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This question has been sprinkled throughout history whenever people are upset or angry with their government. However, governments have always existed because without them society tends to fall into chaos. The reasons why we need a government can be broken up into three categories: provide public goods, maintain law & order, and protect people's rights.

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You will be placed with a partner(s) and will be arguing that one of the the three roles of the government is the MOST important. You will post your arguments underneath your column.

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You can post this all as one really long post OR as multiple shorter posts with all group members names on it.

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After you've completed your column you will look at the correlating columns for your number (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) read/listen to their videos/audios and look at their materials. Then you will provide two pieces of feedback:

- One in response to their argument itself where you piece apart their argument or acknowledge a point they have made
- One in which you give critical but construction feedback to the column/work itself such as if their resources were not reliable OR their argument was poorly formed.

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Thesis: Protect People's Rights, Life and Property is the most important part of a government because without the people you would have no government, this was also written in the Bill of Rights to protect the people, and it especially important because most minority groups could not obtain basic rights until it was done so by the government.

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Maintaining Law & Order is the most important purpose of government because without it, there will be nothing to prevent society from falling into chaos. There will also be nothing to bring society out of chaos.

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Public Good is the most important purpose of government because with out the goods provide by the government such as clean water, school, health care, and the army every individual will be able to access these good while also being available for future users to use.

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Maintain Law & Order is the most important purpose of government because it helps create and keep safety among the citizens in the country, not only that but it helps keep the country organized, and gives opportunities to those who are in need of help.

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Thesis: Protection of People´s Rights Life, and Property is the most important part of government because without laws there will be lots of chaos with citizens and the government. 

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Thesis: Protection of People´s Rights Life, and Property is the most important part of government because without laws there will be lots of chaos with citizens and the government. 

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Thesis: Providing Public Goods is the most important in the three roles of government because public  goods such as schools for our education system, the army/military, and healthcare all benefit people in our country and make life a bit easier and stable.

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Maintaining law and order is the most important purpose of the government because if we did not have this, the people and citizens would fall into chaos causing the fall of the government which could lead into deeper problems.

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Law & Order is the best service because it has child protective services and the court system. This inforces the order of our country and keeps citizens safe.

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This is shown by:
the 1st website explain show there are multiple factors as to why education plays a big role in public goods. being able to have an education system helps students with job opportunities, being able to go to college, pursuing a career while having a stable income as well. going to school helps many children to learn, grow, and adapt.

the 2nd website explains why healthcare is important, especially in our country. healthcare provides helping many many people, prevent diseases, and overall save them when people are in accidents are bad situations. without healthcare for instanced during this pandemic, many more people would pass away due to covid without even given a chance to live. the healthcare department will spread awareness especially during the time to protect others by following protocol and helping the country and hospitals all at the same time.

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Do you think attending school and doing projects for your college is a waste of time? If you do, you might want to reconsider that claim as education is a key part of a society's growth and progress. When people are educated, they can significantly contribute to their families and society in various aspects and fields, thus creating a stable and stimulating community. Why is education important to society? Let's take into account some reasons.

1. Creating More Employment Opportunities

Finding a job is not easy, especially in times of economic turmoil. You often need to compete with hundreds of other candidates for a vacant position. In addition, the lower the education level, the greater the number of people applying for the same low-paying entry-level post. However, with the right qualifications and educational background, you will increase your chances of landing a fulfilling job. Would you like to find a way to stand out from a pool of applicants? Learn, educate yourself, graduate and get as many qualifications, skills, knowledge, and experience as possible.

2. Securing a Higher Income

People with higher education and varied experience are more likely to get high-paying, expert jobs. Study hard, dedicate your time and effort to acquire knowledge and reach a high level of competence if you would like to lead a comfortable lifestyle. Your credentials are what will motivate a potential employer to choose you instead of another candidate. Studying hard throughout your school and studies shows you are not afraid of hard work and are able to fulfill your goals. Employers see this as a huge advantage as they all prefer a responsible and knowledgeable workforce. Once you graduate, you can start searching for jobs that will give you the opportunity to practice what you have learned and, at the same time, secure sufficient pay for your needs.

3. Developing Problem-solving Skills

One of the benefits of education is that the educational system teaches us how to obtain and develop critical and logical thinking and make independent decisions. When children become adults, they are faced with a lot of challenging issues - pay off your student loans, get a job, buy a car and a house, provide for your family, etc. However, if one has spent years educating themselves, they should be able to make sound decisions on these various quandaries. Not only are people able to form their own opinions, but they are also good at finding solid and reliable arguments and evidence to back up and confirm their decisions.

4. Improving the Economy

People with good academic and educational backgrounds tend to get well-paid jobs. The higher their education and accomplishments, the better employment options they get. People who grew up poor but educated themselves have high chances to transform their lives, thus contributing to a decrease in society's poverty rates. Education helps countries grow economically since it is about getting knowledge and being able to apply it wisely to our lives and, at the same time, improving other people's lives.

5. Providing a Prosperous and Happy Life

Education has always secured respect from society. In order to ensure a comfortable lifestyle, people should educate themselves and obtain a well-paid job to be successful and satisfied. It helps gain a better reputation and increases the chances of climbing the career ladder more easily and faster. In turn, it provides financial resources for stable lives - people can afford to buy their own house or apartment and thus secure their children's happiness and success. Furthermore, being able to own your own home provides stability and increases self-confidence. It leads to creating a positive environment for families and communities. "Children of homeowners are 116% more likely to graduate from college than children of renters of the same age, race, and income. They are also 25% more likely to graduate from high school and have higher math and reading scores, with fewer behavioral problems," according to research at the University of Tennessee.

6. Giving Back to the Community

How does education benefit society? Educated people understand how valuable it is to live in a stable and secure community. They are more prone to taking part in projects that help improve not only their neighborhood but society, as well. In addition, when people are able to afford their own home, they are more likely to take part not only in improving their homes but in solving local problems, as well. After all, it is quite important to get involved and give a hand to the less fortunate ones in order to build a better place for all of us to live in.

7. Creating Modern Society

Education is of key essence for modern society. One needs to learn about culture, history and other important aspects so that they would be able to contribute to modern society. Education molds people into leaders not only with knowledge about (college) subjects, but it also shows them how to lead with emotions and true values. Educated people can easily differentiate between right and wrong, thus education helps reduce the crime rate. Bad events are happening around the world - only competent leaders can help guide us down a good and right path.

8. Bridging the Borders

Digital education helps connect with people and organizations around the world. Borders are no longer there. Being able to communicate and share opinions with people from other countries and cultures, widens horizons and helps us understand and appreciate each other.

9. Creating equal opportunities

The importance of education in society has always been great as it is irrespective of caste, race, gender, religion. Educated people are treated as equals on the basis of their knowledge and competence. In addition to this, educated people are open-minded and are able to listen and accept other people's views regardless of the fact of how different they are. Education offers a possibility to live independently and thus be free. It is our shelter against financial storms and wrong decisions.

10. Introducing Empowerment

Education is the key to turn a weakness into a strength. It offers different tools and ways to understand problems that lay ahead of us and helps resolve them. More importantly, education provides us with considerable mental agility to make the right decisions and spring into action when needed. Many types of research show that educated women can more easily stand up against gender bias and marital violence as they have improved their decision-making capabilities.

Whether it is about respect, a higher position in society and a professional environment, financial security, family stability, education provides all of these and much more. Home stability provided by owning your own home helps children who grew up in their own houses or apartments become more successful. They are more likely to graduate high school (25%) and finish college (116%). "Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world," as Nelson Mandela said. It helps people become better citizens, get a better-paid job, shows the difference between good and bad. Education shows us the importance of hard work and, at the same time, helps us grow and develop. Thus, we are able to shape a better society to live in by knowing and respecting rights, laws, and regulations. Learning languages through educational processes helps interact with different people in order to exchange ideas, knowledge, good practices. It teaches us to live in harmony.

Are you ready to give back? Help the families from your community that need it the most. Get involved , today.

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10 Benefits Showing Why Education Is Important to Our Society | Habitat for Humanity

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Do you think attending school and doing projects for your college is a waste of time? If you do, you might want to reconsider that claim as education is a key part of a society's growth and progress.

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Alondra Robles ,Carlos  Mundo ,Rafael Najera,Ryan F Gonzales

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Protecting Peoples Rights,Life and property is an important part of the government to be able to provide society so people could feel safe and not live with fear of something occurring and them not being able to do anything about it nor the government  their for the laws the government has put prevent many things from happening and offer people their freedom and safety which is all that matters.

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Health care is a broad term that pertains to a system that involves the maintenance and the improvement of medical services in order to cater the medical demands of the people. The ever growing demands of the people, particularly the patients, has been widely recognized and cannot be undermine. In fact, if we take a look back in the past centuries, the vast range of changes that has happened and continues to happen in the modern society is clearly seen globally. These kinds of changes involve the advancement of health care system and services that is a result of the innovation of technology. As the world population grows day by day, the importance of health is considered to be one of the top priorities in this modern society.
Its Role In A Country
The quality of health care system and services in the society is considered as one of the crucial factors that define a government in a certain state. Health care system and services may vary from one country to another, given the health care policies of that certain state. In highly industrialized countries, health care system has been advance and the amount of services to its people is highly recognized. Health care is a very important factor to determine the physical and mental well-being of the people, that is why it is also highly recognized as a great contributor to a country's economy.

Health care services offered whether by public or private sectors are those services such as the diagnosis, prevention of the diseases, the treatment of illnesses, injuries and other health impairment of the people around the world. People do not want to get ill, however all got sick once in a while in their lives. Accidents also happen in people at some point in their lives. This reason alone can lead us to conclude that health care is indeed important. Health care is offered particularly by health care providers and professionals such as dentists, physicians, ophthalmologists, midwives, nurses, pharmacies and others. They are the ones that primarily cater the patient's demands and needs in their health.
Types Of Healthcare
There are three types of health care and that is the primary care, secondary care and tertiary care. In the primary care, patients are given a day to day care by the health care provider that serves as the first contact or the first point of consultation of the patients. This is also called as the primary care since this serves as the initial point of contact between the people or the patient and the health care provider. Next is the Secondary care that provides health services in which the primary care physician refers a specialist with more knowledge or who specializes on the patient's health issue. The third and the last is called the Tertiary care, in which a person or the patient has been referred by his/her primary and secondary health care providers to the specialists or to the center that has an advancement facilities or equipments in a way that will cater the person's health issue. This is also known as a highly specialized consultive care for special treatment and diagnosis. Truly, the value and significance of health care systems in the world cannot be overlooked.

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The Importance Of Healthcare In the Society - Good Health & Development

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Health care is a broad term that pertains to a system that involves the maintenance and the improvement of medical services in order to cater the medical demands of the people. The ever growing demands of the people, particularly the patients, has been widely recognized and cannot be undermine.

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Maintain Law & Order provides extra help to save people and rebuild houses. Without them the cities that get caught in natural dangers, they will no longer have there houses back.

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Evidence :This was shown by Corporate Finance Institution

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What are Public Goods?

Public goods are goods that are commonly available to all people within a society or community and that possess two specific qualities: they are non-excludable and non-rivalrous. Everyone has access to use them, and their use does not deplete their availability for future use.

Non-excludability - Individuals or groups of individuals can't be specifically excluded from using the goods

Non-rivalry - The use of the goods by some individuals doesn't cause a reduction in their availability to others, which would thereby violate the first quality

Public goods are generally considered as goods that are available to anyone. They differ from common goods in that the latter are typically non-excludable but are usually rivalrous to some extent. Wild game used for food is an example of a common good. People cannot generally be excluded from obtaining and using it; however, the same animals cannot be used more than once.

The Issue of Accessibility and Use of Public Goods

Public goods, because they are designed to be accessible by the public, tend to experience a negative impact from use, which affects all users equally. An example is air, which is negatively impacted by widespread use, as a result of pollution Negative Externalities .

Another major issue in terms of accessibility is something known as the problem, which means that individuals who don't pay for accessing a good - one that others do pay for - enjoy continued access to the good to the detriment of individuals who shoulder the cost of the privilege. This means that the good can become overused and under-produced. In the event that such a situation arises, restrictions may be placed on public goods, making them or private goods - things that not everyone can access, because of the imposed limitations.

Examples of Public Goods

The list of public goods varies, depending on how specifically the term is viewed. However, common examples of public goods include:

Street lighting - It is generally provided by communities, and consumption/use of the lighting doesn't prevent others from using it as well.

Emergency services - They are provided to communities and their use benefits and strengthens the community.

National defense - Whether paid or voluntary, national defense services protect the country as a whole.

Final Word

Public goods are important because they are designed to be available to the public in general and possess specific qualities that prevent individuals or groups from being unable to access them. They also must be able to withstand use without then becoming unavailable to future users.

Additional Resources

CFI is the official provider of the FMVA® Certification Financial Modeling and Valuation Analyst (FMVA)™

To keep learning and developing your knowledge of financial analysis, we highly recommend the additional CFI resources below:

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Public Goods - Definition, Issue of Accessibility, Examples

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Public goods are goods that are commonly available to all people within a society or community and that possess two specific qualities: they are non-excludable and non-rivalrous. Everyone has access to use them, and their use does not deplete their availability for future use.

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How do Rights Become Law?

Q: What are Human Rights?

ANSWER: Human rights are standards that allow all people to live with dignity, freedom, equality, justice, and peace. Every person has these rights simply because they are human beings. They are guaranteed to everyone without distinction of any kind, such as race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth, or other status. Human rights are essential to the full development of individuals and communities.

Many people view human rights as a set of moral principles that apply to everyone. Human rights are also part of international law, contained in treaties and declarations that spell out specific rights that countries are required to uphold. Countries often incorporate human rights in their own national, state, and local laws.

Q: Why are Human Rights Important?

ANSWER: Human rights reflect the minimum standards necessary for people to live with dignity. Human rights give people the freedom to choose how they live, how they express themselves, and what kind of government they want to support, among many other things. Human rights also guarantee people the means necessary to satisfy their basic needs, such as food, housing, and education, so they can take full advantage of all opportunities. Finally, by guaranteeing life, liberty, equality, and security, human rights protect people against abuse by those who are more powerful.

According to the United Nations, human rights:

"Ensure that a human being will be able to fully develop and use human qualities such as intelligence, talent, and conscience and satisfy his or her spiritual and other

Human Rights Characteristics...

Q: W here do HumanRightscome from?

ANSWER: The modern human rights era can be traced to struggles to end slavery, genocide, discrimination, and government oppression. Atrocities during World War II made clear that previous efforts to protect individual rights from government violations were inadequate. Thus was born the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) as part of the emergence of the United Nations (UN).

The UDHR was the first international document that spelled out the "basic civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights that all human beings should enjoy." The declaration was ratified without opposition by the UN General Assembly on December 10, 1948.

When it was adopted, the UDHR was not legally binding, though it carried great moral weight. In order to give the human rights listed in the UDHR the force of law, the UN drafted two treaties, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR). The division of rights between these two covenants is artificial, reflecting the global ideological divide during the Cold War. Though politics prevented the creation of a unified treaty, the two covenants are interconnected, and the rights contained in one covenant are necessary to the fulfillment of the rights contained in the other. Together, the UDHR, ICCPR, and ICESCR are known as the International Bill of Human Rights. They contain a comprehensive list of human rights that governments must respect, protect, and fulfill.

Human Rights Outlined in the
International Bill of Rights

The right to equality and freedom from discrimination

The right to life, liberty, and personal security

Freedom from torture and degrading treatment

The right to equality before the law

The right to a fair trial

The right to privacy

Freedom of belief and religion

Freedom of opinion

Right of peaceful assembly and association

The right to participate in government

The right to social security

The right to work

The right to an adequate standard of living

The right to education

The right to health

The right to food and housing

Q: Who is Responsible for Upholding Human Rights ?

ANSWER: Under human rights treaties, governments have the primary responsibility for protecting and promoting human rights. However, governments are not solely responsible for ensuring human rights. The UDHR states:

"Every individual and every organ of society ... shall strive by teaching and education to promote respect for these rights and freedoms and by progressive measures, national and international, to secure their universal and effective recognition and observance."

This provision means that not only the government, but also businesses, civil society, and individuals are responsible for promoting and respecting human rights.

When a government ratifies a human rights treaty, it assumes a legal obligation to respect, protect, and fulfill the rights contained in the treaty. Governments are obligated to make sure that human rights are protected by both preventing human rights violations against people within their territories and providing effective remedies for those whose rights are violated. Government parties to a treaty must do the following:

Respect

Protect

Fulfill

Governments must not deprive people of a right or interfere with persons exercising their rights.

For example, governments can:

Create constitutional guarantees of human rights.

Provide ways for people who have suffered human rights violations by the government to seek legal remedies from domestic and international courts.

Sign international human rights treaties.

Governments must prevent private actors from violating the human rights of others.

For example, governments can:

Prosecute perpetrators of human rights abuses, such as crimes of domestic violence.

Educate people about human rights and the importance of respecting the human rights of others.

Cooperate with the international community in preventing and prosecuting crimes against humanity and other violations.

Governments must take positive action to facilitate the enjoyment of basic human rights.

For example, governments can:

Provide free, high-quality public education.

Create a public defender system so that everyone has access to a lawyer.

Ensure everyone has access to food by funding public assistance programs.

Fund a public education campaign on the right to vote.

In 1945, the U.S. ratified the United Nations Charter, which established the United Nations.
Photo: The signing of the UN Charter, 1945.

The 1938 Fair Labor Standards Act provides protection for children against child labor in the U.S.
Photo: Protest against child labor, 1901

The "New Deal" laws of the 1930s established the foundation of the modern welfare system in the U.S.
Photo: Depression era breadline, 1930

Q: How do Rights Become Law ?

DECLARATION

document stating standards or principles, but which is not legally binding

TREATY, CONVENTION,
COVENANT, CHARTER

legally binding agreement between two or more countries

RRATIFICATION

formal process by which a country agrees to be bound by the terms of a treaty

RESERVATION

the exception that States make to a treaty (e.g. provisions within the treaty the government does not accept)

ANSWER: International human rights law provides an important framework for guaranteeing the rights of all people, regardless of where they live. International human rights law is contained in many different types of documents, including treaties, charters, conventions, and covenants. Despite the different official names, these documents are all considered treaties and have the same effect under international law: countries that ratify a treaty are legally obligated to protect the rights it describes.

The human rights treaty process usually begins at the United Nations or a similar international body. Legal and subject matter experts might first create a draft of the treaty. After the draft is written, the UN or other body will arrange a meeting between representatives of interested countries to negotiate the final terms, or content, of the treaty. This can be a lengthy process if large numbers of countries want to participate in the drafting process. Non-governmental organizations are sometimes allowed to offer recommendations during some of the stages of the drafting process. After the negotiating countries agree on a final text of the treaty, the treaty is opened for ratification by countries that want to become parties to it.

Countries have different methods for acceding to or ratifying treaties. For the United States to become a party to a treaty, the president must first sign it, and then present it to the Senate, where two-thirds of the senators must vote to ratify it. Through ratification, a country agrees to be legally bound by the terms of the treaty.

Countries that ratify treaties are allowed to enter reservations to those instruments. Reservations are statements made by a country that "modify the legal effect of certain provisions of the treaty." Entering a reservation allows a government to agree to most of a treaty, while excluding or limiting parts that might be controversial or unconstitutional in its own country. Many countries have entered reservations to the major human rights treaties, which can limit the effectiveness of the treaties in protecting people against abuses committed by their governments.

Sources

Declaration of Independence. http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/declaration_transcript.html.

International Human Rights in a Nutshell by Thomas Buergenthal, Dinah Shelton and, David Stewart. (St. Paul: West-Group, 2002).

NESRI. "Government Obligations Under Human Rights Standards." http://www.nesri.org/economic_social_rights/gov_obligation.html.

Public International Law in a Nutshell by Thomas Buergenthal, Sean D. Murphy. (St. Paul: Thompson/West, 2007).

UN Charter. http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/instree/auncharter.html.

UN. OHCHR. "International Human Rights Law." http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/InternationalLaw.aspx.

UN. OHCHR. "What are Human Rights?" http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Pages/WhatareHumanRights.aspx.

UN. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights. http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/.

United Nations Cyber School Bus. "Understanding Human Rights." http://www0.un.org/cyberschoolbus/humanrights/about/understanding.asp.

UDHR. "Drafting and Adoption: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights." http://www.udhr.org/history/default.htm.

United States Senate. "Treaties." http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/Treaties.htm.

Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. http://untreaty.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/conventions/1_1_1969.pdf.

Images

RESPECT © United Nations Photo # 84215 (Signing of UN Charter in San Francisco, June 1945)

PROTECT © U.S. Library of Congress's Prints and Photographs Division, digital ID: ppmsca.06591 (Protest against child labor)

FULFILL © Flickr Creative Common, Flickr user Desposyni (cc: by-nc-sa) (Depression-era breadline)

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How do Rights Become Law? Q: What are Human Rights? ANSWER: Human rights are standards that allow all people to live with dignity, freedom, equality, justice, and peace. Every person has these rights simply because they are human beings.

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Law and order helps the people stay inline because without consequences people in Society would do what ever.

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I like the thesis and the meme. It helps get the point across.

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Laws that have prevented  dreadful things from occurring  would be people not being able to commit robberies,freedom of speech,and most of all making people face consequences when a crime is done.

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- An video/audio recording of you/your partner presenting your argument.
- A thesis:
"__________ is the most important purpose of government because ______, ______, ______"
- 2 pieces of evidence to support your thesis. This should be research from reliable websites including historical precendent, data, logical reasoning, etc.
"This is shown by ____________."
- Links to websites you used to help prove your research.
- 2-3 Images. You can be creative with this one and put a serious image but also cartoons, memes, gifs, etc to help prove your point.

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The Law and order branch of government is the most important because it keeps our society in line. Without a rule book people in this country would make it quite unsafe. Laws being put in place benifit the indavidual finacialy with Banks,Realestate, and Business.Without these Laws in place people wouldn't get paid for the work they have done or value they have added to our corpret system.Without a law and order system our goverment would crumble because we would have people stealing and taking avantage of one another. The government only makes money by having laws to tax indaviduals. This there for helps comunities,Military, and public services.

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Public goods are economic products that are consumed collectively, like highways, sanitation, schools, national defense, police and fire protection.
http://www.socialstudieshelp.com/Eco_Public_Goods.htm

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A public good is a service that provides for many people without any profits that come from the government or a private organization. A public

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The government balances the goals and decides the mixture of policies for society. The community is important to the government mainly because that´s who they serve. They help us in many ways to in sure our safely.

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Public goods is the most important role of government because they are economic products like highways, schools, national protection, and law enforcement, etc that keep the country stable and safe.

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How do Rights Become Law?

Q: What are Human Rights?

ANSWER: Human rights are standards that allow all people to live with dignity, freedom, equality, justice, and peace. Every person has these rights simply because they are human beings. They are guaranteed to everyone without distinction of any kind, such as race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth, or other status. Human rights are essential to the full development of individuals and communities.

Many people view human rights as a set of moral principles that apply to everyone. Human rights are also part of international law, contained in treaties and declarations that spell out specific rights that countries are required to uphold. Countries often incorporate human rights in their own national, state, and local laws.

Q: Why are Human Rights Important?

ANSWER: Human rights reflect the minimum standards necessary for people to live with dignity. Human rights give people the freedom to choose how they live, how they express themselves, and what kind of government they want to support, among many other things. Human rights also guarantee people the means necessary to satisfy their basic needs, such as food, housing, and education, so they can take full advantage of all opportunities. Finally, by guaranteeing life, liberty, equality, and security, human rights protect people against abuse by those who are more powerful.

According to the United Nations, human rights:

"Ensure that a human being will be able to fully develop and use human qualities such as intelligence, talent, and conscience and satisfy his or her spiritual and other

Human Rights Characteristics...

Q: W here do HumanRightscome from?

ANSWER: The modern human rights era can be traced to struggles to end slavery, genocide, discrimination, and government oppression. Atrocities during World War II made clear that previous efforts to protect individual rights from government violations were inadequate. Thus was born the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) as part of the emergence of the United Nations (UN).

The UDHR was the first international document that spelled out the "basic civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights that all human beings should enjoy." The declaration was ratified without opposition by the UN General Assembly on December 10, 1948.

When it was adopted, the UDHR was not legally binding, though it carried great moral weight. In order to give the human rights listed in the UDHR the force of law, the UN drafted two treaties, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR). The division of rights between these two covenants is artificial, reflecting the global ideological divide during the Cold War. Though politics prevented the creation of a unified treaty, the two covenants are interconnected, and the rights contained in one covenant are necessary to the fulfillment of the rights contained in the other. Together, the UDHR, ICCPR, and ICESCR are known as the International Bill of Human Rights. They contain a comprehensive list of human rights that governments must respect, protect, and fulfill.

Human Rights Outlined in the
International Bill of Rights

The right to equality and freedom from discrimination

The right to life, liberty, and personal security

Freedom from torture and degrading treatment

The right to equality before the law

The right to a fair trial

The right to privacy

Freedom of belief and religion

Freedom of opinion

Right of peaceful assembly and association

The right to participate in government

The right to social security

The right to work

The right to an adequate standard of living

The right to education

The right to health

The right to food and housing

Q: Who is Responsible for Upholding Human Rights ?

ANSWER: Under human rights treaties, governments have the primary responsibility for protecting and promoting human rights. However, governments are not solely responsible for ensuring human rights. The UDHR states:

"Every individual and every organ of society ... shall strive by teaching and education to promote respect for these rights and freedoms and by progressive measures, national and international, to secure their universal and effective recognition and observance."

This provision means that not only the government, but also businesses, civil society, and individuals are responsible for promoting and respecting human rights.

When a government ratifies a human rights treaty, it assumes a legal obligation to respect, protect, and fulfill the rights contained in the treaty. Governments are obligated to make sure that human rights are protected by both preventing human rights violations against people within their territories and providing effective remedies for those whose rights are violated. Government parties to a treaty must do the following:

Respect

Protect

Fulfill

Governments must not deprive people of a right or interfere with persons exercising their rights.

For example, governments can:

Create constitutional guarantees of human rights.

Provide ways for people who have suffered human rights violations by the government to seek legal remedies from domestic and international courts.

Sign international human rights treaties.

Governments must prevent private actors from violating the human rights of others.

For example, governments can:

Prosecute perpetrators of human rights abuses, such as crimes of domestic violence.

Educate people about human rights and the importance of respecting the human rights of others.

Cooperate with the international community in preventing and prosecuting crimes against humanity and other violations.

Governments must take positive action to facilitate the enjoyment of basic human rights.

For example, governments can:

Provide free, high-quality public education.

Create a public defender system so that everyone has access to a lawyer.

Ensure everyone has access to food by funding public assistance programs.

Fund a public education campaign on the right to vote.

In 1945, the U.S. ratified the United Nations Charter, which established the United Nations.
Photo: The signing of the UN Charter, 1945.

The 1938 Fair Labor Standards Act provides protection for children against child labor in the U.S.
Photo: Protest against child labor, 1901

The "New Deal" laws of the 1930s established the foundation of the modern welfare system in the U.S.
Photo: Depression era breadline, 1930

Q: How do Rights Become Law ?

DECLARATION

document stating standards or principles, but which is not legally binding

TREATY, CONVENTION,
COVENANT, CHARTER

legally binding agreement between two or more countries

RRATIFICATION

formal process by which a country agrees to be bound by the terms of a treaty

RESERVATION

the exception that States make to a treaty (e.g. provisions within the treaty the government does not accept)

ANSWER: International human rights law provides an important framework for guaranteeing the rights of all people, regardless of where they live. International human rights law is contained in many different types of documents, including treaties, charters, conventions, and covenants. Despite the different official names, these documents are all considered treaties and have the same effect under international law: countries that ratify a treaty are legally obligated to protect the rights it describes.

The human rights treaty process usually begins at the United Nations or a similar international body. Legal and subject matter experts might first create a draft of the treaty. After the draft is written, the UN or other body will arrange a meeting between representatives of interested countries to negotiate the final terms, or content, of the treaty. This can be a lengthy process if large numbers of countries want to participate in the drafting process. Non-governmental organizations are sometimes allowed to offer recommendations during some of the stages of the drafting process. After the negotiating countries agree on a final text of the treaty, the treaty is opened for ratification by countries that want to become parties to it.

Countries have different methods for acceding to or ratifying treaties. For the United States to become a party to a treaty, the president must first sign it, and then present it to the Senate, where two-thirds of the senators must vote to ratify it. Through ratification, a country agrees to be legally bound by the terms of the treaty.

Countries that ratify treaties are allowed to enter reservations to those instruments. Reservations are statements made by a country that "modify the legal effect of certain provisions of the treaty." Entering a reservation allows a government to agree to most of a treaty, while excluding or limiting parts that might be controversial or unconstitutional in its own country. Many countries have entered reservations to the major human rights treaties, which can limit the effectiveness of the treaties in protecting people against abuses committed by their governments.

Sources

Declaration of Independence. http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/declaration_transcript.html.

International Human Rights in a Nutshell by Thomas Buergenthal, Dinah Shelton and, David Stewart. (St. Paul: West-Group, 2002).

NESRI. "Government Obligations Under Human Rights Standards." http://www.nesri.org/economic_social_rights/gov_obligation.html.

Public International Law in a Nutshell by Thomas Buergenthal, Sean D. Murphy. (St. Paul: Thompson/West, 2007).

UN Charter. http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/instree/auncharter.html.

UN. OHCHR. "International Human Rights Law." http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/InternationalLaw.aspx.

UN. OHCHR. "What are Human Rights?" http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Pages/WhatareHumanRights.aspx.

UN. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights. http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/.

United Nations Cyber School Bus. "Understanding Human Rights." http://www0.un.org/cyberschoolbus/humanrights/about/understanding.asp.

UDHR. "Drafting and Adoption: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights." http://www.udhr.org/history/default.htm.

United States Senate. "Treaties." http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/Treaties.htm.

Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. http://untreaty.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/conventions/1_1_1969.pdf.

Images

RESPECT © United Nations Photo # 84215 (Signing of UN Charter in San Francisco, June 1945)

PROTECT © U.S. Library of Congress's Prints and Photographs Division, digital ID: ppmsca.06591 (Protest against child labor)

FULFILL © Flickr Creative Common, Flickr user Desposyni (cc: by-nc-sa) (Depression-era breadline)

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How do Rights Become Law? Q: What are Human Rights? ANSWER: Human rights are standards that allow all people to live with dignity, freedom, equality, justice, and peace. Every person has these rights simply because they are human beings.

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Protecting people’s rights is important because they provide fairness, dignity, equality, and respect. Without these rights people wouldn’t be able to own property or have any protection. Protecting people’s life and property is equally important because without protection people wouldn’t be able to own or enjoy their possessions and property.

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The Advocates for Human Rights 330 Second Avenue South, Suite 800 Minneapolis, MN 55401

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Source One: https://lexresearchhub.com/importance-of-law-and-order-in-a-country/
Source Two: https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution-conan/amendment-14/section-1/equal-protection-of-the-laws
Source Three: https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3172&context=dlj

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The ERA or Equal Rights Acts is an amendment to have equal rights for all including: women, men, others all religions, and races. Some argue they [the people] can be judged based on this being called out but its not that its for them to be included and acknowledging the difference and using the diversity to include.

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Sydney Hamilton, MPA Staff Writer, Brief Policy Perspectives

When discussions surrounding feminism occur, the conversation often turns to the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA). While it may seem like the ERA would be universally supported and desired by all feminists, this is not the case. A feminist, as used in this article, is someone who supports women's rights regardless of a specific ideology. Feminists argue both for and against the ERA. This article discusses the most commonly used arguments surrounding the ERA.

The is a proposed Constitutional amendment. The text is very concise:

Section 1: Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.

Section 2: The Congress shall have the power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article.

Section 3: This amendment shall take effect two years after the date of ratification.

The Alice Paul Institute describes the ERA as a proposed amendment to the U.S. Constitution designed to guarantee equal legal rights for all citizens, regardless of sex. The ERA seeks to end legal distinctions between men and women and treat all citizens the same, regardless of gender. It is important to note that the ERA does not explicitly mention men or women, so this could be interpreted as including people who are gender nonconforming. However, there has been hardly any formal discussion on this topic from a legislative perspective.

The ERA was first introduced in 1923 by , a socialist, suffragist, feminist, and women's rights activist who led the movement to ratify the 19th Amendment. The legislation was then introduced for debate in every session of Congress for 50 years. On March 22, 1972, the ERA passed the Senate and the House of Representatives by the required two-thirds majority and headed to the states for ratification.

To date, 35 of the necessary 38 states have ratified the ERA. The deadline to receive 38 ratifications was June 30, 1982, but a legal fight has been developing to determine if the original 35 ratifications would stand if three more states ratified the amendment in the coming years. Nevada passed the ERA in 2017, and Illinois did the same in 2018. The newly-elected Virginia legislature has promised to introduce this legislation in the upcoming session, potentially making Virginia the critical 38th state in the ratification effort. It will likely be left to the Supreme Court to decide if these additional ratifications are legitimate.

In 1973, future Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg a summary of the arguments in favor of the ERA:

The equal rights amendment, in sum, would dedicate the nation to a new view of the rights and responsibilities of men and women. It firmly rejects sharp legislative lines between the sexes as constitutionally tolerable. Instead, it looks toward a legal system in which each person will be judged based on individual merit and not on the basis of an unalterable trait of birth that bears no necessary relationship to need or ability.

Photo By Tom Williams/CQ Roll Call

A major argument in favor of the ERA is that it would guarantee that all citizens, regardless of sex, are treated equally under the law. Currently, the 14th Amendment gives equal rights to all citizens but does not explicitly mention women. The 19th Amendment explicitly gives women equal voting rights relative to men but does not broaden its scope beyond that issue. An amendment combining the two - guaranteeing women equal rights with no caveats - is considered necessary by proponents of this perspective.

Shirley Chisholm in front of Congress that the ERA would benefit both men and women because it would negate laws that benefit only women. For example, women would be required to sign up for the Selective Service under the ERA, adhering to the same standard as men. She argued that women are held to higher standards when it comes to volunteering for military service, whereas men are not. The full quote is below:

The selective service law would have to include women, but women would not be required to serve in the Armed Forces where they are not fitted any more than men are required to serve. Military service, while a great responsibility, is not without benefits, particularly for young men with limited education or training. Since October 1966, 246,000 young men who did not meet the normal mental or physical requirements have been given opportunities for training and correcting physical problems. This opportunity is not open to their sisters. Only girls who have completed high school and meet high standards on the educational test can volunteer. Ratification of the amendment would not permit the application of higher standards to women.

The ERA would also set a clear federal judicial standard for deciding cases of discrimination on the basis of sex. This amendment would give the federal courts a precedent when deciding such cases, by codifying equality regardless of gender in the Constitution. Theoretically, this could result in more legal victories for women's rights down the line, and would also provide a strong legal defense against a rollback of women's rights.

Most laws that protect women against discrimination (such as the Pregnancy Discrimination Act or the Equal Pay Act) can be undermined or overruled by another bill passed by a simple majority of Congress. A Constitutional amendment solidifies the right of women not to be discriminated against on the basis of sex, and would theoretically be protected from legal challenges. An example of this occurring in the case of racial discrimination is Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka . The 14th Amendment was the basis of the decision that separate was inherently unequal, overturning Plessy v. Ferguson . The decision in Plessy also rested on the basis of the 14th Amendment; this will be discussed in more detail later.

Arguments Against the ERA

One common argument against the Equal Rights Amendment is the fact that the U.S. already has the 14th Amendment, which states:

All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

A woman is a citizen, so she falls under this category as much as anyone else does. Laws like the aforementioned Pregnancy Discrimination Act and the Equal Pay Act protect the individual rights of women and address the specific challenges women face.

Another major argument against the ERA is that the ratification of the ERA would mean laws cannot be passed to protect men and women differently. The ERA , "equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex," implying all laws must affect men and women equally. That standard is present in legislation surrounding racial discrimination. An example is present in Adkins v. Children's Hospital from 1923. In this case, the Supreme Court ruled that it was unconstitutional to guarantee women a minimum wage because earlier, the court had ruled that men could not be guaranteed a minimum wage. The court based its decision on the 19th Amendment.

But, like in the case of racial discrimination, the ERA has the potential to backfire on the greater mission of the women's rights movement. If the ERA is ratified, it would be more difficult to pass laws that specifically protect women. The aforementioned Plessy v. Ferguson decision hinged on the 14th Amendment. In a 7-1 decision, the Supreme Court ruled that as long as the separate facilities were equal, they would satisfy the 14th Amendment. This same line of thinking could be applied to issues of gender. The 14th Amendment formally recognized a group of marginalized citizens as having rights, and it was used against that same marginalized group of citizens; proponents of this perspective worry that the same thing could happen to women if the ERA is enacted.

Finally, some are concerned that the ERA could also foster a false sense of security among women in the women's rights movement. The passage of the ERA could be seen as the end of a long journey, when the work was just beginning. Laws cannot change the world if attitudes and practices do not change too. The focus would need to shift to real-world implementation of this amendment to ensure the ERA is implemented the proper way.

The ERA is overwhelmingly popular among Americans: of citizens say they support making the ERA the newest constitutional amendment. However, the implications of ratifying this amendment are worthy of further discussion. The feminist movement has grown and matured since the ERA was first introduced in 1923, mere years after the ratification of the 19th Amendment. In the 100 years since women won the right to vote, feminist leaders have started to think critically about the social and legal implications of making men and women truly equal in the eyes of the law.

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Arguments For and Against the Equal Rights Amendment

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Sydney Hamilton, MPA Staff Writer, Brief Policy Perspectives When discussions surrounding feminism occur, the conversation often turns to the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA). While it may seem like the ERA would be universally supported and desired by all feminists, this is not the case. A feminist, as used in this article, is someone who supports women's...

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The right to life means that nobody - including the government - can try to end your life. It also means the government should take appropriate steps to safeguard life.

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On October 2, 1789 The Bill of Rights was first drafted

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Speakers Kamia B and Kawaii D

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On October 2, 1789 the Bill of Rights  was first drafted.What the Bill of Rights does is protect  the individual rights. Without this the goverment can have to much power and basically do what they want if not for this.The Bill of Rights is  a symbol and a foundation for the American ideals of individual Liberty.

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Although James Madison was the youngest member of the Continental Congress, his leadership was a critical factor in the development of American government. Madison proposed the Virginia Plan, he authored some of the Federalist Papers, and he wrote the Bill of Rights.

The first national election occurred in 1789. Along with President Washington, voters elected a large number of supporters of the Constitution. In fact, almost half of the ninety-one members of the first Congress had helped to write or ratify the Constitution.

Not surprisingly, given Anti-Federalists' opposition to the strong new central government, only eight opponents of the Constitution were sent to the House of Representatives. Most Anti-Federalists concentrated their efforts in state politics.

Protection of Individual Rights

An immediate issue that the new Congress took up was how to modify the Constitution. Representatives were responding to calls for amendments that had emerged as a chief issue during the ratification process. Crucial states of Massachusetts, Virginia, and New York (among others) had all ultimately supported the Constitution - but only with the expectation that explicit protections for individual rights would be added to the highest law of the land. Now that supporters of the Constitution controlled the federal government, what would they do?

The legal tradition of having a precise statement of individual rights had deep roots in Anglo-American custom. So it's not surprising that the first Congress amended the Constitution by adding what became known as the Bill of Rights.

Amendment 10: "The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people."

James Madison, now a member of Congress from Virginia, once again took the leading role crafting proposed amendments that would be sent to the states for approval. Madison skillfully reviewed numerous proposals and examples from state constitutions and ultimately selected nineteen potential amendments to the Constitution.

As one might expect, the nationalist Madison took care to make sure that none of the proposed amendments would fundamentally weaken the new central government. In the end, ten amendments were ratified in 1791.

Ten Amendments

These first ten amendments to the Constitution became known as the Bill of Rights and still stand as both the symbol and foundation of American ideals of individual liberty, limited government, and the rule of law. Most of the Bill of Rights concerns legal protections for those accused of crimes.
Rights and Protections Guaranteed in the Bill of Rights

Amendment

Rights and Protections

First

Freedom of speech

Freedom of the press

Freedom of religion

Freedom of assembly

Right to petition the government

Third

Protection against housing soldiers in civilian homes

Fourth

Protection against unreasonable search and seizure

Protection against the issuing of warrants without probable cause

Fifth

Protection against

trial without indictment

double jeopardy

self-incrimination

property seizure

Sixth

Right to a speedy trial

Right to be informed of charges

Right to be confronted by witnesses

Right to call witnesses

Right to a legal counsel

Ninth

Rights granted in the Constitution shall not infringe on other rights.

Tenth

Powers not granted to the Federal Government in the Constitution belong to the states or the people.

For instance, the fourth through eighth amendments provide protection from unreasonable search and seizure, the privilege against self-incrimination, and the right to a fair and speedy jury trial that will be free from unusual punishments.

The First Amendment, perhaps the broadest and most famous of the Bill of Rights, establishes a range of political and civil rights including those of free speech, assembly, press, and religion.

The last two amendments, respectively, spell out that this list of individual protections is not meant to exclude other ones, and, by contrast, set forth that all powers claimed by the federal government had to be expressly stated in the Constitution.

The Full Text of the Bill of Rights

While the Bill of Rights created no deep challenge to federal authority, it did respond to the central Anti-Federalist fear that the Constitution would unleash an oppressive central government too distant from the people to be controlled.

By responding to this opposition and following through on the broadly expressed desire for amendments that emerged during the ratification process, the Bill of Rights helped to secure broad political support for the new national government. A first major domestic issue had been successfully resolved.

Understanding the Bill of Rights

The Bill of Rights remains an active force in contemporary American life as a major element of Constitutional law. The meaning of its protections remains hotly debated. For example, the privilege to bear arms to support a militia, which appears in the second amendment, produces significant political controversy today.

More sweepingly, the extension of the Bill of Rights to protect individuals from abuse not only by the federal government, but also from state and local governments remains an unsettled aspect of Constitutional interpretation.

Originally, the protections were solely meant to limit the federal government, but with the fourteenth amendment's guarantee in 1868 that no state could deprive its citizens of the protections in the Bill of Rights this original view began to be expanded. To this day the Supreme Court has not definitively decided if the entire Bill of Rights should always be applied to all levels of government.

A More Perfect Union: The Creation of the U.S. Constitution
Looking for some in-depth analysis to tie all of this history together? The National Archives and Records Administration provides an excellent recap of the turbulent series of debates and compromises that culminated with the states' final ratification of the Constitution. If you're interested specifically in the Bill of Rights, stick to the last few sections, but if you have time, read it all - it's worth it!

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ACLU Briefing Paper - The Bill of Rights
We're all familiar enough with the who, what, when, and where of the Bill of Rights. But what about the why? Why did the American people, in particular, want guarantees about their liberty? Why did the ideal of democracy threaten the very ideal of liberty? And why wasn't the Bill of Rights really put into practice for the first 130 years of its existence? In this informative, easy-to-read essay, the American Civil Liberties Union attempts to answer some of these questions.

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Liberty! Chronicle of the Revolution
Extra, extra, read all about it! Congress adds a Bill of Rights to the Constitution! With this faux-newspaper article from 1791, you can get a sense of the tremendous negotiations that surrounded the birth of the Bill of Rights. In the end, it was little more than the product of much haggling and many compromises between supporters of a strong central government and those concerned about individual liberties. What was all the fuss about?

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George Mason and the Bill of Rights
Most people don't know much about the man Thomas Jefferson called "the wisest man of his generation," but George Mason was largely responsible for the addition of the Bill of Rights to the Constitution. This site explores the contributions made by this influential southern antifederalist leader who preferred to keep his nose out of politics, but who fought passionately for his beliefs on the occasions when he did enter the governmental fray.

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A bill of rights is what the people are entitled to against every government on earth, general or particular; and what no just government should refuse, or rest on inferences. -Thomas Jefferson to James Madison
Learn More...

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One of the Constitution's great strengths is its ability to amend itself. The first Constitutional Amendments were proposed shortly after the Constitution itself. Larely focussed on protecting individual liberties, the first 10 Amendments, ratified in 1791, are known today as the Bill of Rights

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Public goods are non-excludability meaning anyone can consume the goods.

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https://www.icrc.org/en/doc/assets/files/other/icrc_002_0703.pdf
https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3255&context=ndlr

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If we didn't have a Law and order system the Capital builing riots would have been much worst and there would be now consiquences for the rioters actions.

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Kamia (Protect People's Rights, Life, and Property 1) 

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Kamia (Protect People's Rights, Life, and Property 1) 

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The argument is very valid and you provided good credible sources.

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The government has many functions that affect the lives of citizens and others in different countries. Maintaining law and order is the most important function that a government has. This is because it is a basic right for all American citizens, it affects the lives of those in countries with less human rights for citizens and it keeps our society civilized.

Maintaining law and order’s effectiveness is directly shown in violence and crime rates. Violence and crime rates can stem from 3 main issues: social and economic strain to rapid urbanization, restless search of identity and purpose, hopelessness and dissatisfaction due to lack of education. When we talk about violence it’s not exclusively connected to crime rates. When violence is left unchecked it’s an endangerment to society and when violence is able to be controlled that is a sign of a civilization. However, this doesn’t mean that violence is a sign of being an uncaged animal. Dr. Karl Menninger has stated “we enjoy violence in various forms in our daily lives.. [such as] physical sports, prized fights and violence in entertainment depicted in movies and literature.” It’s in our natural instinct to be violent however, when left unchecked it can lead to anarchy between people. In order to control violence and be a civilized society, there needs to be a group of people who enforce laws, police. This responsibility is the structure that keeps society from descending into madness. President Johnson stated the “no right is more elemental in our society than the right to personal security, that the preservation of law and order is a fundamental function of government.”

Maintaining law and order isn’t always directed towards citizens of the country but also those outside. The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) who enforce humanitarian law. Humanitarian law “comprises the rules of which, in times of armed conflict, seek to protect people who are not or no longer taking part in the hostilities, and to restrict the methods and means of warfare employed.” Humanitarian law provides safety and protection to protect people who get involved in “armed conflicts” and involve “international treaty or customary rules which are specifically intended to resolve matters of humanitarian concern.”

Maintaining law and order is the most important function of a government because it is the pillar of society for its citizens but also protects those caught in the crossfire of people who want to watch the world burn. Security is a basic human right that everyone is entitled to, even if they aren’t a part of our country. Keeps the innocent shielded from the anarchist.

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Kamia (Protect People's Rights, Life, and Property 1) 

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Kamia (Protect People's Rights, Life, and Property 1) 

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This argument is good I liked when  you listed the goods the government provides ie; schools, highways, and general stuff people use daily. It's a strong argument.

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What is the Bill of Rights and why was it added to the Constitution? The first ten amendments protect basic freedoms; especially of the minority groups. It was added to the Constitution to protect the people from the national government from having too much power.
https://billofrightsinstitute.org/primary-sources/bill-of-rights

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Ancient Civilizations have fallen because of lack of forces. 

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Ancient Civilizations have fallen because of lack of forces. 

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"The most straightforward theory for Western Rome's collapse pins the fall on a string of military losses sustained against outside forces. Rome had tangled with Germanic tribes and its people where retailiating twards the government.

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Passed by Congress June 4, 1919, and ratified on August 18, 1920, the 19th amendment granted women the right to vote. Which helped many women to get their voice hear.

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The primary source documents on this page highlight pivotal moments in the course of American history or government. They are some of the most-viewed and sought-out documents in the holdings of the National Archives.

Revolution and the New Nation

Expansion and Reform

Civil War and Reconstruction

The Development of the Industrial United States

The Emergence of Modern America

The Great Depression and World War II

Postwar United States

A note about the documents included on this page: These documents were originally selected for the project Our Documents: 100 Milestone Documents from the National Archives, a national initiative on American history, civics, and service. They were identified to "help us think, talk and teach about the rights and responsibilities of citizens in our democracy...These documents reflect our diversity and our unity, our past and our future, and mostly our commitment as a nation to continue to strive to 'form a more perfect union.'" The original list included only documents created prior to 1965. In the future, this page will be updated with additional documents created after 1965. The original list also included several documents from the Library of Congress (Federalist Paper No. 10, Federalist Paper No. 51, Gettysburg Address, Lincoln's Second Inaugural Address) and the New York Public Library (George Washington's Farewell Address)."

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The primary source documents on this page highlight pivotal moments in the course of American history or government. They are some of the most-viewed and sought-out documents in the holdings of the National Archives.

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Provide Public Goods Argument - Maribel V

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Provide Public Goods Argument - Maribel V

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Definition of a public good is “a commodity or service that is provided without profit to all members of a society, either by the government or a private individual or organization.” This means that the good or service that is being funded has to be available to be used by everyone, paying customers or not. However, when you look at the healthcare system it’s label as a “public good” isn’t exactly a fit. “Public goods have two main aspects.  The first aspect is nonexcludability and second is nonrivalrous consumption.  Health care does not have either of these aspects.” Healthcare isn’t available to everyone, it’s only available to those that can pay for the medical bills and insurance and it’s only limited to the use and benefit of one person at a time. With the deep entwining of insurance + healthcare it’s more of a private than public good. “If the good is excludable, private entrepreneurs will try to serve as many fee-paying customers as possible, charging lower prices to some customers if need be.” This is the exact job that insurance does, to make fees so that only paying consumers can use the “public” good that is healthcare.

The example of the military isn’t necessarily a public good. The aspect of national defense can be but, the everything else that is the military as a whole isn’t a public good. National defence cannot be nonrivalrous as one soldier cannot be in two places at the same time “If the army is fighting floods in Manitoba, it is not providing peacekeeping services in Kabul, or quelling riots in Montreal.” “the connection between spending money on the military and providing defence against external or internal threats is something to be established.” Military is completely up to the government and those involved in the military so it doesn’t have to benefit the people and can only benefit those in power if they please. An example, in the cold war funding went to making bunkers for government officials rather than the safety of the people.

The example of the education system is a public good however, that stops after 12 grade. The aspect of college is a private good as you do have to pay to attend and it’s not available to everyone. Also, the aspect of private education benefits kids far better than the public version but, that doesn’t necessarily hurt your argument.

Sources: https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/healthcare-public-private-good-both-476440#answer-678436 -- Public Goods - Econlib -- Public Health as a Public Good | SPH (bu.edu) -- Worthwhile Canadian Initiative: Defence may be a public good. Military spending isn't. (typepad.com) -- Chapter07.pdf (berkeley.edu)

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Protect People’s Rights Life, and Property - Maribel V.

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Protect People’s Rights Life, and Property - Maribel V.

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Maintaining law and order is more important than the rights of the people due to the fact that rights or amendments “is axiomatic in every civilized society and because it is impossible for the State to do so on every occasion.” Since, law and order is the distinction between a civilized society and a group of savages it’s clear that in order to begin the discussion of rights there would have to be law and order. Law and order also has the responsibility of making sure the rights of the people are honored by maintaining law and order. “Pursuant to the Due Process Clause, the government must provide fair procedures before punishing someone or taking his property.”

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People being able to have rights can protect them from others that are trying to infringe them.
Example: the criminal justice syste

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When our basic human rights are protected, we are able to live in dignity, freedom, and live in safety. Some of these rights are freedom of speech, right to vote, and freedom of assembly.

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Although James Madison was the youngest member of the Continental Congress, his leadership was a critical factor in the development of American government. Madison proposed the Virginia Plan, he authored some of the Federalist Papers, and he wrote the Bill of Rights.

The first national election occurred in 1789. Along with President Washington, voters elected a large number of supporters of the Constitution. In fact, almost half of the ninety-one members of the first Congress had helped to write or ratify the Constitution.

Not surprisingly, given Anti-Federalists' opposition to the strong new central government, only eight opponents of the Constitution were sent to the House of Representatives. Most Anti-Federalists concentrated their efforts in state politics.

Protection of Individual Rights

An immediate issue that the new Congress took up was how to modify the Constitution. Representatives were responding to calls for amendments that had emerged as a chief issue during the ratification process. Crucial states of Massachusetts, Virginia, and New York (among others) had all ultimately supported the Constitution - but only with the expectation that explicit protections for individual rights would be added to the highest law of the land. Now that supporters of the Constitution controlled the federal government, what would they do?

The legal tradition of having a precise statement of individual rights had deep roots in Anglo-American custom. So it's not surprising that the first Congress amended the Constitution by adding what became known as the Bill of Rights.

Amendment 10: "The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people."

James Madison, now a member of Congress from Virginia, once again took the leading role crafting proposed amendments that would be sent to the states for approval. Madison skillfully reviewed numerous proposals and examples from state constitutions and ultimately selected nineteen potential amendments to the Constitution.

As one might expect, the nationalist Madison took care to make sure that none of the proposed amendments would fundamentally weaken the new central government. In the end, ten amendments were ratified in 1791.

Ten Amendments

These first ten amendments to the Constitution became known as the Bill of Rights and still stand as both the symbol and foundation of American ideals of individual liberty, limited government, and the rule of law. Most of the Bill of Rights concerns legal protections for those accused of crimes.
Rights and Protections Guaranteed in the Bill of Rights

Amendment

Rights and Protections

First

Freedom of speech

Freedom of the press

Freedom of religion

Freedom of assembly

Right to petition the government

Third

Protection against housing soldiers in civilian homes

Fourth

Protection against unreasonable search and seizure

Protection against the issuing of warrants without probable cause

Fifth

Protection against

trial without indictment

double jeopardy

self-incrimination

property seizure

Sixth

Right to a speedy trial

Right to be informed of charges

Right to be confronted by witnesses

Right to call witnesses

Right to a legal counsel

Ninth

Rights granted in the Constitution shall not infringe on other rights.

Tenth

Powers not granted to the Federal Government in the Constitution belong to the states or the people.

For instance, the fourth through eighth amendments provide protection from unreasonable search and seizure, the privilege against self-incrimination, and the right to a fair and speedy jury trial that will be free from unusual punishments.

The First Amendment, perhaps the broadest and most famous of the Bill of Rights, establishes a range of political and civil rights including those of free speech, assembly, press, and religion.

The last two amendments, respectively, spell out that this list of individual protections is not meant to exclude other ones, and, by contrast, set forth that all powers claimed by the federal government had to be expressly stated in the Constitution.

The Full Text of the Bill of Rights

While the Bill of Rights created no deep challenge to federal authority, it did respond to the central Anti-Federalist fear that the Constitution would unleash an oppressive central government too distant from the people to be controlled.

By responding to this opposition and following through on the broadly expressed desire for amendments that emerged during the ratification process, the Bill of Rights helped to secure broad political support for the new national government. A first major domestic issue had been successfully resolved.

Understanding the Bill of Rights

The Bill of Rights remains an active force in contemporary American life as a major element of Constitutional law. The meaning of its protections remains hotly debated. For example, the privilege to bear arms to support a militia, which appears in the second amendment, produces significant political controversy today.

More sweepingly, the extension of the Bill of Rights to protect individuals from abuse not only by the federal government, but also from state and local governments remains an unsettled aspect of Constitutional interpretation.

Originally, the protections were solely meant to limit the federal government, but with the fourteenth amendment's guarantee in 1868 that no state could deprive its citizens of the protections in the Bill of Rights this original view began to be expanded. To this day the Supreme Court has not definitively decided if the entire Bill of Rights should always be applied to all levels of government.

A More Perfect Union: The Creation of the U.S. Constitution
Looking for some in-depth analysis to tie all of this history together? The National Archives and Records Administration provides an excellent recap of the turbulent series of debates and compromises that culminated with the states' final ratification of the Constitution. If you're interested specifically in the Bill of Rights, stick to the last few sections, but if you have time, read it all - it's worth it!

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ACLU Briefing Paper - The Bill of Rights
We're all familiar enough with the who, what, when, and where of the Bill of Rights. But what about the why? Why did the American people, in particular, want guarantees about their liberty? Why did the ideal of democracy threaten the very ideal of liberty? And why wasn't the Bill of Rights really put into practice for the first 130 years of its existence? In this informative, easy-to-read essay, the American Civil Liberties Union attempts to answer some of these questions.

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Liberty! Chronicle of the Revolution
Extra, extra, read all about it! Congress adds a Bill of Rights to the Constitution! With this faux-newspaper article from 1791, you can get a sense of the tremendous negotiations that surrounded the birth of the Bill of Rights. In the end, it was little more than the product of much haggling and many compromises between supporters of a strong central government and those concerned about individual liberties. What was all the fuss about?

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George Mason and the Bill of Rights
Most people don't know much about the man Thomas Jefferson called "the wisest man of his generation," but George Mason was largely responsible for the addition of the Bill of Rights to the Constitution. This site explores the contributions made by this influential southern antifederalist leader who preferred to keep his nose out of politics, but who fought passionately for his beliefs on the occasions when he did enter the governmental fray.

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A bill of rights is what the people are entitled to against every government on earth, general or particular; and what no just government should refuse, or rest on inferences. -Thomas Jefferson to James Madison
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One of the Constitution's great strengths is its ability to amend itself. The first Constitutional Amendments were proposed shortly after the Constitution itself. Larely focussed on protecting individual liberties, the first 10 Amendments, ratified in 1791, are known today as the Bill of Rights

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Finally property rights are important because we are able to actually own something like a car or house. These things are owned under our name legally.

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Property rights are the legal rights that entities have on a thing or creature they own. The owners (entities) may be people, companies, charities, governments, trusts, etc. Property rights are among the most basic rights in a free society. In today's Western democracies, property rights are taken for granted.

The term refers to the ownership of a resource or economic good - either tangible or intangible (physical or abstract) and how it can be used by the owner. Often referred to as a Bundle of Rights, property rights have four broad components:

the right to use the good (thing that is owned),

the right to earn an income from it,

the right to transfer it to others, and

the right to enforce property rights.

In the majority of the advanced economies, the rights of property ownership may be extended using deeds, copyrights and patents to protect scarce tangible resources such as land, buildings, cars, etc., non-human creatures including cats, dogs, horses and other pets, and even inventions and other types of intellectual property.

According to an article in the website of the University of Illinois, property rights:

"Establish relationships among participants in any social and economic system. Holding the rights to property is an expression of the relative power of the bearer. Holding such power or rights commands certain responses by others that are enforced by the community or our culture."

"For example, a producer owning 100 acres of cropland is entitled to the returns from his property, management ability, and good sense. He is protected from trespass by his neighbors' cultural customs and the laws of the community. The production, or stream of benefits from the land, is his to sell, give away, or otherwise dispose of as he sees fit."

Property rights - several interpretations

We all seem to have an opinion about property rights, whether about our own rights, those of other people, or the rights of society.

Lawyers and economists rarely agree on what the term means. Discussions can reveal controversial and diverse opinions, and are frequently related to greater issues such as land use, planning, regulation, etc.

Neil Meyer, a professor at the University of Idaho's College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, wrote the following in an article - Property Rights: A Primer:

"Property actually refers to the right to a stream of benefits from a given set of resources. In the U.S., access to those benefits is controlled in four basic ways: private ownership plus three forms of public ownership - open access, closed access, and state."

Property rights only matter when a number of people start forming a community. An individual living in total isolation, for example, in a remote part of Northern Australia during the early 19th century, was not in the least concerned about property rights. On the other note, it did matter in Southern Australia where the population was denser. The real estate experts from Adelaide have covered in detail how the property laws have changed over the time and what all buyers and sellers should be aware of before dealing with Australian properties.

When people start gathering, and hamlets turn into villages, and those become small towns, the need for specific arrangements regarding property ownership becomes more urgent.

Property rights are then defined by the different groups or communities that are formed. That is why the term has so many definitions across the English-speaking nations, as well as the rest of the world.

Different types of property

Property rights to something must be defined, their uses need to be monitored, and ownership of those rights must be enforced.

Below is a list of some types of property:

- Private Property: is excludable; the owner can prevent others from using or entering it. The private owner controls its use, exclusion, and management. Private property may belong to a group of legal owners, in which case the group controls what happens to it.

Private property includes all things tangible and intangible that a private individual or entity owns, and over which the owners have absolute property rights. Examples include buildings, land, copyrights, patents, money, etc.

Private property is not the same as Personal Property, which is property for personal use and consumption. Private property is a legal concept that a country's political system defines and enforces.

The home you live in is your personal property. However, if you own a second home but do not live in it - you do not use the property personally - it is your private property but not personal property. Followers of communism say they believe in personal but not private property.

- Public Property: also called state property, is property that we all own - it belongs to all of us.

However, access to it and its use are controlled by the community (government, local authority, etc.). State-owned enterprises and national parks are examples of public property.

- Open-Access Property: nobody 'owns' the property. Nobody can exclude anybody else from using it - it is non-excludable. This type of property is not managed by anybody, and nobody controls access to it.

Examples of open-access property are navigable waterways (ocean fisheries) or the upper atmosphere.

- Common Property: also known as collective property, is property that a group of people owns. The joint-owners control access to it, as well as its use and exclusion.

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What are Property Rights? Definition and Meaning - Market Business News

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Property rights are the legal rights that entities have on a thing or creature they own. The owners (entities) may be people, companies, charities, governments, trusts, etc. Property rights are among the most basic rights in a free society. In today's Western democracies, property rights are taken for granted.

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Protecting our citizens life's and there rights is the most important by far. The people of the US need to feel safe and secure and not have to worry about anything. Everyone should feel that there right is important and is respected.

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Jade (Protects People's Rights, Life, and Property 3)

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Jade (Protects People's Rights, Life, and Property 3)

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- I really liked that in your thesis you really made it quick to understand what it is about and also mentioning the types of goods.
- Although you had a good thesis, you didn't really use enough evidence. that can damage the entire point you're trying to make if you do not have enough of it.

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Jade (Protect People's Rights, Life, and Liberty 3)

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Jade (Protect People's Rights, Life, and Liberty 3)

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I really enjoyed that you explained each of your pieces of evidence well that backs up your thesis. You gave great information and I think you guys have great sources.