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Non-living factors that spread these spores include environment like wind and rain. The coffee plant is a finicky plant to grow. Because of this, they are only grown in limited areas around the world, near the equator, in parts of Latin America, Africa, and Asia.

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One living factor is the spore of the fungal pathogen. Another living factor that contributes to disease is the plant's genetic makeup

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systems include and are affected by living and non-living factors in the environment.

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when a plant is infected, they will defoliate or lose their leaves. This reduces their ability to photosynthesize and weakens the overall plant. The berries of the plant are harvested to make coffee. Since berries grow from the previous year's plant shoots. If that plant was infected, the next season's yield or overall berries produced decreases

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biological systems can be defined at different scales, interact within and across scales and together form complex networks.

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The fight between fungi and plant can result in systems changing and disease

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new system properties can be generated through interactions of biological entities.

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When the coffee rust pathogen begins to attack a susceptible coffee plant, the plants normal chemical and physical functions are altered and disrupted.

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Pathogens produce toxins and proteins to enter the plant, breakdown its immunity and use the plant as its source of food

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free water and warm temperatures of about -22 degree Celsius and 72 degrees Fahrenheit

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coffee plant

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fungi called hemileia vastotrix

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biological entities interact through chemical and physical signals that can be short-lived, depending on how they are organized in space and are influenced by things in the environment

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Biological entities are interconnected and interact to form complex networks. This network is constantly changing. And a change in one component can affect many other components.

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light intensity

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oxygen levels

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moisture

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temperature

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Viruses

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parasitic plants

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a plant affected or harmed by the pathogen

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nematodes

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oomycetes/ protists

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fungi

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bacteria

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make sure that ships, airplanes, trucks and trains don’t carry plant pests and diseases into new areas.

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avoid taking plants and plant products with them when travelling across borders

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A favorable environment

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A susceptible host

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Virulent pathogen

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people and animals who depend on plants

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beneficial organisms

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natural pest enemies

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pollinators

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Avoiding poisonous substances

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Integrated pest management

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Plant diseases

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Plant pests

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Travel

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Human activities

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Climate change

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Food source

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Air