered as rate-limiting

2. There are 7 reversible and 3 irreversible steps in glycolysis, Irreversible steps are 1 (hexokinase), 3 (phosphofructokinase and 10 (pyruvate kinase)

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How is 19ATP/glycerol molecule calculated?
Should not it be 17ATP?
(4.5ATP glyceradlehyde-3-phosphate-to-pyruvate, 2.5ATP pyruvate-to-Acetyl-CoA, 10ATP Kreb's Cycle)
Thank you.

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1. Can all the irreversible reactions be considered as rate-limiting? If no, what requirements do they need to meet to be rate-limiting?

2. The glucose-to-glucose-6-phosphate formation catalysed by hexokinase is said to be irreversible reaction. However, during glycogenolysis glucose-6-phosphate transforms into glucose in the presence of glucose-6-phosphorylase. Therefore, should the 1st reaction of glycolysis be considered as irreversible?
Thank you.

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That's true that NADH won't be produced during anaerobic process! Then only 2ATP are the yield, which is 7% of glucose molecule's energy. Thank you for your explanation.

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Two types of carbohydrate breakdown
1 = Anaerobic (rapid) results in pyruvate-to-lactate formation, releases about 5% of energy within original glucose molecule. This is calculated from glucose energy potential being 38 ATP molecules and 5% being approx. 2 ATP molecules. (varying sources will state slightly different numbers.

You will not be required to do this type of calculation.

2 = Aerobic (slow) pryruvate-to-acetyle-CoA-to-citric acid cycle and electron transport of the remaining energy within original glucose molecule about 95%

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Exam timetable is found on your homepage, normally under registry or it may have its own separate grid. You will have to click on the link which will take you to a worksheet with all the exams, need to scroll down until you find 125BMS

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I am wondering how it is calculated that anaerobic glycolysis releases about 5% of the original glucose molecule's energy. The Glucose-to-pyruvate-to-lactate formation should have ATP yield 7ATP (2 ATP, 2 NADH), which is 22% of 32 ATP released during aerobic cycle (OR 18% for 39ATP = 7ATP [anaerobic]+32ATP [aerobic]). How are these values 5% for anaerobic glycolysis and 95% for anaerobic glycolysis estimated? Thank you.

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There will be no case study to analyse in the assessment

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are we going to be given a case study to analyse ?

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First post, do you think this wall paper needs changing ?

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How fantastic !!!
Thank you everyone

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Depolarisation and repolarisation are terms used to describe the direction of changes in the membrane potential.  Polarised just means that the outside and inside of the cell have a different net charge.  Membrane is depolarised when its potential is less negative than resting level. When a membrane has depolarised and returns towards its resting value it is repolarising.

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Yes I will input into revision session this week, I will also run a revision hour on the 5th March, in your workshops. I will post this on the revision section on Moodle

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Calcium is required at various steps in the clotting cascade, it is sometimes termed factor IV

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No you do not need to know all the recycling process, know where they are formed and where they are recycled

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Endocrine secretions (hormones) are released from many different tissues. They travel in the bloodstream to their target cells. Example would be insulin and glucagon regulating blood glucose levels.

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How does calcium affect blood coagulation?

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Please can you post the quiz questions from the all lectures in the revision section

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This is now the second time I have written this post !!
No need to worry about the for your Test.

The sodium - potassium pump is an example of active transport (needs ATP). Energy required to move ions or molecules across the membrane. In this case three sodium ions are transported across the membrane and two potassium ions are brought into the cell (across the membrane)

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The plasma would be a yellowish / orange colour for jaundice and an increased % of RBCs for a altitude climber

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Do we have to know the whole recycling process of red blood cell?

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How will it look for a person with jaundice and high altitude climber?

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where are they released?

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Just having a difficulty with understanding what exactly is the sodium-potassium pump from the cell online tutorial PowerPoint.