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Acrylic on canvas, 30x40cm

Artist Statement: City Living is a surrealist exploration of seclusion and loneliness. It features fish, who, confined and isolated in their respective structures, are out of place in their urban environment. They stand as symbols of displacement and the experience of alienation, and the bold red, black, orange, and yellow color palette creates a sense of anxiety. How does not belonging affect a person? What does it mean to be out of place?

Angel T. Dionne is an English literature professor and surrealist living in Edmundston, New Brunswick. She is the founding editor of Vroom Lit Magazine, and her work has been featured in a number of experimental publications. She is the author of a surrealist poetry collection, Bird Ornaments (Broken Tribe Press, 2025), as well as a short story collection entitled Sardines (ClarionLit, 2023). She shares her home with her wife, cats, parrot, lizard, and an assortment of fish.

A Song for Angel

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City Living Acrylic on canvas, 30x40cm Artist Statement: City Living is a surrealist exploration of seclusion and loneliness. It features fish, who, confined and isolated in their respective structures, are out of place in their urban environment. They stand as symbols of displacement and the experience of alienation, and the bold red, black, orange, and yellow color...

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Alaina Hammond, Angel Dionne, Ellen June Wright, Jake La Botz, Ronald Walker, and Samantha E Talbot have come together to give us NUNUM’s Fall 2025 issue.

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Dale beats his fists against the bathroom stall. They had long ago turned to hardened stone beets, always red, always sweating sweet juice. He fondles the scuzzy stall door. What better place to call upon a graven image? A golden calf. A bronze donkey. A horse’s ass made of silt and mud. He etches a […]

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Featuring poetry and prose from : a.d. – honor ash – Karan Chambers – Angel T. Dionne – Howie Good – Susan Gordon – Angela Graham – Doug Jones – Robert Frede Kenter – KG Miles – Kevin Novalina – Daniele Pantano – Victoria Punch – R L Summerling – Steve Toase – Lydia Unsworth82pp

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Urbanization presents significant challenges related to the effect of the wind on building structures, natural ventilation, and air pollution. Understanding the wind characteristics and utilizing the wind energy potential in these environments can contribute to sustainable urban planning and development. This study focuses on analyzing the wind characteristics and evaluating the wind energy potential in metropolitan areas of Cambodia, notably in the capital city of Phnom Penh and the Kandal region. Using the Wind Atlas Analysis Application and Program (WAsP) model, the wind data measured both at a height of 10 m above ground level (agl) over two years (2020-2021) and wind measured at 30 m agl were extrapolated at elevations of 80 m, 106 m, and 125 m agl using wind shear coefficients. From this data, the Siemens-Gamesa SG 2.1-114 wind turbine was utilized to estimate the mean annual wind speed, the annual energy production (AEP), and the capacity factor of wind power plants incorporating wind turbine generators with equivalent nacelle heights in both regions. In Phnom Penh, the results show that the mean annual wind speeds were in the range of 3.86, 4.12, and 4.33 m/s, while the AEP were 66.32, 73.83, and 80.37 GWh and the capacity factors were 36.05, 40.13, and 43.69% for the respective elevations. For its part, the Kandal region had slightly lower mean annual wind speeds of 3.57, 3.82, and 4.00 m/s, resulting in AEP of 59.23, 64.43, and 76.58 GWh, and capacity factors of 32.20, 35.02, and 41.63% at the respective elevations. The analysis provides an understanding of the wind characteristics at the different elevations in an urban setting, with application in Cambodia.

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Influence of contextual factors on judging the sincerity of smiles: are personality traits relevant? - Motivation and Emotion

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A smile plays an essential role in human cooperation and affiliation, being the most used facial expression in interpersonal relationships. It is also documented that the judgment of facial expressions is influenced by our knowledge of the person and the associated context. While many studies have documented the influence of external contexts (e.g., odors, visual cues), few have examined the influence of internal factors, such as the characteristics of the smiler (e.g., smiler’s cognitive abilities) on the perceived sincerity of the smile. This study examines how the description of the personality of a person smiling influences the judgment of their smile’s sincerity. Participants (n = 200) read short paragraphs providing context about a smiler’s personality traits, based on the HEXACO model, including honesty humility, emotionality, extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness to experience. Half of the descriptions were positive and half were negative. Participants then assessed the sincerity of Duchenne and non-Duchenne smiles and were instructed to focus solely on the smile and ignore the context. Participants’ own personality traits were assessed using the HEXACO-60 questionnaire. Results indicate that Duchenne smiles are rated significantly more sincere than non-Duchenne smiles. Smiles contextualized with positive trait descriptions are perceived as more sincere than those associated with negative traits. Furthermore, traits provided about the smiler such as honesty-humility significantly influence sincerity judgments, being rated as most highly sincere in positive contexts and the least sincere in negative contexts. Participant personality traits did not significantly predict smile sincerity judgments in linear analyses, but a VSURF feature selection analysis did identify some traits as predictive, suggesting possible non-linear or interactive effects for these variables.

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La correspondance écrite ou l’écriture de lettres joue un rôle central dans l’histoire littéraire canadienne-française, offrant une compréhension u…

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Lors de la formation initiale en enseignement, il arrive fréquemment que des classes universitaires se déplacent en milieu scolaire afin de créer des liens entre les apprentissages théoriques (effectués dans le cadre des cours universitaires) et la pratique. Cependant, dans le contexte de la pandémie de COVID-19 et des diverses mesures sanitaires de la santé publique, la formation pratique des étudiantes et des étudiants en éducation dans les établissements scolaires n’a pu avoir lieu. C’est dans cette perspective qu’un projet de recherche a été réalisé pour étudier l’enseignement à distance par le biais d’un robot de téléprésence. À partir de leur campus respectif, 17 étudiantes et étudiants ont enseigné des concepts à des élèves des écoles environnantes, et ce, en contrôlant un robot. Les résultats de l’analyse thématique montrent qu’il a été possible d’interagir avec les élèves lors de l’enseignement et que les étudiantes et les étudiants en formation ont acquis des connaissances pédagogiques liées à l’enseignement au cours de cette expérience pratique. Cette étude démontre que cette expérience novatrice a permis de parachever les apprentissages théoriques du cours universitaire.

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Dynamiques stratégiques autour de la forêt classée de l’Alibori Sup...

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Introduction Les aires protégées font partie des outils de conservation de la biodiversité qui restent d’actualité face aux changements globaux. Sous différentes dénominations et avec des statuts e…

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Authors Rose Kikpa Bio Université du Québec en Outaouais Jérôme Dupras Lynda Gagné

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Study of the local population’s perceptions of the ecosystem services provided by mangroves in Benin | Ethnobotany Research and Applications

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Background: Mangrove ecosystems, which provide various ecosystem services (ES), face threats from both natural and anthropogenic sources. However, the relationship between ES and their direct beneficiaries, namely local communities, is often not obvious. This study analyzed the perceptions of the local population regarding the importance of different ES categories in the mangrove region of the Bouche du Roy Community Biodiversity Conservation Area (CBCA) in Benin.
Methods: Surveys were conducted with 41 residents, targeting diverse socioeconomic profiles including fishermen, salt producers and ecoguards. We compared the average importance ratings of 12 ES, including provisioning, regulating and cultural ES. Then, a multiple regression analysis and a post-survey debriefing report were used to identify differences in ES importance ratings by respondent profile.
Results: Mean scores for food provisioning (4.37), carbon sequestration (3.83), and erosion control (3.46) were the highest, while those for water purification (1.83) and medicinal services (1.85) were the lowest. Perceptions varied by profiles and genders, except for food provisioning, water resources, and erosion control, which showed no significant differences. Respondents with a sound knowledge of mangrove ES valued them highly, underscoring the tangible benefits and growing awareness of mangrove contributions fostered by conservation efforts.
Conclusions: The successful protection of CBCA mangrove ecosystems depends on social acceptance, which relies on their ability to provide livelihoods, climate and coastal regulation, as well as cultural, spiritual, and touristic values. Consultation with local communities can integrate their interests in protection plans.
Keywords: mangroves, ecosystem services, community consultation, Benin.
Resumé
Contexte : Les écosystèmes de mangroves, qui fournissent divers services écosystémiques (SE), sont menacés par des menaces d’origine naturelle et anthropique, nécessitant la mise en œuvre de politiques de protection. Cependant, la relation entre les SE et leurs bénéficiaires directs, à savoir les communautés locales, n’est souvent pas évidente. L’objectif de cette étude était d’analyser les perceptions de la population locale concernant l’importance des différentes catégories de SE dans la région de mangroves de l’Aire communautaire de conservation de la biodiversité (ACCB) Bouche du Roy au Bénin.
Méthodes : Nous avons administré des questionnaires d’enquêtes à 41 répondants résidant autour de l’ACCB, ciblant divers profils socio-économiques, notamment des pêcheurs, des producteurs de sel ou des écogardes. Nous avons comparé les scores moyens d’importance de 12 services, y compris les SE d’approvisionnement, de régulation et culturels. Ensuite, une analyse de régression multiple et un bref entretien post-enquête ont permis d’identifier les différences dans les scores d’importance selon les profils des répondants.
Résultats : Les scores moyens pour l’approvisionnement alimentaire (4,37), la séquestration du carbone (3,83) et le contrôle de l’érosion (3,46) étaient les plus élevés, tandis que ceux pour la purification de l’eau (1,83) et les services médicaux (1,85) étaient les plus bas. L’analyse statistique a également révélé des variations dans les perceptions des valeurs ES selon les différents profils et sexes des répondants, à l’exception de l’approvisionnement alimentaire, des ressources en eau et du contrôle de l’érosion, qui n’ont montré aucune différence significative. Les personnes interrogées ayant une bonne connaissance des SE des mangroves les ont hautement appréciées, soulignant les avantages tangibles et la prise de conscience croissante des contributions des mangroves favorisées par les efforts de conservation.
Conclusions : La protection réussie des écosystèmes de mangroves de l’ACCB dépend de l’acceptation sociale, qui repose sur leur capacité à fournir des moyens de subsistance, une régulation climatique et côtière, ainsi que des valeurs culturelles, spirituelles et touristiques. La consultation des communautés locales peut intégrer leurs intérêts dans les plans de protection. 
Mots-clés : mangroves, services écosystémiques, consultation communautaire, Bénin

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Salt forests and their people: stakeholders’ perspectives on community management of mangroves’ ecosystems in Benin - Journal of Coastal Conservation

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Community management of natural resources faces various challenges that require the recognition of a plurality of perspectives among stakeholders. We used the Q methodology to investigate stakeholders’ perspectives on the management and conservation strategies for the Bouche du Roy Community Biodiversity Conservation Area (CBCA), an area mainly made up of mangrove ecosystems. Our results highlight three main perspectives explaining 70% of the total variance. The optimistic perspective contends that the creation and management of the CBCA are lifesaving and essential, the restrictive perspective maintains that its creation and management restrict the activities of local residents, while the alternative perspective asserts that the CBCA is well managed, but that some aspects need improvement to meet the needs of the community. Despite differences between perspectives, participants’ responses also highlighted several aspects of consensus and opportunities for a constructive debate on the management of the CBCA. Nevertheless, the management of the CBCA is confronted with complex socio-ecological interactions that adversely affect the livelihoods of certain stakeholders. The development of alternative incomes by and for these stakeholders, especially the diversification of sustainable livelihoods, can both achieve conservation goals and respond to their needs. Our findings can help provide stakeholders and decision makers with a mapping of social perspectives that can be used to promote inclusive CBCA management and conservation strategies.

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Integrating the effects of climate change into long-term strategic forest management planning using a process-based stand model

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Bird Ornaments [Dionne, Angel] on Amazon.com. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. Bird Ornaments

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Protest and Partnership: Case Studies of Indigenous Peoples, Consultation and Engagement, and Resource Development in Canada

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Protest and Partnership explores in detail the processes and institutions used to engage Indigenous peoples in resource development.

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Yesifa Azovide, Yamina Bouchamma and Marc Basque

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Impact of Teachers’ Professional Development on the Reading Achievement of Canadian Allophone Students – Canadian Journal of Educational Administration and Policy / Revue canadienne en administration et politique de l’éducation

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An article from Canadian Journal of Educational Administration and Policy / Revue canadienne en administration et politique de l’éducation, on Érudit.

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Abstract

This paper investigates how the uncertainty of future expected values influences decision making among non-industrial private woodlot owners. A model of a red spruce plantation in the context of New Brunswick, Canada, is constructed using stochastic dynamic programming, where risks from natural disasters and market fluctuations are modeled as a Markov process. It is used to investigate whether an increase in perceived risk can justify harvesting plantations much earlier than planned. Findings indicate that no plausible natural disaster scenarios can warrant harvesting substantially earlier than optimal under a risk-free scenario for a risk neutral decision maker. However, the observed sensitivity to the discount rate suggests that early harvesting may reflect the behaviour of a risk-averse landowner confronting increased perceived risk. Such behaviour may result in suboptimal value from the viewpoint of plantation subsidy program managers. These results highlight the importance of reassessing subsidy programs to find the right balance between societal objectives and those of non-industrial private woodlot owners.

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Acknowledgements

The work presented in this manuscript was not directly funded by internal or external sources, other than allowing the authors to complete the work as part of their professional responsibilities at Université de Moncton. Funding was provided by Université de Moncton to allow the work to be presented at a scientific conference. Contributions for the work were divided evenly between the co-authors for all aspects of the manuscript.

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1. Département d'administration, Université de Moncton, Campus de Moncton, Moncton, NB, Canada

Jules Comeau

2. École de Foresterie, Université de Moncton, Campus d'Edmundston, Edmundston, NB, Canada

Michel Soucy

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Correspondence to Jules Comeau.

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Comeau, J., Soucy, M. Landowner Behavior: Influence of an Increase in Perceived Risk on the Expected Loss of Early Plantation Harvests. Small-scale Forestry (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11842-024-09577-z
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# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Landowner Behavior: Influence of an Increase in Perceived Risk on the Expected Loss of Early Plantation Harvests - Small-scale Forestry

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
This paper investigates how the uncertainty of future expected values influences decision making among non-industrial private woodlot owners. A model of a red spruce plantation in the context of New Brunswick, Canada, is constructed using stochastic dynamic programming, where risks from natural disasters and market fluctuations are modeled as a Markov process.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
"Mother made us
into starfish," he admits -
his mouth a portal,
a door slightly ajar.

Mother walks through it.
Her steps taste like milk,
my brother says.

He spits her out
half chewed
her heels resembling something
horrible -
a masticated mess.

Mother unravels at our feet -
a puddle
of tepid gold.

Angel T. Dionne is an associate professor of English literature at the University of Moncton Edmundston campus. She is the author of a full-length collection of short fiction entitled Sardines (ClarionLit, 2023) as well as two chapbooks, Inanimate Objects (Bottlecap Press, 2022) and Mormyridae (LJMcD Communications, forthcoming). WEB
NEXT >

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She used a knitting needle to scratch thin, vertical lines into the wall behind our bed.You're not supposed to look at it.
She did this whenever she heard the pheasant's call,
and she had done so for as long as I'd known her.

The wall was covered in needle strokes from wooden floor to ceiling.
The number of calls dictated the number of scores;
Why do you keep doing this? I once asked, running my fingers over a series of sharp marks.

We'd only just begun seeing each other at the time; I had not yet come to accept her bizarre rite.
She had merely shrugged,
her shoulders stiffening against my desperate question.

I'm not sure I want to talk about it. Let's just say it's something necessary.
I never brought it up again.
Over the years, I memorized the ritual and somehow felt its importance.

It was always performed with the utmost solemnity and respect.
Each step undertaken with great care -
a slow, deliberate funeral procession of one.

She'd cradle the needle like a fragile artifact held in the palms of her hands.
Then, she'd listen for the call,
and make her simple etchings accordingly, cleaning the needle with a warm, wet cloth afterward.

I'd watch this performance - silent - and marvel at the intimate, maternal manner
with which she'd return the needle its basket,
tucking it into its nest; all the while listening for the frenzied beating of the pheasant's wings.

I didn't know where the pheasant came from or even how long it has been coming.
I only knew that it came every week,
I wanted so desperately to describe it to her -
usually in the morning, but sometimes at night; I'd seen it from the bedroom window. she'd once scolded.
the elongated tail, white reverend's collar, blood-stained face. But I kept it for myself.

I often wondered what would happen once the wall was filled.
Would she move on to another?
Would she turn to herself - perfectly straight cuts in tender tissue, severing ligaments?

This morning, I woke to the pit-pat-pat of rain against the roof, and I heard the truncated call. She completed the sacred task. The pheasant's wings pounded against the rain. Beat-pulse-beat.

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She used a knitting needle to scratch thin, vertical lines into the wall behind our bed.
She did this whenever she heard the pheasant’s call,
and she had done so for as long as I’d known her. The wall was covered in needle strokes from wooden floor to ceiling.
The number of calls dictated the number of scores;
Why do you keep doing this? I once asked, running my fingers over a series of sharp marks. We’d only just begun seeing each other at the time; I had not yet come to accept her bizarre rite.
She had merely shrugged,
her shoulders stiffening against my desperate question. I’m not sure I want to talk about it. Let’s just say it’s something necessary. I never brought it up again.
Over the years, I memorized the ritual and somehow felt its importance. It was always performed with the utmost solemnity and respect. Each step undertaken with great care -
a slow, deliberate funeral procession of one. She’d cradle the needle like a fragile artifact held in the palms of her hands. Then, she’d listen for the call,
and make her simple etchings accordingly, cleaning the needle with a warm, wet cloth afterward. I’d watch this performance - silent - and marvel at the intimate, maternal manner
with which she’d return the needle its basket,
tucking it into its nest; all the while listening for the frenzied beating of the pheasant’s wings. I didn’t know where the pheasant came from or even how long it has been coming. I only knew that it came every week,
usually in the morning, but sometimes at night; I’d seen it from the bedroom window. Don’t look at it, she’d once scolded. You’re not supposed to look at it. I wanted so desperately to describe it to her - the elongated tail, white reverend’s collar, blood-stained face. But I kept it for myself. I often wondered what would happen once the wall was filled.
Would she move on to another? Would she turn to herself - perfectly straight cuts in tender tissue, severing ligaments? This morning, I woke to the pit-pat-pat of rain against the roof, and I heard the truncated call. Ka-ka-kow. Ka-ka-kow. She completed the sacred task. The pheasant’s wings pounded against the rain. Beat-pulse-beat.

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Avec la collaboration de Andréanne LeBrun et Philippe Pinet
La Révolution tranquille est bien souvent présentée comme une expérience propre au Québec et unique au monde. Pourtant, les grandes transformations qu'a connues la nation québécoise depuis la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale s'inscrit dans des courants occidentaux plus vastes associés à la modernité et aux transformations des valeurs. Les communautés acadiennes, les francophonies minoritaires au Canada, la société canadienne-anglaise ainsi que plusieurs autres nations occidentales connaissent elles aussi de profondes mutations qui, même si elles ne revêtent pas toujours le caractère nationaliste du cas québécois, en viennent à restructurer les fondements de la vie en collectivité.

Dans cet ouvrage, une quinzaine d'experts issus de diverses disciplines visent à recontextualiser les grandes transformations de la Révolution tranquille dans une optique internationale.

Un État en devenir: de nouveaux enjeux politiques

Jean-Philippe Carlos, Alexandre Klein, Antoine Brousseau Desaulniers, Mathieu Roy et Xavier Gélinas

Le Québec vu d'ailleurs et l'ailleurs vu du Québec

Serge Jaumain, Yuxi Liu, Sarah Miles et Sylvie Lacombe
Des révolutions tranquilles? Perspectives canadienne et internationale
Marcel Martel, Julien Massicotte et Philippe Volpé, Matthew Hayday, Nathalie Kermoal et Jeremy Elmerich

Voir toute la table des matières

Jean-Philippe Carlos est titulaire d'un doctorat en histoire de l'Université de Sherbrooke et historien spécialisé en histoire intellectuelle et politique...

Lire la suite

Stéphane Savard est professeur d'histoire à l'Université du Québec à Montréal et membre du Centre de recherche interdisciplinaire sur la...

Lire la suite

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Révolution tranquille entre l'ici et l'ailleurs (La) de Jean-Philippe Carlos et Stéphane Savard | Septentrion

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Avec la collaboration de Andréanne LeBrun et Philippe Pinet La Révolution tranquille est bien souvent présentée comme une expérience propre au Québec et unique au monde. Pourtant, les grandes transformations qu'a connues la nation québécoise depuis la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale s'inscrit dans des courants occidentaux plus vastes associés à la modernité et aux transformations des valeurs.

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I gathered them in my basket before the sun grew dim. Plenty of rain had allowed for the marshy environment necessary to germinate, and I used my half-frozen fingers to pluck them from the moist soil. I hadn't planted anything. In fact, their presence in my yard - seashell white and cold - was a bit of a mystery. When they had first begun to sprout, Martina asked me what I was going to do.

"Why don't you just get rid of them?" she asked one morning as we sipped hot tea on the porch, looking out at the pointed bleached lower jaws, agape, poking out from the tilled soil.

"With what? I'm not even certain they're alive."

"Of course, they aren't alive, but you have to do something before they start to stink."

At that, I chewed on my inner cheek. Bones, sterile and dead, do not stink. They do not decay, and I told her I should count my blessings that it was merely a garden of bony fish skeletons rather than fleshy trout and salmon.

"I'll find some use for them," I reasoned. She dropped the matter completely.

Over the course of the next few weeks, I watched as the heads sprouted - hyomandibula, branchiostegal rays, operculum - and gave way to sharp anterior dorsal fin rays and radial cartilage. When only the caudal fin rays remained lodged in the dank earth, I began pulling them up. They gave way easier than I'd anticipated, and I held the skeletons, fully formed and without blemish, in my hands before gently placing them into my basket. When I'd freed all the skeletons from their loamy prison, I washed them of dirt and placed them into a cardboard box. I rested two of them beneath my pillow that night and fell asleep to their tragic intonations. In my dreams they swam - fleshy, white-bellied, alive.

~Angel Dionne

Los recolecté en mi canasta antes de que el sol se apagara. La abundante lluvia había propiciado un ambiente pantanoso necesario para su germinación, y con mis dedos semicongelados los fui arrancando de la tierra húmeda. Yo no había plantado nada. De hecho, su presencia en mi patio -blanco como las conchas y frío- era algo misterioso. Cuando empezaron a brotar, Martina quiso saber qué pensaba hacer.

"¿Por qué no te deshaces de ellos?, me preguntó una mañana mientras bebíamos té caliente en el porche y mirábamos las quijadas inferiores blanqueadas y afiladas, boquiabiertas, asomándose entre la tierrita arada.

¿Con qué? Ni siquiera sé si están vivos.

"Claro, no están vivos, pero tienes que hacer algo antes de que empiecen a apestar.

En cuanto lo dijo, comencé a morderme el cachete por dentro. Los huesos, estériles y muertos, no apestan. No se descomponen, y le dije que era una bendición para mí que este fuera un simple jardín de esqueletos de pescado en lugar uno de trucha y salmón carnosos.

"Ya veré para qué los uso", reflexioné. Ella dejó la discusión a un lado por completo.

En el curso de las siguientes semanas, observé cómo las cabezas brotaban -hiomandíbulas, rayos branquiostegales, opérculos- y daban lugar a espinas de aletas dorsales anteriores y de cartílago radial. Cuando solo quedaban espinas de aletas caudales hundidas en la tierra fría y húmeda, empecé a arrancarlas. Se dejaban jalar sin la resistencia que había anticipado, y tomé los esqueletos en mis manos, plenamente desarrollados y sin mancha alguna, antes de colocarlos con cuidado en mi canasta. Una vez que liberé a todos los esqueletos de su prisión margosa, les lavé la tierra y los puse en una caja de cartón. Acomodé dos de ellos bajo mi almohada aquella noche y me quedé dormida con sus arrullos trágicos. En mis sueños, nadaban -carnosos, de panza blanca, vivos.

~Angel Dionne

Traducción al español de M. Iracheta

This work is licenced under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International Public License

Esta obra está bajo una Licencia Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

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I gathered them in my basket before the sun grew dim. Plenty of rain had allowed for the marshy environment necessary to germinate, and I used my half-frozen fingers to pluck them from the moist soil.

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Read reviews from the world’s largest community for readers. A surrealist musing on fish, life, and what it is that makes up human, Mormyridae brings toget…

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Sardines: Stories // by Angel Dionne // 978-0991622252 a ClarionLit title December 2023 price: $17.95 paper binding short fiction "Sometimes, he wished things had been different for him." - from the title story It is a universal enough truth that human beings are social by nature.

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1 Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States

2 Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States

3 Secteur Sciences Humaines, Université de Moncton-Edmundston, Edmundston, New Brunswick, Canada

DOI

10.7717/peerj.16891

Academic Editor

Jennifer Vonk

Subject Areas

Animal Behavior, Ecology, Entomology, Zoology

Keywords

Blaptica dubia, Cockroaches, Conspecific cueing, Heterospecific cueing, Shelter choice, Aggregations, Chemical cuesBlaberus craniifer,

Copyright

© 2024 Freeberg et al.

Licence

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed. For attribution, the original author(s), title, publication source (PeerJ) and either DOI or URL of the article must be cited.

Cite this article

Freeberg TM, Risner SR, Lang SY, Fiset S. 2024. Conspecific and heterospecific cueing in shelter choices of PeerJ 12 :Blaptica dubia cockroaches. e16891 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.16891

Abstract

Background

Like many cockroaches, Argentinian wood roaches, Blaptica dubia, prefer darker shelters over lighter shelters. In three experiments, we asked whether chemical cues from other roaches might influence shelter choice, a process known as conspecific or heterospecific cueing, depending on whether the cues come from an individual of the same or a different species, respectively.

Methods

Each experiment involved trials with focal B. dubia cockroaches in testing arenas containing plastic shelters of varying levels of darkness, with filter paper under each shelter acting as a carrier for chemical cues. In Experiment 1, we tested female and male B. dubia cockroaches with two shelters matched for darkness but differing in cues (conspecific vs. none). The shelter with no cue contained a blank filter paper as a control. In Experiment 2 (conspecific cueing) and Experiment 3 (heterospecific cueing), we tested B. dubia cockroach choices for lighter or darker shelters with filter papers containing chemical cues of other roaches or no chemical cues. For the conspecific cueing study of Experiment 2, we used chemical cues from other B. dubia cockroaches. In contrast, for the heterospecific cueing study of Experiment 3, we used chemical cues from a different species, the death's head cockroach, Blaberus craniifer.

Results

In Experiment 1, B. dubia cockroaches overwhelmingly preferred shelters with conspecific chemical cues over darkness-matched shelters without cues. In Experiments 2 and 3, they strongly preferred darker shelters, especially when chemical cues were present. Additionally, they were more likely to be under the lighter shelter when chemical cues were present there. These results reveal that the public information B. dubia cockroaches gain from chemical cues-including those from other species-can drive shelter choices in this species.

Introduction

Living in groups provides numerous benefits to social species, such as a greater ability to avoid predation and to utilize resources important to survival ( Krause & Ruxton, 2002). This has been demonstrated in hissing cockroaches, Gromphadorhina portentosa, with group-living individuals conserving water more effectively over long periods of time than their isolated counterparts ( Yoder & Grojean, 1997). Similar survival benefits of group living have been identified in sand fiddler crabs ( Uca pugilator; Yoder et al., 2005). In addition to benefits related to resource use, social behavior is well known to improve individuals' ability to obtain food. For example, when compared to single individuals, groups of the caterpillar Mechanitis menapis more effectively overcome the chemical defenses of the nightshade Solanum acerifolium to eat its leaves ( Despland, 2019).

Individuals often make decisions about resources in contexts involving social cues. Habitat decisions of many songbird species, for example, are affected by the songs and calls of conspecifics coming from certain areas within the habitat ( e.g., American redstarts, Setophaga ruticilla: Hahn & Silverman, 2006; grasshopper sparrows, Ammodramus savannarum: Andrews, Brawn & Ward, 2015). Similarly, male desert grasshoppers, Ligurotettix couilletti, are attracted to bushes containing either live male conspecifics or playbacks of male conspecific calls ( Muller, 1998). Male strawberry poison frogs, Oophaga pumilio, select and establish territories in areas with conspecific territorial males, likely based on their aposematic visual signals ( Folt, Donnelly & Guyer, 2018). Black-and-white ruffed lemur mothers, Varecia variegate, base their nest site decisions on the presence of other mothers' nest sites ( Baden, 2019). German cockroaches, Blatella germanica, tested on a series of Y-shaped stems, chose stems containing chemical cues of their own group compared to unmarked stems ( Jeanson & Deneubourg, 2006). This process of basing activity in part on the signals and cues of conspecifics is referred to as conspecific cueing ( Stamps, 1988). Such cueing has additionally been shown to serve an important role in local enhancement about foraging patches ( e.g., honeybees, Apis mellifera: Lowell et al., 2019). However, the social behavior of some species sometimes depends on heterospecific cues. For example, Nasutitermes corniger termites prefer food sites with chemical cues of conspecifics of other colonies, or even heterospecific termites, over food sites containing their own colony's chemical cues ( Silva et al., 2021).

Other factors have also been shown to influence habitat choices in animal species. Many species of cockroach prefer darker habitats over lighter habitats when considering potential shelter sites ( Turner, 1912; Bell, Roth & Nalepa, 2007). Groups of adult American cockroaches, Periplaneta americana, strongly prefer darker shelters over structurally matched but lighter shelters ( Canonge, Deneubourg & Sempo, 2011). Beyond the darkness of shelters, cockroaches likely attend to conspecific cues or signals in those shelters ( Bell, Roth & Nalepa, 2007). For example, robotic cockroaches coded to prefer a lighter shelter over a darker shelter increased the likelihood of American cockroaches choosing the lighter over the darker shelter due to those artificial tactile cues ( Halloy et al., 2007). German cockroaches, Blatella germanica, are more likely to aggregate at sites containing cuticular hydrocarbons of members of their own species ( Rivault, Cloarec & Sreng, 1998) and at sites containing chemical cues of members of their own group compared to those of unfamiliar conspecific groups ( Rivault & Cloarec, 1998). These chemicals-and preferences for them and their concentrations regarding shelter choice-vary across species of Periplaneta ( Saïd et al., 2005). Additionally, German cockroach nymphs prefer to aggregate near an adult female (even when dead and cleaned of cuticular hydrocarbons) compared to a comparable site with filter paper containing conspecific cuticular hydrocarbons ( Hamilton, Wada-Katsumata & Schal, 2019). Individuals of this species are also more likely to remain at a site if one or more conspecifics are already present at that site ( Ame, Rivault & Deneubourg, 2004). Clearly, individual cockroaches are sensitive to signals and cues of conspecifics in a range of modalities.

We recently found that, like the case for P. americana described above ( Canonge, Deneubourg & Sempo, 2011), groups of Argentinian wood roaches, Blaptica dubia-hereafter, B. dubia cockroaches, preferred darker shelters over lighter shelters and the effect was stronger for larger groups of 10 or 15 individuals in comparison to groups of five individuals ( Freeberg & Fiset, 2023). Here, we tested for effects of conspecific and heterospecific chemical cues on shelter choice in B. dubia cockroaches in three separate experiments. We do not yet know what the specific chemical cues are, though given the method we used they are likely cuticular hydrocarbons, chemicals in feces, or both. In all three experiments, we also assessed whether there were sex differences in chemical cue-guided shelter choices. Female B. dubia cockroaches are heavier than males, and sex differences in movement and in learning spatial layouts of habitat exist in some cockroach species ( e.g., Periplaneta orientalis: Turner, 1912; P. fuliginosa: Appel & Rust, 1986).

In Experiment 1, we tested individual shelter choices in arenas containing two shelters with identical features and illuminance levels, but that differed in the chemical cues available on filter papers under the shelters. The experimental choice was between filter paper with or without conspecific cues. We expected the B. dubia cockroaches to choose conspecific cues over no cues, as this effect has been documented in a wide range of species and modalities ( e.g., acoustic signals in songbirds: Farrell et al., 2012; chemical cues in cockroaches: Rivault, Cloarec & Sreng, 1998, fish: Golub, Vermette & Brown, 2005, and rodents: Davis, 1970; presence of conspecific offspring in frogs: Rudolf & Rodel, 2005).

In Experiment 2, we provided a lighter and a darker shelter in each testing arena. For half of the B. dubia cockroaches in the trials, the lighter shelter contained a filter paper with conspecific cues and the darker shelter contained a filter paper without conspecific cues. This was reversed for the other half of the individuals in the trials. We knew from our earlier study ( Freeberg & Fiset, 2023) that groups of B. dubia cockroaches preferred darker shelters over lighter shelters (as has been demonstrated in a wide range of cockroach and wood roach species; e.g., Bell, Roth & Nalepa, 2007) and here we sought to test whether this preference-for-shelter could be influenced by chemical cues from conspecifics. If shelter choice in this species is primarily driven by variation in shelter darkness, we predicted no effect of conspecific cues and a main effect of shelter darkness. If, however, shelter choice is driven in part by conspecific cues, we predicted preferences for both the darker and the lighter shelters to be stronger if those shelters contained filter papers with conspecific cues.

In Experiment 3, we largely replicated the methodology of Experiment 2, using filter papers containing either chemical cues from heterospecifics or no chemical cues. The heterospecific chemical cues were obtained from a breeding colony of death's head cockroaches, Blaberus craniifer. In nature, these two species would not come into contact with one another, as B. dubia occurs in South America and B. craniifer occurs in Mexico and Central America. Thus, chemical cues of B. craniifer in Experiment 3 represent species-level novel cues for B. dubia individuals. Nonetheless, it has recently become clear that mixed-species aggregations of arthropods are fairly common (though understudied compared to similar mammalian and avian groups; Boulay et al., 2019; Goodale, Beauchamp & Ruxton, 2017; Schaller et al., 2018) and so research is needed on the factors influencing the formation and maintenance of those aggregations.

Materials and Methods

General methods

The adult B. dubia cockroaches tested came from laboratory breeding populations that were originally obtained from different mail order companies (see Freeberg & Fiset, 2023). The female and male subjects tested were randomly drawn from these breeding populations. Breeding populations were maintained in large plastic containers (50 cm × 36 cm × 30 cm) with a screen mesh top, under a 12 h light/12 h dark cycle. Each large plastic container included several egg cartons (29 cm × 29 cm), with an ad libitum mix of dry cat and dog food as well as water crystals. Containers were stocked with fresh fruit and vegetable pieces (typically melon, papaya, apple, or carrot) once or twice per week. Breeding containers were housed within Med Associates, Inc. (St. Albans, VT, USA) Large Monkey cubicles and were typically maintained between 26 and 31 °C and between 50% and 70% humidity. Light levels in the test arenas were assessed with a Sekonic i-346 illuminometer (Tokyo, Japan), with multiple measurements taken in the open parts of the test arenas and under the two shelters (see Table 1). Once B. dubia cockroaches were placed into the test arenas, they were not disturbed by the researchers for the duration of the trials until after their shelter choice was coded (see below).

Experiment

Ranges in light levels (lux) under/outside of shelters

Filter paper days

Darker shelter

Lighter shelter

Outside

Median

Range

1

8.2-10.1*

449-570

5

3-14

2

103-139

262-418

559-599

6

3-13

3

9.3-13.3

101-127

531-618

7

3-14

Individuals tested for shelter choice were obtained from the above-mentioned breeding containers. After use in shelter choice tests, these individuals were placed into another large container (the "retirement" population) so that they were not tested again. To obtain chemical cues in these experiments, filter papers (11 cm diameter, #415, VWR International) were placed inside either the retirement population container containing B. dubia cockroaches (Experiments 1 and 2) or inside a separate container holding a breeding population of death's head roaches, B. craniifer (Experiment 3).

Shelter choice codings and inter-observer reliability

In all three experiments, the individual shelter choices were coded as: under one of the shelters, under the other shelter, or under no shelter (out in the test arena). We tested inter-observer reliability ( Burghardt et al., 2012) for 35 randomly-selected groups across the three experiments by having a main observer and a trained research assistant concurrently and independently code the location of each individual as under shelter or out in the test arenas. Inter-observer reliability was high (Cohen's kappa statistics and agreement for the cued shelter (first experiment) or the darker shelter (second and third experiment) κ = 0.96, 34/35 agreements; non-cued shelter or lighter shelter κ = 0.93, 34/35 agreements; no shelter κ = 0.88, 33/35 agreements).

General statistical approach

Given that our outcome variable-which was the location of the B. dubia cockroach at the end of the trial-was a nominal variable with three unordered choice categories (under one of the shelters, under the other shelter, or under no shelter (out)), we modelled it via a multinomial distribution ( Hardin & Hilbe, 2018; Kaufman, 2019). In a multinomial model, one response category is designated as the reference category, and the others are compared to it ( Long & Freese, 2015). The shelter with the conspecific cue was chosen as the reference category in Experiment 1, while the darker shelter was selected as the reference category in Experiments 2 and 3.

We used the statistical software Stata 16.1 ( StataCorp, 2019) to analyze our data. Because our data had a hierarchical structure, we analyzed our data using a series of multilevel multinomial models. With Stata 16.1, multilevel multinomial models are performed via a generalized structural equation approach, which uses a multinomial distribution with a nonlinear logit link function. As Long & Freese (2015) described, multinomial logistic models fit separate multilevel binary logistic regression models for each category of the outcome variable relative to the reference category. In the current study, our multinomial model comprised one sub-equation for each of the two non-reference B. dubia cockroach choices, that is, one for the control cue shelter (Experiment 1) or the lighter shelter (Experiments 2 and 3) and one for out. Furthermore, we estimated the likelihood of the outcome variable using the adaptative Gaussian quadrature method, which is known for being highly accurate ( Garson, 2020).

As suggested by Kaufman (2019) for nonlinear models, especially when interactions are involved, we compared our different statistical models using a series of likelihood ratio (LR) tests. An LR test compares a full model with a nested model that includes a subset of the variables in the full model. The null hypothesis of the LR test is that the nested model fits the data as well as the full model. Thus, when the nested model is tested against the full model, if the p-value of the LR test is equal to or less than 0.05 (we selected a p-value of 0.05 to reject the null hypothesis), it means that the full model fits the data better than the nested model.

For each experiment, a series of LR tests were conducted, comparing a reduced model (the nested model) to a more complex model (the full model). The first tests were performed using null models that did not have any predictors, to evaluate whether the nested structure of the data should be considered. Once the appropriate random structure was established, we utilized a backward stepwise comparison methodology, beginning with the full model consisting of all predictors and interactions, and subsequently removing a single term from the regression equation to form the reduced model. If the full model did not fit the data better than the reduced model, the subsequent model comparison treated the reduced model as the full model, and we removed an additional term from the regression equation to create the next reduced model. This stepwise approach was repeated until the full model fit the data better than the reduced model, or until the null model fit the data better than the fixed model.

After selecting the most parsimonious model, in Experiment 1, we used Stata lincom command (for a justification, see Mize, Doan & Long, 2019) to compare the probabilities of finding a B. dubia cockroach under the shelter with the conspecific cue to the probability of finding a B. dubia cockroach under the shelter with the control cue. In Experiments 2 and 3, to assess how conspecific cue location affected the probability of detecting individuals in the darker shelter, lighter shelter, or out, we computed average marginal effects (AMEs). AMEs compute the average discrete change in probability from the base level to the next higher level of each categorical predictor ( Long & Freese, 2015; Williams, 2012). In Experiments 2 and 3, the darker shelter served as the reference level for the conspecific cue location, and AMEs were used to compare individuals' responses to the conspecific cue filter paper when it was placed under the lighter shelter.

First experiment: effect of conspecific cues under darkness-matched shelters

Individuals were tested from February to May 2019 in 24 groups. Each group comprised two adult females and two adult males. Individuals in each group were given a novel color of acrylic paint near the wing base of both wings for means of individual identification. Each group was housed in a smaller plastic container (35 cm × 21 cm × 12 cm; hereafter, "group housing") with small holes drilled for ventilation, smaller stacked egg carton pieces (~15 cm × ~11 cm), ad libitum dry cat and dog food, and water crystals. Fresh fruit or vegetable pieces were added once or twice per week. Individuals housed in the group housing containers were kept in a Med Associates, Inc. large monkey cubicle separated from the breeding colony containers.

Groups were tested separately in four large plastic containers (Sterlite Clear View 104 L latch containers; 88 cm × 48 cm; hereafter, "test arenas") each containing two shelters matched for size and light intensity. Shelters were 20 cm × 25 cm clear acrylic sheets held 4 cm off the floor of the test arenas by plastic spacers at the corners. Each shelter was covered with a 15 cm × 23 cm black foam sheet positioned symmetrically within the dimensions of the acrylic sheet. Shelters were positioned at either end of the test arenas at 5 cm from the short sides and 7 cm from the long sides. The spaces under the shelters were considerably darker than the spaces outside of shelter in the test arenas ( Table 1).

To provide chemical cues for each trial, a filter paper was secured with tape to the test arena floor underneath each shelter, roughly 30 min before test subjects were placed in the test arena. One filter paper had been kept in the large retirement colony container for at least 3 days ( Table 1). This filter paper was the "conspecific cue" stimulus, and typically had soiling from, and likely contained cuticular hydrocarbons of, B. dubia cockroaches on it when used during testing. The second filter paper was taken directly from its packaging box and represented the control stimulus. Conspecific cue and control stimulus filter papers were counter-balanced across shelters, test groups, and test arenas over the course of the study.

The four test arenas were placed on top of a long table so that four groups of B. dubia cockroaches could be tested at once (one in each test arena). On either end of the test arena table stood lamps that were linked to a ramp-up timer. This ensured that illumination began at 11:30 am (EST) and gradually increased in intensity over 30 min to full light intensity. We did this gradual ramping up of light intensity to mimic natural changes in lighting and to help ensure individuals had sufficient time in darker conditions to explore the test arenas. Individuals were placed into the center of testing arenas by 11:15 am each day of testing. At ~12:05 pm on testing days, we turned on the ceiling lights in the testing room (to further increase light intensity) and waited 3 min before coding the shelter choices of individuals of each group in the four test arenas. Our three codings were: under the shelter with conspecific cue filter paper, under the shelter with control paper, or under no shelter (out in the test arena). After coding of shelter choices, individuals were returned to their group housing containers and cubicle and the testing arenas were cleaned with odorless baby wipes (Comforts fragrance-free baby wipes; Kroger, Cincinnati, OH, USA; this method was validated to remove chemical cues of roaches in Freeberg & Fiset, 2023). We tested shelter choices of each group of B. dubia cockroaches six times, with at least 3 days for each group between consecutive tests.

First experiment: statistical analyses

Data of Experiment 1 had a nested structure. For each of the six trials, the B. dubia cockroaches were tested in groups of four (two males and two females) for a total of 24 groups. Thus, to assess the variability associated with the three levels of this nested structure (trials > individuals > groups), we ran a series of multilevel multinomial logistic regression models in which we treated individuals and their respective group as random factors. Then, we ran additional multinomial models to investigate if the fixed effects, sex and trial (and the interaction), could predict the individual's shelter choice relative to the location of the conspecific cue.

Second experiment: effect of conspecific cues under dark vs. light shelters

From November 2020 to May 2021 we tested sixteen rounds of new B. dubia cockroaches. Within each round we carried out four trials to counter-balance locations of darker and lighter shelters as well as locations of chemical cues under the shelters. In line with this setup, the first round of testing involved the following order: (1) darker shelter, left side of test arenas, with chemical cues; (2) lighter shelter, left side of test arenas, with chemical cues; (3) darker shelter, right side of test arenas, with chemical cues; and (4) lighter shelter, right side of test arenas, with chemical cues. The chemical cues were provided via filter paper using the same methodology as described in Experiment 1. The filter papers were left in the B. dubia retirement colony for at least 3 days before use in the experiment as conspecific cues ( Table 1).

For each trial within a round, four females and four males were drawn from the breeding colony. For each sex, we tested a solitary individual ( N = 1) and a small group ( N = 3) separately. Each set was tested in the large plastic container test arenas as described above for the first experiment with three methodological differences. The first difference was that one of the shelters had dark blue or purple plastic sheeting on top of it (darker shelter) and the other had light yellow or orange plastic sheeting on top of it (lighter shelter; Avery insertable plastic dividers, Brea, California). Both the darker and lighter shelters were considerably darker than the spaces outside of shelters in the test arenas, and the darker shelters were darker than the lighter shelters ( Table 1). The second difference was that we conducted the entire study in a bright room-from the time of set up of the B. dubia cockroaches to the coding of their shelter choices. We chose not to ramp up the light levels in the room as the method was more practically limiting and did not seem to result in different patterns of shelter choice in comparison to different bright light regimes (as in Freeberg & Fiset, 2023). The third difference was that we coded individuals' shelter choices 2 h after they were placed into the test arenas. After testing was completed, each individual was placed into the retirement colony container.

Second experiment: statistical analyses

We used the same statistical approach as the one we developed in the first experiment. Although the individuals were not tested multiple times as in the first experiment, our data had a nested structure: females and males were separately nested into a different round of testing for a total of sixteen clusters. To better capture the variability associated with this two-level structure (individuals > rounds), we ran a series of multinomial logistic regression models. Firstly, we examined the impact of the nested structure of our data and secondly, we investigated if the fixed effects (the conspecific cue location, group size, sex, and their interactions) could predict B. dubia cockroaches' shelter choice. The number of days the filter paper was kept in the colony did not significantly affect the results, so we excluded this covariable from our statistical models to simplify the analysis.

Third experiment: effect of heterospecific cues under dark vs. light shelters

From February to June 2022 we tested sixteen rounds of new B. dubia cockroaches. This study was conducted largely using the methodology of the second experiment, with the key difference being that the chemical cues were heterospecific rather than conspecific, obtained from a breeding colony of death's head roaches. Our colony of death's head roaches developed from a starter group obtained from Cape Cod Roaches ( capecodroaches.com). Each set of B. dubia cockroaches was tested in large plastic container test arenas as described above for the second experiment, except that the lighter shelters in the third experiment were the dark blue or purple plastic sheets and the darker shelters in the third experiment had opaque black plastic sheets. Darker and lighter shelters were considerably darker than the spaces outside of shelters in the test arenas, and the darker shelters were darker than the lighter shelters ( Table 1). Filter papers for chemical cues in the study were left in the B. craniifer breeding colony for at least 3 days before use in the experiment ( Table 1).

Third experiment: statistical analyses

Because this experiment was methodologically similar to that of the second experiment, except for the nature of the cue placed under the shelters (heterospecific rather than conspecific cueing) and the different light regimes under the shelters, we adopted the same approach as the one used in the previous experiment. As in Experiment 2, the number of days the filter paper was kept in the colony did not significantly affect the results and we excluded this covariable from our statistical models.

Statistical analyses for all three experiments: access to data

Our data sets, Stata scripts, and analyses can be found on the Open Science Framework at https://osf.io/3y79n/?view_only=3ae061c93b164f3c8737d9d636b3fb46.

Results

First experiment: effect of conspecific cues under darkness-matched shelters

Three B. dubia cockroaches from different groups died during the study. One male died after three trials, and one male and one female died after their first trial. All three were replaced by new individuals to complete the six trials. To simplify the analyses, we removed the data of the three individuals that died during the experiment and those of the three substitutes. Thus, we analyzed the shelter choice of 93 individuals ((2 sexes × 48 individuals)-3 deceased individuals) for 558 observations (each included individual was tested six times under the same condition: see Table S1). Altogether, the B. dubia cockroaches selected the conspecific cue shelter 60.57% of the time and the control cue shelter about 10.93%. We found 28.49% of the individuals under no shelter (out). However, because each individual was tested six times, these percentages could change from trial to trial for each individual of both sexes. Our multilevel multinomial statistical models allowed us to examine these possible variations (see below).

Model selection

Model 2, which included individuals as random effects (see Table 2), was the most efficient null model. An LR test revealed that Model 2 offered better data fit compared to Model 1 ( X ₂(2) = 6.24, p = 0.044) and adding groups as random effects (Model 3) did not improve the fitting of the data ( X ₂(2) = 0.00, p = 0.999). As a result, we included individuals as random effects into our fixed effects models. In terms of fixed effects, no model proved more suitable than Model 2 (LR tests, p > 0.05). Thus, with regard to sex and trial number, the introduction of such factors did not enhance the model's likelihood. Ultimately, Model 2 (a null model) was deemed the most parsimonious model. The conclusion is well-illustrated by Fig. 1 (using the predictions of Model 6), indicating that the probability of selecting a shelter was comparable for both males and females, and the same across all trials.

Model

Type

Random intercept effects

Fixed effects

Log likelihood

Number of parameters

Degrees of freedom

AIC

BIC

2*

Null

Roaches

-

−500.964

7

4

1,009.929

1,027.226

Predicted probability for shelter choice by sex and trial in Experiment 1.
The open circles represent the observed mean proportions, the horizontal lines represent the predicted means, and the error bars represent the 95% confidence intervals of the predicted mean.

Selected model

Table S2 (see Supplemental Materials) shows the estimated intercepts for each shelter choice of Model 2 in Experiment 1, which we expressed as relative risk ratios - a direct measure of effect size for nonlinear regression models ( Ferguson, 2009). The risk of finding a B. dubia cockroach under the control cue shelter ( b ₀ = 0.177, Z = −9.42, p < 0.001, 95% CI [0.124-0.254]) or out ( b ₀ = 0.433, Z = −6.17, p < 0.001, 95% CI [0.332-0.565]) was significantly lower relative to the risk of finding an individual under the shelter with the conspecific cue. These estimates support the conclusion that B. dubia cockroaches were primarily found under the shelter with the conspecific cue.

As suggested by Long & Freese (2015) for multinomial models, we also examined the probabilities predicted by our selected model. Overall, Model 2 estimates that the probability of finding an individual under the shelter with the conspecific cue was 60.57% (95% CI [55.66-65.48]), under the shelter with the control cue was 10.94% (95% CI [8.33-13.55]), and outside of a shelter in the open test arena was 28.49% (95% CI [24.09-32.89]). Interestingly, these estimates corroborate the percentages of observed choices we first presented. Moreover, the probability of finding a B. dubia cockroach under the shelter with the conspecific cue was higher than the probability of finding an individual under the shelter with the control cue (0.496, Z = 14.92, p < 0.001, 95% CI [0.431-0.562]).

Second experiment: effect of conspecific cues under dark vs. light shelters

We analyzed the shelter choice of 512 B. dubia cockroaches (16 rounds * 32 individuals/round; see Table S3). We found 71.88% of the individuals under the darker shelter, 16.80% under the lighter shelter, and 11.33% under no shelter. However, these percentages must be nuanced as a function of the location of the conspecific cue, group size, and sex.

The percentages of individuals found under the darker shelter, lighter shelter, or out were similar, whatever the group size or sex ( Table 3). However, the location of the conspecific cue filter paper impacted individuals' shelter choice strongly. The proportion of individuals found under the darker shelter was higher when the conspecific cue was located under the darker shelter as opposed to under the lighter shelter. Conversely, compared to the reference of the darker shelter, the proportion of individuals found under the lighter shelter was higher when the conspecific cue was placed under the lighter shelter as opposed to under the darker shelter. Therefore, we ran a series of multinomial logistic regression models to confirm these observations and examine the possible interaction between these factors.

Location where individuals were found

Sex

Group size

Cue location

Females

Males

1

3

Darker shelter

Lighter shelter

Model selection

Model 2 constituted the most parsimonious null model (see Table 4). Random effects for rounds of testing were included in this model and it exhibited superior data fitting relative to Model 1 ( X ₂(2) = 6.24, p = 0.044). Accordingly, rounds of testing were incorporated into our fixed effects models. Concerning fixed effects, Model 3 was the most parsimonious fixed effects model (LR Tests, ps > 0.05) and compared to Model 2 (a null model), it demonstrated better data fitting ( X ₂(2) = 148.44, p < 0.001). Thus, Model 3 emerged as the preferred model. Including the location of the filter paper with the conspecific cue as a predictor improved the predictions of our statistical model. This finding supports our initial observations (see Table 3), suggesting that the location of the conspecific cue significantly affected the shelter choice behavior of B. dubia cockroaches. Neither sex nor group size (or their interaction) had any effects on our outcome variable's predictions.

Model

Type

Random intercept effects

Fixed effects

Log likelihood

Number of parameters

Degrees of freedom

AIC

BIC

3*

Full

Rounds

Cue

−329.242

11

6

659.708

685.138

Selected model

We report the relative risk ratios of Model 3 for cue location in Table S4. When we compare the conspecific cue filter paper under the lighter as opposed to the darker shelter, the risk of finding the individual under the lighter shelter increased by 36.02 (95% CI [15.97-81.25]) and the risk of finding the individual in any shelter increased by 9.11 (95% CI [3.26-25.45]). Although these risk ratios suggest a strong effect of the conspecific cue location on B. dubia cockroaches' shelter choice, Long & Freese (2015) pointed out that the coefficients of multinomial models, especially those associated with the predictors, are challenging to understand. Indeed, in these statistical models, there is no estimate associated with the base category, which, in our case, was the darker shelter.

To better understand the impact of the conspecific cue location on the probability of finding individuals under the darker shelter, the lighter shelter, we calculated the AMEs for cue location for each shelter choice ( Fig. 2). On average, placing the conspecific cue under the lighter shelter rather than under the reference darker shelter decreased an individual's probability of being under the darker shelter by 0.445 (95% CI = [−0.539 to −0.352], Z = −9.37, p < 0.001), but increased its probability of being under the lighter shelter by 0.297 (95% CI [0.212-0.382], Z = 6.81, p < 0.001). This manipulation also increased an individual's probability of being under no shelter by 0.148 (95% CI [0.081-0.215], Z = 4.34, p < 0.001). Thus, the presence of conspecific cues under the lighter shelter strongly decreased the probability of finding B. dubia cockroaches under the darker shelter but significantly increased the probability of finding them under the lighter shelter or under no shelter at all.

Discrete change (average marginal effects) of conspecific cue location (from the reference darker shelter to the lighter shelter) on the probability that
Discrete change of conspecific cue location on the probability that dubia roaches were in the darker shelter, lighter shelter, or not in any of them (Out) in Experiment 2.
dubia roaches were in the darker shelter, lighter shelter, or not in any of them (Out) in Experiment 2. The dots represent the average marginal effects, and the error bar represents the 95% confidence intervals. The dashed line represents the absence of an effect.

Third experiment: effect of heterospecific cues under dark vs. light shelters

As in the second experiment, we analyzed the shelter choice of 512 B. dubia cockroaches (see Table S3). Overall, 83.40% of the individuals were found under the darker shelter, 5.27% under the lighter shelter, and 11.33% under no shelter.

Table 5 presents the frequencies (and percentages) of individuals' shelter choices for each level of the heterospecific cue location, group size, and sex. Overall, shelter choice does not seem to be affected by the sex of the individual. The proportion of individuals found under the darker shelter, lighter shelter, or out was almost identical for females and males. Regarding group size, the proportion of individuals found under the darker shelter appears slightly higher when there were three individuals in a group than when an individual was alone. This observation, however, remains to be confirmed by our statistical analyses. Finally, the location of the heterospecific cue filter paper seems to impact individuals' shelter choice more strongly. The proportion of individuals found under the darker shelter was higher when the heterospecific cue was located under the darker shelter than under the lighter shelter. We ran a series of multinomial logistic regression models to confirm these impressions and examine the possible interaction between heterospecific cue location, group size, and sex.

Location where individuals were found

Sex

Group size

Cue location

Females

Males

1

3

Darker shelter

Lighter shelter

Model selection

Model 2, a null model (see Table 6), which incorporated rounds of testing as random effects, did not exhibit improved data fit in comparison to Model 1 ( X ₂(2) = 3.15, p = 0.207). Therefore, Model 1 was selected as the most parsimonious null model and no random effects were included into our fixed effects models. Within the fixed effects models, Model 3 was identified as the most parsimonious (LR tests, p > 0.05). Furthermore, Model 3 exhibited superior data fit compared to Model 2 (a null model) ( X ₂(2) = 148.44, p < 0.001), establishing it as the favored model. Incorporating the location of the heterospecific cue filter paper as a predictor improved our multinomial model predictions and reinforced our observation that the heterospecific cue location affected shelter selection in B. dubia cockroaches. Nevertheless, shelter choices were not predicted by sex, group size, or their interaction.

Model

Type

Random intercept effects

Fixed effects

Log likelihood

Number of parameters

Degrees of freedom

AIC

BIC

3*

Full

-

Cue

−270.400

7

4

548.800

565.754

Selected model

Table S5 reports the relative risk ratios of Model 3 for cue location. When we placed the heterospecific cues filter paper under the lighter shelter as opposed to under the reference darker shelter, the risk of finding individuals under the lighter shelter increased by 14.32 (95% CI [3.35-61.31]) and the risk of finding individuals under any shelter increased by 1.41 (95% CI [0.81-2.45]). Although these risk ratios suggest an effect of the heterospecific cue location on B. dubia cockroaches' shelter choice, to understand better the impact of the heterospecific cue location on the probability of finding individuals under the darker shelter, we calculated the AMEs for cue location ( Fig. 3).

Discrete change (average marginal effects) of heterospecific cue location (from the reference darker shelter to the lighter shelter) on the probability that
Discrete change of heterospecific cue location on the probability that dubia roaches were in the darker shelter, lighter shelter, or not in any of them (Out) in Experiment 3.
dubia roaches were in the darker shelter, lighter shelter, or not in any of them (Out) in Experiment 3. The dots represent the average marginal effects, and the error bar represents the 95% confidence intervals. The dashed line represents the absence of an effect.

On average, the presence of the heterospecific cues filter paper under the lighter shelter, as opposed to under the reference darker shelter, decreased an individual's probability of being under the darker shelter by 0.112 (95% CI [−0.177 to −0.495], Z = −3.48, p < 0.001), but increased its probability of being under the lighter shelter by 0.090 (95% CI [0.052-0.128], Z = 4.64, p < 0.001). However, having the filter paper under the lighter shelter did not influence an individual's probability of being out (0.023, 95% CI [−0.031 to 0.078], Z = 0.84, p = 0.403). In short, heterospecific chemical cues under the lighter shelter decreased the probability of finding B. dubia cockroaches under the darker shelters but significantly increased the probability of finding them under the lighter shelter.

Discussion

In our first experiment, Blaptica dubia cockroaches demonstrated a strong preference for dark shelters with conspecific cues over darkness-matched shelters with no chemical cues. However, neither sex nor trial had any effect on the probability of finding an individual under a shelter with a conspecific cue. In our second experiment, when giving B. dubia cockroaches the choice between a darker and a lighter shelter, the location of the conspecific cue filter paper substantially impacted individuals' behavior. When the conspecific cues were placed under the lighter shelter (in comparison to the reference of the cues being under the darker shelter), the probability of finding an individual under the lighter shelter increased. Neither group size (one or three individuals), sex, nor their interaction affected the probability of finding an individual under the darker shelter, the lighter shelter, or out.

In our third experiment, the location of the heterospecific cue filter paper was also shown to impact B. dubia cockroaches' shelter choice behavior. In comparison to the reference condition of having the heterospecific cues under the darker shelter, when the filter paper containing heterospecific cues was placed under the lighter shelter, the probability of finding an individual under the darker shelter decreased significantly. Conversely, the probability of finding an individual under the lighter shelter increased. Furthermore, as in the second experiment, we could not detect an effect of group size, sex, or their interaction, on the probability of finding B. dubia cockroaches under the darker shelter, the lighter shelter, or in no shelter.

These results revealed that B. dubia cockroaches used conspecific cueing in making their shelter choice, a mechanism widely observed in natural habitat choice in a wide range of species. In the absence of direct, individually-acquired information about the surrounding habitat and the availability of important resources like shelter or food within that habitat, it can be adaptive to rely on the public information made available by conspecifics and their behavior ( Valone & Templeton, 2002; Danchin et al., 2004; Kendal, Coolen & Laland, 2004; van Bergen, Coolen & Laland, 2004; Bonnie & Earley, 2007; Canonge, Deneubourg & Sempo, 2011). Furthermore, it was clear from the third experiment that individuals' shelter choice behavior was influenced by chemical cues of another species. Although not as widely documented as conspecific cueing, heterospecific cueing can be an important factor in shelter or habitat choice in animals (rodents: Cassaing et al., 2013; snakes: Waye & Gregory, 1993; birds: Tolvanen et al., 2020). Even slight attraction to heterospecific cues can lead to important mixed-species grouping dynamics, as seen in terrestrial isopods, Porcellio scaber and Oniscus asellus ( Broly et al., 2016) and in bombardier beetles of genus Brachinus ( Schaller et al., 2018).

Our results from Experiments 2 and 3 suggest a weaker effect of heterospecific chemical cues on B. dubia cockroach shelter choice in comparison to conspecific chemical cues ( Figs. 2 and 3). However, we were unable to determine whether there is a real difference between conspecific and heterospecific chemical cues used by B. dubia cockroaches in their shelter choice. There were numerous potential confounds for such a comparison in our experiments, including the densities of the roach colonies, the degree of exposure of the filter paper to chemical cues, and the different shelter darkness levels. Future work will aim to control these factors in direct tests of shelters containing B. dubia vs. B. craniifer cues.

In our earlier study testing the effects of different group sizes on darker vs. lighter shelter choice in B. dubia cockroaches, we found that the sex of the individuals had minimal effect on shelter choices ( Freeberg & Fiset, 2023). We also found little effect of sex on shelter choices in the context of conspecific or heterospecific cues in this study. This lack of an effect of sex is interesting when considering the anatomical and biological differences that exist between female and male B. dubia. Females of this species are much heavier than males so it can reasonably be inferred that females are likely to move differently or at different rates than males (though this awaits testing). Sex differences in activity are known for some cockroach species ( e.g., Periplaneta fuliginosa, Appel & Rust, 1986; P. americana, Nicolis et al., 2020). Female and male B. dubia cockroaches do differ in their preferences for the size of individuals with which they associate, with males preferring larger individuals and females preferring smaller individuals ( Fisher, 2023).

Little is known about Blaptica dubia behavior in natural settings. They are known to associate with other invertebrate species. For example, over half of samples collected from colonies of the Hemiptera insect, Triatoma reubrovaria, contained individual B. dubia cockroaches, suggesting a trophic relationship between the two species ( Salvatella et al., 1995; but see Durán, Siñani & Depickère, 2016). We do not know if the seemingly weaker heterospecific cueing effect we detected here is due to a general weaker heterospecific cueing effect, to the specific novel species tested here ( B. craniifer), to differences in the relative light levels of the shelters in Experiments 2 vs 3, or to some other factor(s). Future studies to address these questions would benefit from testing cues of species with which B. dubia naturally interact. This type of relationship between naturally interacting species was demonstrated in recent work with Brachinus beetles, in which researchers found that most naturally occurring aggregations contained multiple species of the genus. This study also revealed in laboratory experiments that some species, such as B. hirsutus, preferred to aggregate with members of another species ( Schaller et al., 2018).

Like many social species, cockroach behavior is sensitive to variation in the social environment. For example, paired female German cockroaches, Blattella germanica, eat more per individual than do isolated individuals and, even when controlling for total food intake, paired females produce larger oocytes than isolated females ( Holbrook et al., 2000). Contact with another individual's antennae and/or whole body appears to be important to this "pairing" effect on oocyte development relative to isolated individuals ( Uzsák & Schal, 2013). Additionally, individual cockroach running speeds in different layouts of mazes have been shown to vary depending on whether individuals run by themselves, with a conspecific, or in a context where an "audience" of conspecifics is visible but not themselves running in the maze ( Zajonc, Heingart & Herman, 1969; Halfmann, Bredehoft & Hausser, 2020).

Here we have documented B. dubia cockroaches' sensitivity to chemical cues of conspecifics (corroborating findings in a wide range of cockroach species) and also of heterospecifics. Chemical cues of other roaches are an important part of the variation in their social environmental context and can powerfully shape aggregations of individuals and drive processes like species segregation in space ( Leoncini & Rivault, 2005). Moving forward, we need to assess the relative roles of chemical cues compared to other cues (such as visual or tactile cues) in shelter choice behavior. Furthermore, studies show that individual shelter choices and group shelter choices do not always correspond with one another but depend heavily upon physical and social environmental contexts ( Laurent Salazar et al., 2017; Nicolis et al., 2020). Thus, repeated testing of the same individuals in diverse environmental contexts-including variation in shelter darkness and variation in concentrations of chemical cues-could prove essential to understanding individual decision-making in shelter choice ( Planas-Sitjà & Deneubourg, 2018). Additionally, we would like to obtain further data on B. dubia cockroach behavior related to searching for shelter. Namely, are individuals choosing shelters based on the random encountering of chemical cues within the test arena or as a consequence of active assessment and exploration of their environment?

Conclusions

In a series of three experiments, we found that B. dubia cockroaches' shelter choices were heavily influenced by whether those shelters contained conspecific (Experiments 1 and 2) or heterospecific (Experiment 3) chemical cues. Individuals were more likely to choose a shelter that contained conspecific cues compared to a darkness-matched shelter that did not contain those cues and were more likely to choose less-preferred lighter shelters when chemical cues were placed under those shelters. These studies reveal B. dubia cockroaches' sensitivity to stimulus variation in their social environment. Indeed, the effects of the social environment, or of social cues, on individual behavior seen in this study and the others described above all involved genetically unrelated individuals that had social experience with one another over extended time (see also Jeanson & Deneubourg, 2006; Lihoreau, Costa & Rivault, 2012). Work is needed in a wider range of taxa to understand the interactions among individuals within these groups, and how the relationships that may consequently develop, can structure the organization of social groups ( Hinde, 1976; Atton et al., 2014; Bergman & Beehner, 2015). These interactions and relationships include affiliative behavior as well as competition and dominance-related interactions ( Lee et al., 2016; Coppinger et al., 2023), and may be the key to understanding how social contexts shape decision-making and behavior in social species ( Freeberg & Coppinger, 2023).

Supplemental Information

Effect sizes for shelter choices in Experiment 1.

Estimates of fixed effects, expressed as relative risk ratios (RRR), for our selected multinomial multilevel logistic regression model for shelter choice (using the shelter with the conspecific cue as base outcome) in Experiment 1. Estimates of random effects are expressed as standard deviations.

Selected multinomial multilevel logistic regression model for shelter choice in Experiment 1.

Estimates of fixed effects, expressed as relative risk ratios (RRR), for our selected multinomial multilevel logistic regression model for shelter choice (using the shelter with the conspecific cue as base outcome) in Experiment 1. Estimates of random effects are expressed as standard deviations.

Number of dubia roaches tested in Experiment 2 and Experiment 3 as a function of sex, group size and cue location.

Number of dubia roaches tested in Experiment 2 and Experiment 3 as a function of sex, group size and cue location. In Experiment 2, we used chemical cues from other dubia roaches. In Experiment 3, we used chemical cues from a different species, the death's head cockroach, Blaberus craniifer. In both experiments, each animal was tested once for a total of 512 observations.

Selected multinomial logistic regression model for shelter choice in Experiment 2.

Estimates of fixed effects, expressed as relative risk ratios (RRR), for our selected multinomial logistic regression model for shelter choice (using the shelter with the conspecific cue as base outcome) in Experiment 2. Estimates of random effects are expressed as standard deviations for rounds of testing when standardized.

Selected multinomial logistic regression model for shelter choice in Experiment 3.

Estimates of fixed effects, expressed as relative risk ratios (RRR), for our selected multinomial logistic regression model for shelter choice (using the shelter with the heterospecific cue as base outcome) in Experiment 3.

Acknowledgements

We thank Colton Adams, Scott Benson, Heather Brooks, Brittany Coppinger, Eric Frazier, Hwayoung Jung, Jeff Kelly, Steven Kyle, Harry Pepper, and particularly Mariano Calvo Martin and two anonymous reviewers, for helpful comments on earlier drafts of this manuscript. We thank Daniel Blaisdell, Bradley Madrid, and David Vo for help with data collection.

Additional Information and Declarations

Competing Interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Author Contributions

Todd M. Freeberg conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, prepared figures and/or tables, authored or reviewed drafts of the article, and approved the final draft.

S. Ryan Risner performed the experiments, authored or reviewed drafts of the article, and approved the final draft.

Sarah Y. Lang performed the experiments, authored or reviewed drafts of the article, and approved the final draft.

Sylvain Fiset analyzed the data, prepared figures and/or tables, authored or reviewed drafts of the article, and approved the final draft.

Data Availability

The following information was supplied regarding data availability:

The data, Stata script, and analyses are available at Open Science Framework: Fiset, Sylvain, and Todd M Freeberg. 2023. "Conspecific and Heterospecific Cueing in Shelter Choices of Blaptica Dubia Cockroaches." OSF. December 11. DOI 10.17605/OSF.IO/3Y79N.

Funding

This work was supported by funding from the Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee-Knoxville. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

References

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Conspecific and heterospecific cueing in shelter choices of Blaptica dubia cockroaches

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Background Like many cockroaches, Argentinian wood roaches, Blaptica dubia, prefer darker shelters over lighter shelters. In three experiments, we asked whether chemical cues from other roaches might influence shelter choice, a process known as conspecific or heterospecific cueing, depending on whether the cues come from an individual of the same or a different species, respectively.

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Analysis of the Institutional Framework for the Management of Community Areas Through the Prism of Institutional Bricolage: The Case of Benin's Bouche du Roy

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Natural resource governance requires the collaboration of various stakeholders, including community, state and private institutions. Using an institutional bricolage theoretical framework and stakeholder theory, we analyzed stakeholder influences and interrelationships in the management of the Bouche du Roy Community Biodiversity Conservation Area (CBCA).

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poetry/art journal

current issue 2023

Contributors:

Caroline Reddy, Pansy Maurer-Alvarez, Bob Heman, Lela Hannah, James Shapiro,
Mark Young, Carol Alexander, Jane Joritz-Nakagawa, Joel Chace, Jennifer Campbell,
Lydia Falls, Laura Carter, Tania David, Randee Silv, Sabine Miller, Ashytn Layne,
Peter Yovu, Grau Del Grau, John Zedolik, Réka Nyitrai, Angel T. Dionne,
Terry Trowbridge, Sally Ridgway, Andrew Maximilian Niss, Dan Campion,
R.S. Stewart, David Wolf, Jim Cohn, Robert Rinehart

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poetry journal - from minimalist to avant-garde, poetry drawings collage photography; editor: marcia arrieta

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Accueil

Catalogue

Profession historienne? Femmes et pratique de l'histoire au Canada français, XIXe-XXe siècles

Femmes historiennes des XIXe et XXe siècles se trouvent au coeur de cet ouvrage, qui jette la lumière sur leurs importantes contributions dans la production et la diffusion des savoirs historiques.

Description

Que savons-nous véritablement de la contribution des femmes à l'écriture de l'histoire ? Cet ouvrage offre un premier éclairage d'ensemble sur l'apport des femmes à la production et à la diffusion des savoirs historiques au Canada français. Que ce soit à titre de journalistes, d'écrivaines, d'archivistes, de secrétaires, de professionnelles ou encore d'universitaires, les femmes ont scruté, analysé et raconté le passé. Au cours des XIX e et XX e siècles, dans des conditions parfois adverses, elles ont emprunté des voies multiples pour s'adonner à la pratique de l'histoire. Lorsque l'on pose un regard sur leurs contributions souvent reléguées aux marges du champ scientifique, c'est tout un écosystème de production du savoir historique qui se révèle sous nos yeux. S'affadit ainsi l'image d'Épinal du grand chercheur génial et solitaire, souvent masculin. Au-delà de la galerie de personnages qu'elle fait (re)découvrir, cette histoire des femmes historiennes nous enjoint à réfléchir aux modalités de la professionnalisation du métier et, surtout, à considérer la dimension foncièrement collective du travail de fabrication d'une science.

À propos de ce livre

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Profession historienne? Femmes et pratique de l'histoire au Canada français, XIXe-XXe siècles

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Femmes historiennes des XIXe et XXe siècles se trouvent au coeur de cet ouvrage, qui jette la lumière sur leurs importantes contributions dans la production et la diffusion des savoirs historiques.

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Abdin, Z.; Mérida, W. Hybrid energy systems for off-grid power supply and hydrogen production based on renewable energy: A techno-economic analysis. Energy Conversion and Management 2019, 196, 1068-1079. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2019.06.068.

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González-González, E.; Martín-Jiménez, J.; Sánchez-Aparicio, M.; Del Pozo, S.; Lagüela, S. Evaluating the standards for solar PV installations in the Iberian Peninsula: Analysis of tilt angles and determination of solar climate zones. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 2022, 49, 101684. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2021.101684.

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Christiaanse, T. V.; Loonen, R. C. G. M.; Evins, R. Techno-economic optimization for grid-friendly rooftop PV systems - A case study of commercial buildings in British Columbia. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 2021, 47, 101320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2021.101320.

Mangiante, M. J.; Whung, P.-Y.; Zhou, L.; Porter, R.; Cepada, A.; Campirano, E.; Torres, M. Economic and technical assessment of rooftop solar photovoltaic potential in Brownsville, Texas, U.S.A. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 2020, 80, 101450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2019.101450.

Imam, A. A.; Al-Turki, Y. A. J. S. Techno-economic feasibility assessment of grid-connected PV systems for residential buildings in Saudi Arabia-A case study. Sustainability, 2019, 12(1), 262. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12010262.

Chimres, N.; Wongwises, S. Critical review of the current status of solar energy in Thailand. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2016, 58, 198-207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.11.005.

Tongsopit, S. Thailand's feed-in tariff for residential rooftop solar PV systems: Progress so far. Energy for Sustainable Development, 2015, 29, 127-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2015.10.012.

Yoomak, S.; Patcharoen, T.; Ngaopitakkul, A. Performance and Economic Evaluation of Solar Rooftop Systems in Different Regions of Thailand. Sustainability, 2019, 11(23), 6647. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11236647.

Boddapati, V.; Nandikatti, A. S. R.; Daniel, S. A. Techno-economic performance assessment and the effect of power evacuation curtailment of a 50 MWp grid-interactive solar power park. Energy for Sustainable Development, 2021, 62, 16-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2021.03.005.

Sekyere, C. K. K.; Davis, F.; Opoku, R.; Otoo, E.; Takyi, G.; Atepor, L. Performance evaluation of a 20 MW grid-coupled solar park located in the southern oceanic environment of Ghana. Cleaner Engineering and Technology, 2021, 5, 100273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clet.2021.100273.

Kamdar, I.; Ali, S.; Taweekun, J.; Ali, H. M. Wind Farm Site Selection Using WAsP Tool for Application in the Tropical Region. Sustainability, 2021, 13(24). https://doi.org/10.3390/su132413718.

Waewsak, J.; Ali, S.; Gagnon, Y. Site suitability assessment of para rubberwood-based power plant in the southernmost provinces of Thailand based on a multi-criteria decision-making analysis. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2020, 137, 105545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2020.105545.

ABB. central inverters data sheet PVS800 - 500 to 1000 kW Retrieved from https://cdn.enfsolar.com/Product/pdf/Inverter/5d538c5f7f8a8.pdf. (accessed: 15 October 2022).

Kumar, N. M.; Das, P.; Krishna, P. R. (2017). Estimation of grid feed in electricity from roof integrated Si-amorph PV system based on orientation, tilt and available roof surface area. Paper presented at the 2017 International Conference on Intelligent Computing, Instrumentation and Control Technologies (ICICICT), 588-596, https://doi.org/10.1109/ICICICT1.2017.8342629.

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Chaianong, A.; Bangviwat, A.; Menke, C.; Darghouth, N. R. Cost-Benefit Analysis of Rooftop PV Systems on Utilities and Ratepayers in Thailand. Energies, 2019, 12(12), 2265. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12122265.

Pikas, E.; Kurnitski, J.; Thalfeldt, M.; Koskela, L. J. E. Cost-benefit analysis of nZEB energy efficiency strategies with on-site photovoltaic generation. Energy, 2017, 128, 291-301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.03.158.

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Techno-Economic Assessment of a 1 MW Solar PV Rooftop System at Thaksin University (Phatthalung Campus), Thailand

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Al-Ghussain, L.; Samu, R.; Taylan, O.; Fahrioglu, M. Techno-Economic Comparative Analysis of Renewable Energy Systems: Case Study in Zimbabwe. Inventions 2020, 5(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions5030027. Abdin, Z.; Mérida, W. Hybrid energy systems for off-grid power supply and hydrogen production based on renewable energy: A techno-economic analysis. Energy Conversion and Management 2019, 196, 1068-1079.

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The Acadian Forest of New Brunswick in the 21st century: what shifting heat and water balance imply for future stand dynamics and management

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Andrianjafitrimo-Magdelaine, Valérie et Marc Arino. Îles/Elles. Résistances et revendications féminines dans les îles des Caraïbes et de l'océan Indien (XVIIIe-XXIe siècles). Saint-Denis : K'A, 2015.

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Représentation contemporaine de la femme mahoraise dans l'archipel des Comores : une lecture du roman Mon mari est plus qu'un fou : c'est un homme de Nassur Attoumani

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Abderémane, Wadjih S.M. " De l'arabité et de l'africanité dans les contes comoriens ". Dir. Malela, Buata B, Linda Rasoamanana et Rémi A. Tchokothe. Les littératures de l'archipel des Comores. Paris : Classiques Garnier, 2017. 307-323. Andrianjafitrimo-Magdelaine, Valérie et Marc Arino. Îles/Elles. Résistances et revendications féminines dans les îles des Caraïbes et de l'océan Indien (XVIIIe-XXIe siècles).

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13

March 2023
I dislike order and disorder, in that order.
JEREMY TENENBAUM, FOUNDING EDITOR,
with ALEC CALDER JOHNSSON, ARIA BRASWELL, EMILY ZIDO, AND GABRIELLE DECKER

AND WITH ADDITIONAL GLORY VIA BETSY HERBERT, BRENNA DINON, BRITNY PERILLI, KELLY RALABATE, NICK PERILLI, ROSANNE LEE BYRNES, AND VICTORIA MIER

Cover and Event Images: 50 Great Ghost Stories, artist(s) uncredited

Angel Dionne
Three Poems

"Vulgar Little Trinkets"

_and a white background is always easier to work with. _ Winter is for mining crystals it's a banner of shadowed sky -- Winter brokers a deal with God,
............... _Winter sells handmade objects, _ Sells peculiarities, little knick-knacks and tchotchkes Vulgar little trinkets _and creatively crafted creatures _ In the shape of tiny deer and marionettes.

"Edible Bivalves"

In swamp-dwelling dreams they synthesize.
In dreams of bedding,
dreams of tattered tongues,
and swollen fingertips.
In hair torn from sea-scalp
and translucent sea-foam skin.

"Ancient Language"

Howie Good
Four Collages

"From The Retina Of A Drowned Man"

"Nameless Faceless"

"Ministry Of Culture 2.0"

"A Lunar Poem"

Misplaced at outsetHe copies her face in spadesa pyramidal-- -- -- Inside a storyrequired to dosleeping by an inkwellthem to share with moon -pronouns makes a case
moon
with
belonging to
knows a different speed -
what an angle can do -
a nude Futurist paints
whose moon?
a crystalline fall
-- -- -- -- -- -- --
An exaggerated set of
compromises meets its maker
is not impressed -- -- -- --
An exaggerated set of
her eyes
before
she has even opened
her horoscope is true
his own body
an edge of a pencil
delicately sharpened
between rock and -
rises to greet beginning -

"Apocalypse Don't Matter"

Apocalypse don't matter, babyfashions are becoming something new -hunker down and blend in with salt-- -- -- in ovums -- -- -- cows areand every little Ava-birdPeople, ready?And every little badger is a spout ofmanning ships with stiltsAs enigmatic as trip stonesa soloist feels sadyou were wondering what fell into youyou were wondering what sheis an allegroNo apple thereGo to a fountWait what what?
to you or your mom
hey hey hey how is a body drawn?
of a city
humbling themselves before him
lapses in softest middle
People, ready to take back badger land?
insistence on one way to perish -
they delete you from your vision
as bewildered as sight
at loss of his apple
one day before she came
might have to tell you
of a new posture
to erase tissue -
as if dwelling with a wordling
Dialogic insistence
remembers to shuffle
becomes a synonym -- --
baby birthmarked blue.
like walking out into a city
shrouded in fruit trees
so say to pay
_forward _for islands
to build a new visage in your center -
CLOTH of SIGHT
an occupied
state of a union there
under Frank's law
New humanists go:
with an eye of god
as you
in honey body

Heather Rutherford
"Alone With Elvis"

Beth married Elvis at the courthouse three days after she told him she was pregnant. She'd spent the last four months quietly, secretly vomiting in the last stall of the women's bathroom at work and pretending to drink coffee and beer. Her pants had grown tight; her fear had grown unmanageable. Elvis, her first, was the first baseman for the minor league team that employed her as an administrative assistant. When she told him she was late -- very late -- he'd whooped, scooped her up, spun her around. She'd rushed behind his truck, vomited in the parking lot. When he said, "We're getting married. We'll be a family," Beth stopped crying. After a city hall ceremony, they waited at the kitchen table for Beth's mother to come home from work. Her mother pushed through the apartment door, eyed them, and said, "Let me change out of my uniform and get a shower." She disappeared into the bathroom that she and Beth shared. Beth took Elvis's rough-knuckled hands across the Formica table. "This'll be hard. She had me when she was seventeen. She didn't want this for me." "But, darlin', you're nineteen and have In awe of her handsome, her tall, her strong Elvis, Beth couldn't believe that he'd loved her back. But he had. He did. He said, "I have a job and Mama and Daddy will help out." Beth loved his confidence, his optimism. She said, "Let me do the talking." me." He squeezed her fingers and grinned.

#

Beth's mother went still and silent as Beth dumped the baby and the marriage out into her tiny, dark kitchen. "Ma," she pleaded. "Say something." Her mother flicked her eyes at Elvis. "How old are you?" He straightened up, broadened his chest. His spiked, gelled hair, black and shiny, grazed the light dangling above the table. "Twenty-four, ma'am." "How much do you make playing baseball?" His Adam's apple, covered in black stubble, slid down his throat. "Well, I don't know the exact figures, the total, I mean. But it's more than I need. My check's direct-deposited into the bank back home. In Tennessee. I get three hundred dollars a week, walking around money." "You Beth opened her mouth to object to this comparison, but Elvis spoke first. "My daddy's my manager. His name's Elvis, too. He's named after the real Elvis, and I'm named after him. Daddy handles the money." get?" She glared at Elvis, then turned to her daughter. "My God, he's a puppy who hasn't grown into his legs."

#

They drove south to Tennessee to celebrate the news with his parents. Hoping to calm her nerves, she replayed what Elvis had told her of his conversation with them. "Well, of course they were surprised," he'd said. "I won't lie, Mama's disappointed she won't get to plan a wedding. Daddy said he's proud of me doing the right thing. Being a man and taking responsibility. But they're more than happy about their first grandbaby." Her nerves hadn't calmed the least bit. Jangled and jittery, she stared out the passenger window at I-40. "Baby names... Do you have any ideas?" Her husband snorted. "Hell yeah, I do. It's Elvis. If he's a boy. And Maria if he's a girl." Beth flinched. Maria was his mother's name. Elvis sang along with the country song on the radio. The gold wedding band on her left-handed first baseman flared in the sun as he drummed his fingers on the steering wheel. She'd tucked the baby name library book into the outside pocket of her overnight bag. "I was thinking something more... I don't know, like William or Thomas?" She reached for the book. He shook his head. "No way. Elvis the Third." He glanced at her. "What's wrong?" Beth pulled her hand back into her lap. Her voice cracked when she said, "I love you. But I can't name our child Elvis. Between you, your father, and the real Elvis: that's too many Elvises." His jaw grew hard. Beth wished he'd shaved the prickly black fuzz that shadowed his chin. "Well," he said. "I didn't know you hated my name." "I don't. I don't hate your name. I want our baby to have his He planted his baseball-mitt-sized hand on her belly. "It's a boy in there. I can feel it. Mama said when she was expecting, she knew I was a boy. Can you tell? Does he feel like a boy?" Beth stared at him. How could she know what a boy felt like? How could he expect her to? In the most neutral way she could muster, she said, "I don't know." "We'll ask Mama when we get home. I can't wait to get some real, home-cooked food. You gotta learn to make my favorites. She'll show you -- " "Elvis, I've been cooking since I was eight years old, since I could reach the stove, the microwave." "I mean cooking for a Beth had nearly unraveled with relief when Elvis said_ I do_. She didn't want to appear ungrateful. "I don't have the time or money to cook gourmet meals for you. I work and go to school -- " "Well, you don't have to do either of those anymore. We'll live here, at home, when the baby comes. So you won't be alone when I'm on the road." "What? I thought we were getting an apartment back home." "Back home?" He pointed to the exit sign. His hometown was speckled against a mountain. Clumps of split-levels sat behind cars that languished in varying states of disrepair in gravel driveways. "_This Elvis softened his voice. "Remember when we first met?" He waited for her nod. "And I took you out to dinner at that real nice place? You told me you didn't want, you didn't She said, "We'll talk "I can give you whatever you want." He kissed her on the cheek. "But I own name. Or her own name." Beth craned her neck, turning her head to look up and down the street, hoping there was more to "downtown" than one block. Elvis parked in front of an insurance office, where a woman sat at her desk near the front window, painting her nails. Beth thought of her thirty-six-year-old mother, eyes hollowed with fatigue, her expression bitter with disappointment. Until that moment, Beth had felt sure she'd escaped her mother's manless, poverty tightrope existence. But Elvis planned to leave her alone while he traveled with the team, the team that had been her life since high school graduation. She would be alone with his family, alone in his town, her income gone. She imagined herself sleeping alone in his childhood bed, under an Atlanta Braves quilt, hand-stitched by his mama, while he signed autographs outside locker rooms up and down the east coast. Beth thought she felt very real Baby Elvis flutter inside of her. She turned to his father -- the puppy who hadn't grown into his legs -- and said, "I can't." He yanked his truck into gear. "You can." Beth pushed open the door. Only a week ago, she'd bolted out of the same door and vomited. She stepped onto the sidewalk and took the biggest risk she could imagine by standing on uneven cement, staring through the open truck door at her Elvis. She needed him to take her seriously, park his truck so they could sit down -- maybe in the empty diner, a HELP WANTED sign in its window -- and compromise. She shuddered at the chance he'd shout at her, "Get in the goddam truck." Instead, he smiled. "What in the hell are you doin', darlin'?" He reached across the seat, held out his hand. "Come on, now. Get back in the truck. We'll talk it out." man." His fingers splayed across her bloated abdomen. "You and your mama make food out of a box." She hesitated, rubbed her wedding band with her thumb. He wiggled his fingers, a "come here" gesture. "Sure." Beth took Elvis's hand, his fingers warm and strong, and he hauled her into the truck without leaving his seat. He pulled his keys from the ignition, dropped them into the cup holder, and turned to her. He would never have left her alone on the street. He was a good, responsible man who loved her. He wanted this child, their child. Unsure where to begin, she stalled. "Can you give me a minute?" is home." He patted her knee, turned into town. "Look. See how nice this is?" At 4:30 this morning, they'd tiptoed out of his apartment, muffling their laughter at whoever snored and sprawled on his roommate's couch. Elvis had insisted on leaving in the dark early morning. He'd said, "Mama gets dinner on the table at 5:30 every night. I know better than to be late." Beth forced out, "I don't want to live with your parents. You didn't ask how I felt." Beth expected him to argue, but he only blinked. "It's important to me to finish school and work." need, _fancy. You wanted quiet. You wanted safe. Here it is. Now you're my wife, with my baby in your belly; it's my job to keep you both safe." "You want to tell me how you expect to take care of our baby while you're doing that?" "Elvis -- " "That's no way to raise a child, Beth." "How would you know?" Her raised voice surprised both of them. "We can't go to your parents' house yet. We need to get on the same page." He shook his head, snatched up his keys, started his truck. "They're expecting me. Us." Beth had learned about probability in her business math class. She wished she could plug into a formula: "risk of becoming her mother" and "risk of living with Elvis's parents" and solve for "how to be happy enough." If she didn't finish school, she'd never be an accountant. If Elvis got called up to the majors, would she need to be an accountant? If she didn't finish school and Elvis never played for the majors, would they -- would she and her child -- be trapped in his parents' house? He slowed the truck, turned into a smooth, newly asphalted driveway. "Here we are. Home." The neighbors had gravel driveways; Beth wondered if Elvis's salary had paid for this upgrade. His parents -- soft, round, old -- rushed into the front yard to greet them. Elvis looked nothing like either of them. His mother wore an actual apron over her dress. Elvis Senior's hair appeared to have been very recently dyed very black. Dark stains smudged his hairline at his forehead and temples. Beth caught herself. They loved her Elvis. Surely, she'd find a way to love them, too. Elvis' father whacked his son's right shoulder. "Junior! Welcome home!" Elvis shook his father's hand. "Good to be home, Daddy. I go by 'Elvis,' now, I've told you that. Hey, Mama." He bent down and hugged his mother long and hard. "Don't be silly!" Laughing, she stood on her toes and held Elvis's cheeks in her hands. "You're Junior, and this little one..." She turned to Beth, placed both hands on her abdomen. "And this is Elvis the Third. You can call him Tripp! Welcome home, Betsy." Beth endured a hug from Elvis's father, allowed his mother to guide her inside and tie an apron around her expanding waist. She helped make biscuits while Elvis and his father watched and yelled at something on television. He hadn't looked at her since they'd arrived. She excused herself to "their room," Elvis's old room, and found a peeling wood crib with rusted hardware at the end of the bed. The bedsprings creaked when she sat on the quilt sewn of his childhood baseball jerseys. before we get to your parents' house." She called her mother. can drive and talk at the same time, you know." Elvis joked when he was uneasy.

Jasper Glen
Three Poems

"Playtime"

"Drop Acid"

"Art"

Art: life of endless recreation, Really swill waves in sanctimonious Phrasolms. A bell in a beauty box, For instance, victim spot, notoriously At night I need release the art. Fly my pantalons wet with nutrition 'cross my bedcrease; girls easily Crinolined there where I feel One for the first time lying/false Asleep.

"The Man Who Whistled This"

Lord, I'm just talking here --
not praying, not asking, just talking.
Maybe someday I'll understand my part
in all this -- rub the belly of my crook-potted
father for luck with the crink-siding's fecal
matter of the barn, those dainty clappers
of time fully colt-throated. Maybe not.
But I sure would like my happy back.
It's good to rub one's eyes at times like this.
I'd rub my eyes back to youth, but there's
nothing there to see. What the fuck, God,
I need a memory, a solid. As for the rest --
all shake and fallow. My mouth grows
weary from not speaking of the kiss.
Do not bring to your lips those things
you cannot say grace before I was told
when forced into the anchorhold
to feast upon the breast of night
in culprit with the idiot salvation
of the cat's self-licking for no suitor
other than Death -- an example for all,
I guess, for the best part of prayer is
the lack of words, I've long believed,
where everybody's memory arc is finally
cast into the hot lakes puddling our eyes,
tampered with fossil feet. We cannot see
the smoke of the postcards trapped in this
stroke house, but we've got to have this
house beneath our feet, to be the dog
that digs the grave of wooded belief
before Life's hard-on of gristle and rust
bespokes our weary engines. In short, God,
I'm trying to tell you the name of the town
where my chickens are, my roostless siblings
and sires -- those hard-spun knuckles extruded by
the awarenal teeth of night as the sudden birds,
crotch-stabbed in ecstasy, gypsy their way
into glass. Amen.

"Tonight This Night"

Once I sprung myself from
the heartland factory trap I
could not be stopped I was a
bullet aimed at the heart of the
matter I FLEW to the ocean that
swallows the sun bounced off its
brittle morning twice but on that
lucky third thrust pierced a house
of mad men walking up the morning
coast feet bare pants rolled up pipe stuck
in mouth JAUNTY I was playing with dogs
laughing children telling musical life stories
with others slowly the ocean opened its mouth
gulped the sun's fallopian swim to the morning's
east birth slowly I walked faster stronger deeper
did my footprints break the waves at my passing
through less light dogs children others deeper
did I walk longer could not stop the heart of
matter closing in yes it was dark could
still see little rested little took a step
another walking fast as before sun
swallowed cannot see ocean only
hear waves when seen seem small
under black sound huge don't look at
sky for fear of God's Great Knowledge
of Infinite causing Infinite Fear for speck
of dust seeing behind clouds into Heaven's
Heart of Matter begging take my wish away
on this ultimate falling up into spiraling hole
spinning down Pray for Hand To Catch Me
but do not believe so close eyes with own
eyes ears with own ears and know with
own knowing that tonight this night
is New Year's Eve forever.

Contributors

ANGEL DIONNE is an English professor at the University of Moncton Edmundston campus. She finished her PhD in creative writing at the University of Pretoria in 2020, and she is the author of a chapbook of strange flash fiction entitled BRONWYN HUGHES is a certified public accountant who recently completed her MFA in creative writing from Randolph College. She enjoys beekeeping, filmmaking, and boating on the many creeks and rivers feeding the Chesapeake Bay. Bronwyn lives in Tidewater, VA, with her partner and a Maine coon cat. Her work has appeared in HEATHER RUTHERFORD is published or is forthcoming in HOWIE GOOD, Ph.D. professor emeritus of digital media and journalism at SUNY New Paltz, is the author of some dozen poetry collections, including most recently JASPER GLEN's poems appear or are forthcoming in KATHLEEN ZAMBONI MCCORMICK's writing has been published in MARTIN PERLMAN is a writer living in Seattle. Previous published work has been included in MATT DENNISON is the author of SUSAN EVE HAAR is a writer and playwright living in New York City. Her essays and short stories have been published in Inanimate Objects (Bottlecap Press) as well as co-editor of an anthology entitled Atherton Review, El Portal, The Horses Were Beautiful from Grey Book Press and AGOTT, Apricity Magazine, armarolla, Rosebud Magazine, Kind Surgery (Urtica Press, Fr.) and CRAFT, North Dakota Quarterly, Pembroke Magazine, and other places. Her plays have been published in The Best Women's Stage Monologues 2020 and 2018, Monologues for Headspace Theatre: Radical Thinking Inside a Box 2019, and The Best Ten-Minute Plays 2018, all published by Smith & Kraus. Her work has been produced at a variety of venues including Primary Stages, Women's Project Theater, and the Edinburgh Festival. She is the winner of the 2021 Chester B. Himes Memorial Fiction Prize and the recipient of a Sloan Foundation commission. Check out susanevehaar.com. Waiting for Better (Main Street Rag Press). His work has appeared in Verse Daily, Rattle, Bayou Magazine, Redivider, The MacGuffin, The Spoon River Poetry Review, and Cider Press Review, among others. He has also made short films with Michael Dickes, Swoon, Marie Craven, and Jutta Pryor. Santa Barbara Connexions, Skeptical Inquirer, Drash - A Northwest Mosaic, and Catamaran (winter 2023). He wrote a whimsical novel, Thinks Out Loud, A Blog at First (Marrow Press). In his non-writing time, he likes to bend notes on a blues harp. El Portal, Euphony, Flights, Good Works Review, Green Hills Literary Lantern, South Carolina Review, Tulsa Review, Maryland Literary Review, and many other publications. She has received numerous awards, including the 2016 Foreword Reviews Gold Medal in Humor and the 2019 TopShelf Book Award for First Novel (under 60,000 words) for Dodging Satan, which was shortlisted for a Rubery Award in Fiction. She has participated in many writing conferences and served as keynote speaker at a number of meetings, including the 2009 International Conference on Reading and Writing in Malmö, Sweden, and the 2015 University of Florida Writing Program Conference. She has a PhD in English from the University of Connecticut, was on the faculty at Carnegie Mellon University, and is currently Professor of Literature and Writing at Purchase College, SUNY. Amsterdam Quarterly, Apricity Magazine, BlazeVOX, Cathexis Northwest Press, Fauxmoir, NiftyLit, Posit, Phantom Kangaroo, Tofu Ink, WordCity Literary Journal, and elsewhere. He holds a BA in philosophy and a JD. He lives in Vancouver, BC. Swimming in Oblivion: New and Selected Poems from Redhawk Publications. His handmade collages have appeared or are forthcoming in Mayday, Sulphur Surrealist Jungle, Defunkt, Drunk Monkeys, Blue as Orange, decomp, The Offshoot, Mad Swirl, Mercurius Magazine, Scapegoat Review, Wrongdoing, Willows Wept Review, Writers Resist, Kitchen Table Quarterly, Mobius, and Otoliths. He co-edits the journal Unlost, dedicated to found poetry. Euphony Journal, Life in 10 Minutes Online Magazine, Literally Stories, The MacGuffin, riverSedge, and Stirring: A Literary Collection. She has attended numerous writing workshops, including Teaching Writing in the Community; classes at the Virginia Fine Arts Museum Studio School; and "Life in 10 Minutes," a Richmond writing school, online magazine, and press. Heather grew up in upstate New York and escaped the cold by attending the University of Richmond to earn a bachelor's degree in English literature. She and her family live in Richmond, VA, where she taught yoga and meditation for fourteen years and writes and edits the yoga center newsletter. Heather has raised two kids and several Labrador Retrievers, including two yellows named Huckleberry Finn and Scout Finch. Clackamas Literary Review, Evening Street Review, Isele Magazine, Hawaii Pacific Review, The Quiet Reader, and Sinister Wisdom. Rape Culture 101: Programming Change (Demeter Press). Her work has appeared in Chicken Soup for the Soul, JAKE, Sein Und Werden, The Molotov Cocktail, The Missing Slate, The Peculiar Mormyrid, Crack the Spine Anthology, Everyday Fiction, Narrow Doors in Wide Green Fields, Surrealists and Outsiders, Good Morning Magazine, Garfield Lake Review, and Litbreak Magazine. She currently lives in Canada with her wife and cats. LAURA CARTER lives and writes in Atlanta, where she got her MFA in 2007. She has hosted many reading series and also published nine chapbooks and numerous book reviews and individual poems.

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"ArtWell was founded in 2000 to respond to the chronic community violence in Philadelphia by introducing a preventive, educational, arts-oriented approach to reach underserved communities and youth facing discrimination, poverty, violence, and the everyday challenges of growing up. Our mission is to support young people and their communities through multidisciplinary arts expression, education, and creative reflection to celebrate their strengths, thrive while facing complex challenges, and awaken their dreams." Charity Navigator The people who have worked on this publication support this cause and we urge you to as well.

Thank you!

Submission & Contact
To submit or send comments, questions, or suggestions, please email the editors at Join our debonair mailing list for news about upcoming issues, in-person events, performances, and whatever else we dream up to make all our lives more complicated and exquisite.
SORTES is?

SORTES is a spinning collection of stories, poems, songs, and illustrations to help while away the wintery June nights. It's an oddball grabbag wunderkammer mixtape offering distraction and refreshment. We have neither theme nor scene. Each issue is its own creature. We publish both the sufficiently strange and insufficiently boring: swart stories, hoity poetry, magical surrealism, beatnik travelogues, hard modern haiku, pulp, fantasia, antibiography, crooning balladeering, experimental sentimentalism, and grainy sideways photography. We also host online readings, old time radio performances, and other beloved gimmicks as they occur to us. Previous issues are available via the site's Archive link.

Submitting

SORTES considers unsolicited submissions of poetry, prose, illustration, music, videos, and anything else you think may fit our format. Feel free to poke us; we'd love to find a way to publish dance, sculpture, puzzles, and other un-literary modalities. SORTES is published quarterly. Each issue includes approximately ten works of lit, visual, or performance art. We like a small number of works per issue: artists and readers should have a chance to get to know each other. SORTES, you'll notice, is primarily a black-and-white publication, and we like to play with that (by featuring monochrome videos and photography, for example), but we'll happily consider your polychrome submission. Submissions are ongoing throughout the year. We consider artists with both extensive and limited publishing experience. We accept simultaneous submissions but please inform us if your work has been accepted elsewhere. And while there's no restriction on the number of pieces you can submit, please have a heart. There's no need for an extensive cover letter or publication history but please tell us who you are, what kind of writing or art you do, and a bit about what you're sending us. There are no formatting requirements for text submissions. There is no fee to submit. Please send submissions as email attachments whenever possible; multimedia submissions may be sent as links.

Rights

You asked and we provide: what's up with publication rights and ownership? Simple: When you publish with us, you give SORTES one-time publication right for your work. You retain all right to your work after publication. Work published with SORTES will remain available via our online Archive. While SORTES retains the right to link to or excerpt your published work, we do not have the right to publish your work in new formats (including print). If we would like to pursue publication of your work in new formats, we'll ask you and hopefully agree to terms.

Mahoffs

SORTES was created by Jeremy Eric Tenenbaum and Kevin Travers. It's edited by Alec Calder Johnsson, Aria Braswell, Emily Zido, Gabrielle Decker, with additional verve by Betsy Herbert, Brenna Dinon, Britny Perilli, Kelly Ralabate, Nick Perilli, Rosanna Lee Byrnes, and Victoria Mier. Many of us live in Philadelphia but we invite writers and artists everywhere to live the SORTES dream.

Events

SORTES regularly offers readings and performances.
For upcoming events, please check here and our Facebook page.

A Reading For

SORTES Issue 13, "You And I Should Own A Copper Mine"

Sunday, April 16, 2023* @ 7pm EST

You and I should stay in more. You and I should write all the books we'll never get around to reading. You and I should Zoom room to room. You and I should tune into SORTE's Issue 13 reading -- live via Zoom! -- where we'll meet some or all of the following stars: Angel DionneWe tried our best, but our host will be editor Jeremy Eric Tenenbaum.
Bronwyn Hughes
Heather Rutherford
All SORTES events are free, public, and incontrovertible.
Howie Good
Jasper Glen
Kathleen Zamboni McCormick
Laura Carter
Martin Perlman
Matt Dennison
Susan Eve Haar

ID: 826 7516 0639
Passcode: 834062
Call in: https://us02web.zoom.us/u/kbnUFjupWu

Radio SORTES

Archive
"Scary SORTESies To Tell In The Dark," October 30, 2022
On October 30, 2022, Radio SORTES presented three ghastly and unnerving old time radio stories, including original adaptations of Arch Oboler's "The Dark," Ray Bradbury's "There Will Come Soft Rains," and
and Oscar Wilde's "The Canterville Ghost," plus poetry from "Weird Tales" magazine. Our infernal Radio SORTES Players included Betsy Herbert * Brenna Dinon * Christina Rosso * Demree McGhee * Emily Zido * Evan Myers * Iris Johnston * Kelly Ralabate * Lino * Luke Condzal * and Rosanna Lee Byrnes. The performance was written, produced, and scored by Jeremy Eric Tenenbaum. Radio SORTES is an unnatural extracurricular extension of SORTES magazine, whose events and readings are always free, open to all, and ideally less than two hours. See SORTES.co for inexpressibly brilliant literature, art, and upcoming events.
A 1950s Western / Sci-Fi Double-Feature, February 25, 2022 The 39 Steps, February 19, 2021 Halloween Eve Special, October 30, 2020 Introduction Suspense, "The House in Cypress Canyon" Commercial Inner Sanctum Mysteries, "Voice on the Wire"
The talented Radio SORTES Players performed two old time radio episodes broadcast live via ethereal wireless right to our audience's home receivers. We galloped into the unknown with a 1950s western / sci-fi double-feature: The Six Shooter episode "Battle at Tower Rock" and the Dimension X episode "A Logic Named Joe" -- each with music and convincing sound effects. The all-star Radio SORTES players were: Abbey Minor * Betsy Herbert * Brenna Dinon * Brian Maloney * Britny Brooks * Daniel DiFranco * Dwight Evan Young * Emily Zido * Evan Myers * Iris Johnston * Jeremy Eric Tenenbaum * Kailey Tedesco * Kelly Ralabate * Kevin Travers * Luke Condzal * Nicholas Perilli * Rachel Specht * Rosanna Byrnes * and Victoria Mier. Radio SORTES -- an unnatural extracurricular extension of SORTES magazine -- was produced and directed by Kevin Travers and Jeremy Eric Tenenbaum. Radio SORTES is always free, open to all, and less than two hours. See SORTES.co for upcoming events.

The Radio SORTES Players performed this classic adventure story, written by John Buchan and adapted by Jeremy Eric Tenenbaum from Hitchcock's 1935 film and the 1937 Lux Radio production. It starred Brenna Dinon * Heather Bowlan * Rosanna Byrnes * Betsy Herbert * Iris Johnston * Warren Longmire * Brian Maloney * Britny Brooks * Nicholas Perilli * Kelly Ralabate * Dwight Evan Young * Emily Zido * Victoria Mier * Jeremy Eric Tenenbaum * and Kevin Travers.

The Radio SORTES players presented a live Halloween Eve special: two programs of classic old time radio horrors. The shows -- including dialogues, music, and sound effects -- were performed for a live Zoom audience. The Suspense episode "The House in Cypress Canyon" was originally broadcast December 5, 1946 and the Inner Sanctum Mysteries episode "Voice on the Wire" was originally broadcast November 29, 1944. Both programs were performed by Kevin Travers * Sean Finn * Britny Perilli * Don Deeley * Brian Maloney * Betsy Herbert * Kyle Brown Watson * Nicholas Perilli * Emma Pike * Susan Clarke * and Jeremy Eric Tenenbaum. Between episodes, we presented an original commercial in period style written and performed by Kevin Travers.

Odd Lots
Announcements & Correspondence
Announcements

"peeling the yellow wallpaper" by Monica Robinson is an experimental collection of prose, poetry, and art created as a reaction to (and distinctly not a retelling of) Charlotte Perkins Gilman's "The Yellow Wallpaper," which is unfortunately more and more relevant by the day. This eclectic collection was released September 10, 2022 at a party held by The Spiral Bookcase and is available both from spiralbookcase.com and the author's own sites mrobinsonwrites.com and etsy.com/shop/captalucem.

Correspondence

No Gimmicks

"SORTES continues to ascend the summit of artistic authenticity with every new issue its editors publish, showcasing the works of talented writers in a clean format that is accessible to the reader. There are no gimmicks here or busy links to click through, just the authors and their words. Read em'."

James Feichthaler, September 8, 2022
James, we appreciate your words mammothly but we delicately disagree: SORTES is one transparent gimmick after another. It's a ruse wrapped in a gambit baked inside a flaky shenanigan potpie.
Missed Connection

"You: M/early 30s olive skin and a nose like a fleur-de-lis, burgundy sweater, pumpkin scarf. Me: F/38 eating olives out of pumpkin rind, lily patterned dress
The bartender sent me a glass of burgundy 'from the gentleman' and you tipped your hat. We talked about SORTES, the paper magazine on the internet, and sang karaoke of our favorite submissions. Drunk on bons mots and pithe, you knocked over the wunderkammer and were ejected by the bouncer. Let's meet and collage a poem!"

Iris Johnston, September 12, 2022
Me: That's the nicest thing anyone has ever said about my nose.
Credit and Debit

Shop

A SORTES Sampler 2
SORTES is a mostly online journal, you know, but periodically we go physical. We've just published A SORTES Sampler 2, this slender tasty book collecting weird fiction by Max D. Stanton, surrealist collage art by Danielle Gatto Hirano, and a poetry cycle by Uri Rosenshine. It's a handsomely designed but affordable little snack of a book. We have incredibly limited copies on hand, and every day they become incredibly more limited, so leap today. OR BUY IN PERSON: If you're in Philadelphia, please gobble up your copy from: Brickbat Books
Head & Hand Books
A Novel Idea on Passyunk
The Spiral Bookcase

We're currently accepting the timely currencies PayPal and Venmo:

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13 March 2023 I dislike order and disorder, in that order. JEREMY TENENBAUM, FOUNDING EDITOR, with ALEC CALDER JOHNSSON, ARIA BRASWELL, EMILY ZIDO, AND GABRIELLE DECKER AND WITH ADDITIONAL GLORY VIA BETSY HERBERT, BRENNA DINON, BRITNY PERILLI, KELLY RALABATE, NICK PERILLI, ROSANNE LEE BYRNES, AND VICTORIA MIER Cover and Event Images: 50 Great Ghost Stories, artist(s) uncredited "Vulgar Little Trinkets" _and a white background is always easier to work with.

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Émergence(s) du genre romanesque en Acadie : Elle et Lui (1940) d’Antoine-J. Léger et Pointe-aux-Coques (1958) d’Antonine Maillet

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Faculty of Nursing, Université de Moncton, Edmundston, New Brunswick, Canada (Dr Emond); Faculty of Nursing, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Québec, Canada (Dr de Montigny); Faculty of Nursing, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada (Ms Webster); Department of Social Work, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Québec, Canada (Dr Zeghiche); and Emergency/ICU Department, Edmundston Regional Hospital, Vitalité Health Network, Edmundston, New Brunswick, Canada (Ms Bossé)

Correspondence: Tina Emond, PhD, RN, Faculty of Nursing, Université de Moncton, Campus d'Edmundston, 165, Blvd Hébert, Edmundston, NB E3V 2S8, Canada ().

The authors have disclosed that they have no significant relationships with, or financial interest in, any commercial companies pertaining to this article.

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Compassionate Care for Parents Experiencing Miscarriage in... : Advances in Nursing Science

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onate care for parents experiencing miscarriage in the ED, based on 4 concepts (change trigger, transition properties, conditions of change, and interventions). This theory evolved from a comprehensive review of the literature, 2 empirical studies, Transitions Theory, and collaborative efforts of an experienced team.

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Morin, S., Savoie, L., Pelland, M.-A., & Boudeau, L. C. (2023). Wanting or consenting : gender, consent and sexual violence. (Chapitre 1)
Boudreau, L. C., Savoie, L., Pelland, M.-A., & Morin, S. (2023). Sexual consent : its importance in the New Brunswick school curriculum. (Chapitre 10)

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Ending Gender-Based Violence, Print Edition
Harnessing Research for Social Change

Catherine Holtmann, Sue O'Donnell, and Linda Neilson (Ed.)

Captus University Publications, ISBN 978-1-55322-429-7 (2023)
306 pages, 410 g, 6 X 9, $61.25 (US$49.00)

Gender-based violence (GBV) is a major social and public health issue in Canada and around the globe. The concepts of gender, identity, culture, risk, and consent used in the analysis of GBV cases are socially constructed and constrained by the contextual social understandings of our time. GBV policy and intervention approaches, therefore, must address the complexities and nuance of GBV situations experienced by groups and individuals across ethnicity, race, gender, sexuality, ability, age, and class. This is why collaborative, action-oriented research has been the cornerstone of the Canadian response to gender-based violence.

Ending Gender-Based Violence: Harnessing Research for Social Change presents some of the most recent research findings on gender-based violence in three content areas: (1)&nbspfoundational issues related to GBV research and methods of inquiry; (2)&nbspGBV interventions; and (3)&nbspperspectives on how systems and institutional structures influence GBV experiences, responses, and resolutions. Through showing the complexity, diversity, and context in understanding and responding to gender-based violence in Canada, the contributors advocate for the strengthening and coordination of collaborative efforts and the importance of considering and bringing together diverse perspectives.

Written from diverse disciplinary, methodological, and practice perspectives, this collection of multidisciplinary content is an invaluable resource for academic scholars, including students and researchers from various disciplines who are interested in GBV research and policy, decision makers seeking evidence to guide work related to gender-based violence, and professionals who provide services to people impacted by gender-based violence.

Highlights

Analysis of how the social construction of gender roles informs consent to sexual activity or actions to address intimate partner violence

Exploration of how research methods can empower but also further harm survivors of GBV

The problematization of GBV research and interventions that are not culturally informed or reflective of diversity

Analysis of how the child's best interests are ignored in child protection and family court processes that involve domestic or intimate partner violence

Introduction ( Catherine Holtmann and Sue O'Donnell)

Chapter 1 Wanting or Consenting: Gender, Consent, and Sexual Violence ( Sylvie Morin, Lise Savoie, Marie-Andrée Pelland, and Lyne Chantal)

Chapter 2 Using Participatory Verbatim Filmmaking with Youth to Address Gender-Based Cyberviolence ( Matt Rogers with Lida Milchenko and Ashley Morehouse)

Chapter 3 A Relational Approach to Violence Research: A Feminist Study on Women's Help-Seeking for Suicidality in the Wake of Intimate Partner Violence ( Petrea Taylor)

Chapter 4 Foundational Issues in Intimate Partner Violence Risk Assessment with Indigenous Populations ( Olivia Peters)

Chapter 5 Cultural Considerations of Intimate Partner Violence Offender Treatment in Canada: An Exploratory Study ( Mary Aspinall)

Chapter 6 Safety and Repair: A Three-Phase Approach for Addressing Intimate Partner Violence ( Tod Augusta Scott)

III Systemic and Structural Perspectives

Chapter 7 The Othering of Muslim Minorities and Intimate Partner Violence: Implications for Service Provision ( Misha Maitreyi and Catherine Holtmann)

Chapter 8 Parental Alienation Belief Versus Child Best Interests: Family Law in Crisis ( Linda C. Neilson)

Chapter 9 Child Protection and Intimate Partner Violence: Is the Family Service Act in New Brunswick Out of Date? ( Jenni Cammaert and Marilyn Dupré)

Chapter 10 Sexual Consent and Its Importance in New Brunswick's School Curriculum ( Lyne Chantal Boudreau, Lise Savoie, Marie-Andrée Pelland, and Sylvie Morin)

Conclusion
Concluding Comments ( Linda C. Neilson)
Notes on Contributors

Instructor Resources top

The websites of the research centres associated with the Alliance of Canadian Research Centres on Gender-Based Violence (https://alliancevaw.ca/centres/) offer invaluable resources for researchers and practitioners:

The Muriel McQueen Fergusson Centre for Family Violence Research (MMFC): https://www.unb.ca/mmfc/

The Centre for Research & Education on Violence against Women and Children (CREVAWC): http://learningtoendabuse.ca/

The FREDA Centre for Research on Violence against Women and Children: http://fredacentre.com/

RESOLVE: Research and Education for Solutions to Violence and Abuse - Alberta: https://www.ucalgary.ca/resolve/

RESOLVE: Research and Education for Solutions to Violence and Abuse - Manitoba: https://www.umanitoba.ca/centres/resolve/index.html

RESOLVE: Research and Education for Solutions to Violence and Abuse - Saskatchewan: https://research-groups.usask.ca/resolve/

RAIV: Recherches Appliquées et Interdisciplinaires sur les Violences intimes, familiales et structurelles: https://www.raiv.ulaval.ca/en

Catherine Holtmann, PhD, Professor and Chair of the Sociology Department and Director of the Muriel McQueen Fergusson Centre for Family Violence Research (MMFC) at the University of New Brunswick, has expertise in the areas of religion and gender, immigrants, and family violence. She is the co-editor of Religion, Gender, and Family Violence: When Prayers Are Not Enough (2018) and a co-author of Religion and Intimate Partner Violence: Understanding the Challenges and Proposing Solutions (2018).

Sue O'Donnell, RN, MN, PhD, Associate Professor and Associate Dean, Research and Graduate Studies, at the University of New Brunswick Faculty of Nursing, is broadly interested in violence, gender, and health. She is particularly interested in the intersection between gender and violence among men.

Linda C. Neilson, PhD, Professor Emerita and Research Fellow at the Muriel McQueen Fergusson Centre for Family Violence Research at the University of New Brunswick, is a non-practising lawyer and internationally recognized socio-legal scholar. Her career has been devoted to enhancing the well-being of families and children through judicial education, legal system analysis, and reform. Her fields include domestic and family violence, court systems, family law, conflict resolution, and sociology of law. Her work has influenced legal system policies and practices throughout Canada and beyond. Awards include two national awards in the conflict resolution field, faculty merit awards, University Research Scholar (2011-2013), and a national award for contributions to family violence research. She "retired" in 2016.

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Captus Catalogue: Ending Gender-Based Violence, Print Edition - Catherine Holtmann, Sue O'Donnell, and Linda Neilson

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Ending Gender-Based Violence, Print Edition Harnessing Research for Social Change Catherine Holtmann, Sue O'Donnell, and Linda Neilson (Ed.) Captus University Publications, ISBN 978-1-55322-429-7 (2023) 306 pages, 410 g, 6 X 9, $61.25 (US$49.00) Gender-based violence (GBV) is a major social and public health issue in Canada and around the globe.

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Sens de la transcendance. Études sur la spiritualité

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Après une généreuse introduction sur le sujet suivent des essais sur transcendance et spiritualité dans une perspective multidisciplinaire et multiconfessionnelle : religions abrahamiques, orientales, africaines, transcendance dans le nazisme, par exemple.

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Table of Contents

1. Introduction
Janette Bulkan, John Palmer, Anne M. Larson, and Mary Hobley
Part 1. Spaces for community forestry in State- and timber-dominated landscapes
2. The difficult art of carving space(s) for community forestry in the Quebec regime.
Luc Bouthillier, Guy Chiasson, and Hanneke Beaulieu

3. Community forestry in extractive reserves: The story of Verde para Sempre in Pará State, Brazil.
Katiuscia Fernandes Miranda, Manuel Amaral Neto, and Alison Pureza Castilho
Part 2. Multi-level governance and new governance approaches - Global
4. Non-timber forest product value chain development: Lessons from a University's 20-year partnership in the Maya Biosphere Reserve.
Megan Butler, David Wilsey, Dean Current, José Román Carrera, and Deanna Newsom

5. Pathways to community timber production: A comparative analysis of two well-established community-based forest enterprises in Mexico and Brazil.
Shoana Humphries, Karen A. Kainer, Dawn Rodriguez-Ward, Ana Luiza Violato Espada, Thomas P. Holmes, Pascual Blanco Reyes, Jones da Silva Santos, and Maria Margarida Ribeiro da Silva

6. Social Forestry and forest tenure conflicts in Indonesia.
Myrna Safitri

7. Commercial timber plantations as a means to land and economic restitution in South Africa.
Ratsodo Phillip Tshidzumba, Jeanette Clarke and Paxie W. Chirwa Part 3. Inter-agency collaborations in Community Forestry - USA
8. Community forestry in Australia: Caring for Country, land, and the bush.
Giselle Cruzado Melendez and Peter Kanowski

9. Old World and New World collision: Historic land grabs and the contemporary recovery of Indigenous land management practices in the western USA.
Janette Bulkan, John Palmer, Anne M. Larson, and Mary Hobley

10. Community forest ownership, rights, and governance regimes in the United States.
Kathleen A. McGinley, Susan Charnley, Frederick W. Cubbage and Reem Hajjar, Gregory E. Frey, John Schelhas, Meredith Hovis, and Kailey Kornhauser

11. Community-based forestry in the western United States: Reimagining the role of communities in federal forest management.
Cecilia Danks and Yvonne Everett

12. The Weaverville Community Forest: Putting community in the forest.
Patrick Frost and Kelly Sheen
Part 4. Voluntary forest certification schemes in community forestry
13. Community management of Native American, municipal, and private managed forests in northern California, USA.
Bill Wilkinson and April Sahara

14. Unfinished business: Rethinking certification for smallholders in Southeast Asia.
Aidan Flanagan, Stephen Midgley, and Peter Stevens

15. An assessment of FSC certification solutions for smallholders and community-managed forests.
Marion Karmann, Zandra Martinez, Joachim Meier-Dörnberg, and Vera Santos
Part 5. Indigenous forestry / all forest values including Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK)
16. Environmental and socio-economic impacts of community forestry and individual small-scale logging in Cameroon.
Raphael Tsanga, Paolo Omar Cerutti, Paule Pamela Tabi Eckebil, and Edouard Essiane Mendoula

17. The Mistik story: A community forestry approach to large-scale industrial forest management and production.
Sheri Andrews-Key, Stephen Wyatt, and Harry Nelson

18. Listening watchfully: Following the Liìl̓wat pathway towards reciprocal and relational forest research in Liìl̓wat Indigenous Territory, British Columbia, Canada.
Emily Doyle-Yamaguchi and Tonya Smith
Part 6. Community forestry associations, gender, landscapes
19. 'We all have this mother': Land tenure conflicts and Indigenous forest communities in Argentina.
Mónica Gabay and Ricardo Julián Apaza

20. Community forestry in British Columbia, Canada: History, successes, and challenges.
Jennifer Gunter

21. Achieving political rights, enhancing forest livelihoods: Latin American Indigenous and Afrodescendant women's views.
Omaira Bolaños Cárdenas and Iliana Monterroso

22. 'Community' agroforestry and landscape restoration: Towards recognition of the trade-offs and externalities of tree planting.
Laura A. German
Part 7. Politics and power in community forestry
23. 'If there is jangal (forest), there is everything': Exercising stewardship rights and responsibilities in van panchayat community forests, Johar Valley, Uttarakhand, India.
Madison Stevens and Ramesh Krishnamurthy

24. Disempowering democracy: Local representation in community and carbon forestry in Africa.
Melis Ece, James Murombedzi, and Jesse Ribot

25. Community Forestry in Myanmar: Centralised decentralisation under conflictual authoritarianism - not yet rights-based resource federalism.
Oliver Springate-Baginski

26. Village forestry under donor-driven forestry interventions in Laos.
Sabaheta Ramcilovic-Suominen and Irmeli Mustalahti

27. Decoupling agendas: Forestry reform, decentralisation, and Cambodia's model of community forestry, 1992-2020.
Jeffrey D. Williamson, Tol Sokchea, and Julian Phromphen Atkinson

28. Liberia's Private Use Permits: Elite capture and dubious community title documents.
David Young, Silas Kpanan'Ayoung Siakor and Jonathan W. Yiah
Part 8. New directions in community forestry
29. Community forestry in the changing political and social context of Nepal.
Mary Hobley and Yam B. Malla

30. Mexican community forestry as a global model for biodiversity conservation and climate change adaptation and mitigation.
David Barton Bray and Elvira Durán

31. Community-based empowerment through land reform in Scotland: The case of forest ownership.
Anna Lawrence

32. Dynamics in community forestry in the Netherlands: Impacts of changing cultural ecological knowledge.
Koen Arts, Thomas J.M. Mattijssen, and K. Freerk Wiersum

33. Conclusion: Some paths ahead for community forestry
Janette Bulkan, John Palmer, Anne M. Larson, and Mary Hobley

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Routledge Handbook of Community Forestry

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This handbook provides a comprehensive overview and cutting-edge assessment of community forestry. Containing contributions from academics, practitioners, and professionals, the Routledge Handbook of Community Forestry presents a truly global overview with case studies drawn from across Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Americas.

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This Special Issue aims to provide an overview of the diversity of international research on the multiple ways in which Indigenous and Traditional peoples (ITP) are engaged in occupying and governing forest landscapes, consistent with their rights, values, knowledge and customs. This Introduction begins by reviewing our evolving understanding of two key questions: what rights are held by ITP; and how "Indigenous" and "Traditional" are actually defined. Papers in this Special Issue examine different concepts in more than a dozen countries on five continents and, while each study and each people is distinct, we identify several common themes. Firstly, traditional knowledge, values, and practices are central to the relationship between ITP and forest landscapes and underlie the effectiveness of other interventions. Secondly, early efforts to use forests to promote economic development have given way to a deeper understanding of the ways in which diverse products, services, and cultural values of forest landscapes support livelihoods for both ITP and other populations. Thirdly, governance is a common theme in this Special Issue, especially in terms of relations between ITP and the State and in the effectiveness of policies and programs. A fourth theme is that of understanding how the knowledge, practices and values of individuals and groups can help predict perceptions of forests and preferences for management. Finally, this Special Issue showcases a wide variety of methodological approaches, both qualitative and quantitative, helping researchers recognize the advantages and limits of each. Taken together, the papers in this Special Issue illustrate multiple characteristics of relationships between ITP and forest landscapes, and their aspirations to maintain their culture, their knowledge, their rights, and their livelihoods.

No References for this article.

Document Type: Research Article

Affiliations: 1: École de Forestry, Université de Moncton, Edmundston, Canada 2: Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada 3: Kyoto University, Center for Southeast Asian and Integrated Area Studies 4: Secretaría de Política Ambiental en Recursos Naturales, Buenos Aires, Argentina

Publication date: 01 September 2022

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Recognizing Indigenous and Traditional Peoples and their identity...: Ingenta Connect

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This Special Issue aims to provide an overview of the diversity of international research on the multiple ways in which Indigenous and Traditional peoples (ITP) are engaged in occupying and governing forest landscapes, consistent with their rights, values, knowledge and customs. This Introduction begins by reviewing our evolving understanding of two key questions: what rights are held by ITP; and how "Indigenous" and "Traditional" are actually defined.

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Prose, chapbook, 40 pages, fromBottlecap Features.
Inanimate Objects is Angel Dionne's first chapbook. She examines manifestations of grief, guilt, and yearning through flash fiction and short vignettes.

Minimalist, offbeat, and at times surreal, the collection explores relationships between people and objects. In Inanimate Objects, vases become reminders of discarded connections, notebooks are transformed into tools, enemies, and lovers, a skeletonized bird is used as a prescribed remedy for grief, and a stolen kidney is a worshipped relic.

Angel Dionne finished her PhD in creative writing at the University of Pretoria and is now assistant professor of English literature at the University of Moncton Edmundston campus. Her work has been (or is awaiting) publication in Sein Und Werden, Chicken Soup for the Soul, Crack The Spine Magazine, Everyday Fiction, The Molotov Cocktail, JAKE, LitBreak Magazine, Surrealists and Outsiders, Good Evening Magazine, and The Missing Slate. In 2020, she co-edited Rape Culture 101: Programming Change which was published by Demeter Press. She currently lives in Canada with her wife and cats.

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Prose, chapbook, 40 pages, from Bottlecap Features. Inanimate Objects is Angel Dionne's first chapbook. She examines manifestations of grief, guilt, and yearning through flash fiction and short vignettes. Minimalist, offbeat, and at times surreal, the collection explores relationships between people and objects.

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Wind power generation and appropriate feed-in-tariff under limited wind resource in central Thailand

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The objective of this paper is to assess the wind energy resource in the central region of Thailand for wind power generation, along with analyzing th…

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Community Social Paediatrics Approach, an Innovative Healthcare Intervention: Implementation Fidelity in Atlantic Canada

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Highlights

*

Study of the wake characteristics downstream of full 3D wind turbine scale model.

*

Using experimental results, validation of the numerical LES-solver model.

*

Effect of continuously changing the wind direction upstream of the wind turbine.

*

Effect of the nacelle and the tower on the wake characteristics.

*

Most significant impact is the rapid recovery of the mean velocity downstream.

Abstract

The wake characteristics of a utility-scale wind turbine under realistic atmospheric boundary layer conditions are affected by the continuously changing wind direction arriving at the wind turbine. In the present study, the effects of continuous changes in the incoming wind direction were studied for a wind turbine on flat terrain, with the objective of understanding the wake characteristics of the wind turbine. Thus, understanding the effects of continuously changing incoming wind direction on the wake characteristics of wind turbines over flat terrain is important in the design of wind farm layouts, including in the design of offshore wind power plants. For this purpose, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach using large-eddy simulations (LES) was adopted in the present study. An in-house LES-solver based on the actuator line (AL) aerodynamics technique was constructed in order to successfully capture the wake structure behind the wind turbine. First, experimental investigations on both a blade-only wind turbine scale model and a full 3D wind turbine scale model (isolated wind turbine) were conducted for a fixed inlet wind condition, the latter including the nacelle and the tower. Through a detailed comparison of the wind tunnel experimental and numerical results, the prediction accuracy of the in-house LES-solver was verified and validated for fixed inlet wind conditions. On the basis of the validation results obtained, and using the full 3D wind turbine scale model, the effects of the continuously changing inlet wind conditions on the wake characteristics in the near- and far-wake regions were numerically investigated. In addition, the effects of the wind turbine nacelle and tower on the wake characteristics were also investigated. The numerical results show that the most significant impact of the effects of the continuously changing wind direction was the rapid recovery of the mean velocity deficits in the wind turbine wake region. Further, at the x = 10D position (D is the rotor diameter) downstream of the wind turbine, the non-dimensional streamwise mean velocity was 0.93, which nearly matches the approaching flow speed, under an optimal tip speed ratio of 4.0, compared to the fixed wind direction scenario.

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Effects of continuously changing inlet wind direction on near-to-far wake characteristics behind wind turbines over flat terrain

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Study of the wake characteristics downstream of full 3D wind turbine scale model. * Using experimental results, validation of the numerical LES-solver model. * Effect of continuously changing the wind direction upstream of the wind turbine. * Effect of the nacelle and the tower on the wake characteristics.

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Science of Nursing and Health Practices / Science infirmière et pratiques en santé est une revue internationale, bilingue, libre d'accès, gratuite pour les lecteuret les auteur·trices. Produite par le Réseau de recherche en interventions en sciences infirmières du Québec (RRISIQ), la revue encourage la démocratisation de l'accès aux résultats de la recherche pour une utilisation accrue des retombées de la recherche concernant les pratiques en santé.

La revue a pour objectif de publier des articles inédits qui contribueront à l'avancement des connaissances relativement à la compréhension des différentes expériences liées à la santé. La santé y est vue comme " un état de bien-être physique, mental et social complet et ne consiste pas seulement en une absence de maladie ou d'infirmité " ( Organisation mondiale de la Santé). Cette définition rejoint les valeurs inhérentes à la discipline infirmière. La revue est intéressée par les travaux d'érudition traitant des facteurs pouvant contribuer à la santé vue de façon holistique tel que défini ci-dessus notamment ceux sociaux et environnementaux, ainsi que le développement ou l'adaptation, l'implantation et l'évaluation de meilleures pratiques. Notre revue se fait un devoir de publier des articles de grande qualité scientifique. La revue encourage aussi la diversité des questions de recherche pour optimiser un développement des connaissances inclusif quant à ses thèmes et englobant quant à sa portée.
Rédactrice en chef Maria Cecilia Gallani, Ph. D., inf.
Faculté des sciences infirmières, Université Laval, Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec-Université Laval
Courriel : maria-cecilia.gallani@fsi.ulaval.ca
Coordonnatrice de rédaction et de production Mélina Bernier, M.A. Intervention sociale
Faculté des sciences infirmières, Université de Montréal
Courriel : melina.bernier@umontreal.ca

Vol. 5 No 2 (2022)

Voir tous les numéros

Indexée au DOAJ.

La revue, produite par le RRISIQ, entretient par ce réseau plusieurs partenariats jugés essentiels à l'élaboration, à l'évaluation et au perfectionnement des interventions en sciences infirmières et pratiques en santé. Parmi eux on trouve les partenaires universitaires, gouvernementaux, cliniques et d'autres encore.

Partenaires universitaires

Partenaires en milieu clinique

OIIQ

SIDIIEF

Le RRISIQ bénéficie d'un soutien financier pour son infrastructure qui provient de deux organismes subventionnaires gouvernementaux : le Fonds de la recherche en santé du Québec (FRQS) et le ministère de la Santé et des Services Sociaux (MSSS). La revue Science of Nursing and Health Practices / Science infirmière et pratiques en santé, produite par le RRISIQ, les remercient.

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Science of Nursing and Health Practices / Science infirmière et pratiques en santé

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Science of Nursing and Health Practices / Science infirmière et pratiques en santé est une revue internationale, bilingue, libre d'accès, gratuite pour les lecteuret les auteur·trices. Produite par le Réseau de recherche en interventions en sciences infirmières du Québec (RRISIQ), la revue encourage la démocratisation de l'accès aux résultats de la recherche pour une utilisation accrue des retombées de la recherche concernant les pratiques en santé.

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Abstract

This paper presents the optimization of stand-alone and grid-connected hybrid power generation systems for green islands, with application to Koh Samui in southern Thailand. A techno-economic optimization analysis is applied using the Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewable (HOMER) Pro simulation tool. Four scenarios are identified to select the most suitable solution for a hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) integrating solar photovoltaic (PV), wind turbine generator (WTG), fuel cell (FC), and battery energy storage (Li-Ion), with backup diesel generation or grid connection with the mainland as options. The NASA-SSE and MERRA databases are used as inputs to analyze the solar and wind energy potentials, respectively. The results show that the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) of the HRES with a grid connection to the mainland (Scenario 3) has the lowest LCOE (0.132 US$/kWh), but at large greenhouse gas (GHG) emission costs (20.5 ktonnes/year) due to the high carbon intensity of Thailand's power portfolio. A stand-alone, 100% renewable energy system (Scenario 4) includes a PV capacity of 182 MW, a wind power capacity of 8 MW, a fuel cell system of 10 MW, a 17.9 MW power converter, and 211 MWh of battery storage. The net present cost (NPC) of this system is 542 MUS$ and the LCOE is 0.309 US$/kWh, with 89% of the energy generated by the solar PV system. Therefore, a 100% renewable energy-based microgrid system is possible on Koh Samui as it can provide a more suitable and reliable solution when considering a HRES system for the total load demand (104 MW of peak load) of the island. Finally, the economic analysis also reveals that the investment in a HRES system is feasible as the payback period is 9 years under an internal rate of return (IRR) of 10% and an appropriate Feed-in-Tariff (FiT) of 0.385 US$/kWh.

Data availability

Data will be made available on request.

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Optimization of stand-alone and grid-connected hybrid solar/wind/fuel cell power generation for green islands: Application to Koh Samui, southern Thailand

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
This paper presents the optimization of stand-alone and grid-connected hybrid power generation systems for green islands, with application to Koh Samui in southern Thailand. A techno-economic optimization analysis is applied using the Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewable (HOMER) Pro simulation tool.

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by 1, 2, 3,* and 4

Sustainable Development Program, International College, Thaksin University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand

School of Energy, Environment and Materials, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand

Research Center in Energy and Environment, Thaksin University (Phatthalung Campus), Phatthalung 93110, Thailand

Department of Sciences, Université de Moncton, Edmundston Campus, Edmundston, NB E3V 2S8, Canada

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

1. Introduction

Highly dependent on fossil fuels, Thailand produced, in 2020, slightly over 70% of its electricity consumption from fossil fuels (natural gas, 54%; lignite, 9%; coal, 8% and oil, 0.3%), while renewable energy accounted for 10% and hydropower for 2%. The remainder of the power consumption (16%) was satisfied through electricity imports [ 1, 2]. The natural gas consumed for electricity generation was mainly extracted from the Gulf of Thailand (approximately 70%), with the remaining 30% being imported [ 3]. In the perspective of energy security, Thailand has embarked on a path to further diversify its sources of power generation, notably by integrating more renewable energy sources for power generation and thus reduce its dependency on natural gas.

Despite its stochastic nature, notably for wind and solar energy, and important capital costs, renewable energy is increasingly considered as a reliable source for power generation in many jurisdictions. Utilities and private companies thus invest significant amounts of time and money in searching for which locations offer the best opportunities for renewable power plant installations [ 4, 5]. Nonetheless, balancing the proportion between fossil-based energy and renewable energy will continue to be a challenge to achieve energy security in Thailand.

Wind energy has expanded rapidly in the last two decades, and it has become an important renewable energy source for power generation worldwide. In 2019, 60.4 GW of wind power was installed, reaching a global cumulative wind power capacity of 651 GW, an increase of 19% compared to 2018 [ 6]. While rapid growth is being experienced throughout the world, Asia Pacific has been the largest global market for industrial wind power, notably due to the large integration in China.

In Thailand, various studies have found that the annual average wind speeds are low to moderate, ranging from 3 to 5 m/s in most areas of the country. In contrast, in some specific areas of the country, the wind resource has sufficient potential to generate electricity at the utility-scale level (see, for example, the work of Thailand's Department of Alternative Energy Development and Efficiency (DEDE) [ 7], World Bank [ 8], Manomaiphiboon et al. [ 9], Janjai et al. [ 10] and Waewsak et al. [ 11, 12, 13]).

Throughout the years, several met towers, with heights ranging from 40 to 120 m above ground level (agl), have been installed across the country, with anemometers and wind vanes at several elevations (20 m, 30 m, 40 m, 65 m, 80 m, 90 m, 100 m 110 m and 120 m agl). In 2012, the DEDE of Thailand installed 11 demonstration wind energy sites, with a total capacity of 3.9 MW. The largest wind turbine generator had a nominal capacity of 1.5 MW, and it was installed in the eastern coastal region of Huasai, in Nakhon Si Thammarat Province [ 14].

Although Thailand is characterized by a wind resource with relatively low wind speeds, wind power generation remains a national objective, with financial support under feed-in-tariff (FIT) programs. Through its 2018 Power Development Plan (PDP), Thailand has set a target of 3 GW for wind power generation for 2037 [ 15]. In 2019, Thailand installed 322 MW of wind power capacity, bringing the total wind power capacity to 1506 MW [ 16], representing half of the target. The 32 wind power plants, ranging from 0.05 MW to 103.5 MW [ 17], have been successfully integrated into the electricity grid of Thailand.

In order to perform wind resource assessments over large areas and at various elevations, mesoscale atmospheric models, along with long-term reanalysis climatic data, are necessary. The atmospheric reanalysis datasets, such as the National Center for Environmental Protection (NCEP) and the Modern Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA), obtained from satellites, weather balloons, aircrafts, ships, buoys and land measurements, are used to initialize the numerical models with three-dimensional grids [ 18, 19, 20].

Generally, two main methods for wind resource assessments are used, i.e., numerical wind models and statistical methods [ 21, 22], with the work in this paper focusing on numerical wind modeling. In wind resource assessments, three main scales of operations are considered, i.e., macroscale (resolutions typically more than 2000 km), mesoscale (resolutions of a few kilometers to 1000 km) and microscale (high resolutions of several meters) [ 21].

Numerical wind models can be divided into two main types by the level of sophistication, complexity and resolution. The first is Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) atmospheric models that can run in mesoscale simulations. The second comprises numerical wind flow models that are simplified by a linear Jackson-Hunt wind flow model, coupled with advanced computational fluid dynamics (CFD) wind flow models [ 23, 24]. Both linearized and CFD wind flow models can estimate wind characteristic at the microscale, with relatively high resolutions.

Although linear wind flow models can run with microscale resolutions, this type of model is not suitable for steep slopes or complex terrains. On the other hand, CFD wind flow models are particularly well-suited for wind resource assessments in turbulent conditions and complex terrains. Thus, the next level of sophistication includes methods with coupled mesoscale atmospheric models and microscale wind flow models to achieve a high spatial resolution [ 24].

Such coupled mesoscale/microscale methods are used to estimate wind energy potentials at high spatial resolutions. For example, Carvalho et al. [ 24] evaluated the wind resources over complex terrains in Portugal, using the coupled mesoscale Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) atmospheric model and the Wind Atlas Analysis and Application Program (WAsP) microscale wind flow model. Waewsak et al. used a combined Mesoscale Compressible Community (MC2) atmospheric model and a microscale MsMicro wind flow model to create wind resource maps at 200-m resolution in both onshore (Nakhon Si Thammarat and Songkhla Provinces in Thailand) [ 11] and offshore (Gulf of Thailand) [ 25, 26] applications. In the work of Gasset et al. [ 27], the accuracies of various coupled mesoscale atmospheric and microscale wind flow models were assessed by comparing the MC2 with both MsMicro and WAsP wind flow models and for different sources of topography and land use. The results showed that the coupled MC2 and WAsP modeling gave substantially better results than the coupled MC2 and MsMicro modeling. The mesoscale atmospheric models are not only coupled with linear wind flow models, but they can be applied in combination with CFD models to assess the wind power potential within small and large territories [ 12, 28, 29]. Recent applications for wind resource assessments using various methodologies include the work of Boopathi et al. [ 30] in Tamil Nadu in India, Potic et al. [ 31] in Serbia and Jameel et al. [ 32] in Pakistan. Finally, Chaichan et al. [ 33] extended the analysis approach to include a systematic decision-making approach to assess hybrid renewable energy applications with a technoeconomic optimization; their work was applied to a university campus in Thailand.

In this context, the objective of the work presented in this paper is to develop a microscale wind resource map at a spatial resolution of 200 m (200-m × 200-m grids) for low to moderate wind areas and at a spatial resolution of 50 m for the most promising areas of the western coast of Southern Thailand. The wind modeling is performed using a coupled mesoscale atmospheric model (MC2) and a microscale wind flow model (MsMicro), along with the Wind Energy Simulation Toolkit (WEST) [ 34]. In this work, aligned with the energy policies of Thailand [ 15], wind power plant designs are optimized for 10-MW VSPP (Very Small Power Producer) wind power plants in five potential windy sites under three different wake loss models. Using the park optimizer module of WindSim [ 35], the annual energy production is maximized for specific wind turbine generator technologies while minimizing wake losses. Greenhouse gas emission avoidances are also estimated for the potential wind power plants identified.

The approach used in this work contributes to the body of knowledge in wind resource assessment while documenting the technical power potential and the avoidance of greenhouse gas emissions in a jurisdiction (Thailand) that has identified wind energy as a potential source of energy to achieve energy security. This paper also completes the work done on the wind resource assessment of the offshore wind power assessment on the western coast of Thailand [ 36].

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Characteristics of the Study Area

Figure 1 shows the study area, situated along the Andaman Sea on the western coast of Southern Thailand. Consisting of six provinces, namely Ranong, Phangnga, Phuket, Krabi, Trang and Satun, the area of the Andaman Coast studied in this work has a total area of 17,689 km ², representing 24% of the area of Southern Thailand. This area along the shoreline, experiencing a strong growth in its tourism industry, extends for nearly 900 km along the north-south axis of the Andaman Sea in the Indian Ocean. Coastal mountains on land and a near-shore area dotted with continental islands and barrier islands scattered along the Andaman Coast constitute the topography of the study area.

2.2. Input Data

The wind climatic data, obtained from MERRA, and the GenGeo topography constitute the input data to the model [ 19]. The MERRA database, a NASA-based atmospheric reanalysis climatic dataset obtained from satellite image interpretations, has used the Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) model, along with an Atmospheric Data Assimilation System, to analyze the hydrological cycle over the period of 1979 to the present.

Wind climate data, averaged every six hours from 2005 to 2015 and containing vertical wind speeds, horizontal wind speeds and ambient temperatures, are available at elevations of 0 m (ground level), 1500 m, 3000 m and 5500 m agl. The climate dataset is classified into climate states that drive the mesoscale model in 16 sectors, while each sector is divided into 15 speed classes (each class with 1-m/s interval bins). The vertical wind shear is also divided into two classes (positive and negative) in each climate state by wind speed differences between 1500 m and 0 m. For the mesoscale modeling, the GenGeo database is used for the geophysical fields required, while the topography for the microscale modeling is obtained from the Land Use Land Cover (LULC) of the high-resolution geophysical data obtained from the Land Development Department (LDD), Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Royal Thai Government [ 37]. Based on the World Geodetic System (WGS) 1984 reference datum with Digital Elevation Model (DEM), these LULC-based maps offer a high resolution of 30 m, which is more appropriate for the microscale modeling. The input data for the geophysical properties of the territory studied, formed by the topography map and the reclassified roughness height map from the LULC database, are shown on Figure 2 and Figure 3, respectively.

2.3. Wind Resource Modeling: Coupled Mesoscale and Microscale Modeling

The development of the high-resolution wind resource maps presented in this paper are based on WEST [ 34], which covers the full processes of performing complete wind resource maps from the mesoscale to the microscale level. WEST is founded on a statistical-dynamic downscaling approach. A statistical analysis determines the frequency of the basic climate states on long-term gridded global datasets. The mesoscale model is based on the Mesoscale Compressible Community (MC2) model with modifications in the model's initialization, while the MsMicro model is used for microscale modeling to further refine the mesoscale results.

2.3.1. Mesoscale Modeling

The operational numerical wind prediction MC2 atmospheric model, a compressible nonhydrostatic limited area model, is used for the development of the mesoscale wind resource maps. The modeling procedures call upon a statistical-dynamical downscaling method, while the numerical model is based on a sophisticated semi-Lagrangian, semi-implicit scheme using relatively large time steps [ 38, 39].

Two categories of input data are needed for the MC2 atmospheric model. In terms of geophysical properties of the area studied, the GenGeo database, the topography and the type of vegetation, which is an indication of roughness, are used. These geophysical properties affect the wind speeds and the wind directions over short time scales. On the other hand, the wind climatic data, obtained from the MERRA database, provide the classified climate states in the form of wind speeds, wind directions and geostrophic wind shears [ 40].

The MC2 simulation results are transformed as statistical data by the WEStats module. Weighted by the frequency of occurrences, this data includes the mean values of the wind speeds, the wind power and the different frequency distributions. The output data from the WEStats module constituted the input data for the microscale wind flow model. Notably, the mean wind speed distribution, classified by the direction and frequency distribution of the mean wind direction, are used to compute the microscale mean wind speeds. The bivariate frequency distribution of the mean wind speeds and the mean wind directions are key inputs for the microscale modeling [ 41].

2.3.2. Microscale Modeling

Based on the Meso/Microscale Coupler (MMC module), the microscale simulations use the MsMicro microscale wind flow model, with a grid resolution of less than 1 km, to compute the wind resource over small regions of the mesoscale grid. Based on CFD models [ 41] and the Jackson and Hunt theory [ 42], MsMicro is a steady-state wind flow model that can be applied over complex terrains, such as the region of the Andaman Coast in Southern Thailand.

This theory proposes a linearized model of the Navier-Stokes equations, describing two-dimensional turbulent air flow over low hills in the boundary layer. The governing momentum equations, solved by Finite Fourier Transforms, are linearized with the aid of scale analyses and assumptions of uniformly rough surfaces having small hill slopes. The model assumes a neutrally stratified atmosphere that is divided into an inner layer and an outer layer. The inner flow is under the balance of perturbation stresses, inertia stresses and pressure gradients, while the outer flow is characterized by a pressure gradient driven by irrotational and inviscid flows [ 43].

The model inputs consist of the bivariate frequency distributions, the mean wind speeds and the mean wind directions obtained from the mesoscale simulations, along with the high-resolution topography and LULC data from the LDD of Thailand, as presented earlier. The bivariate frequency distribution is chosen at a level higher than the microscale target level. The final results (mean wind speeds and wind power) are merged together with a space weight function.

In this work, the mesoscale model is computed at a 3-km × 3-km resolution over 600-km by 600-km domains. For its part, the microscale model is computed at a 200-m × 200-m resolution with 14 domains, each domain being 140 km by 140 km in order to completely cover the area studied. In the postprocessing, the analysis and the presentation of the results from the models are customized as wind resource maps using ArcGIS V.10.3, Redlands, CA, USA.

2.4. Wind Resource Modeling CFD and Wake Loss Modeling

Due to the random and chaotic nature of the atmospheric wind in three dimensions, linear wind flow models are not efficient to estimate wind characteristics over steep mountains or complex terrains, since sharp slopes cause large variations in turbulence. Therefore, CFD models have been developed for microscale wind resource assessments to describe turbulent wind flows over complex terrains [ 44, 45].

The majority of CFD models solve the mass and momentum conservation components of the nonlinear Navier-Stokes equations with the k-epsilon (k-ε) turbulence model in a steady-state flow [ 46]. The equation set includes average and fluctuating variables of velocity, pressure, density, viscosity, etc. The k-ε model, used in wind flow modeling, is a good compromise of accuracy and computational efficiency for turbulent flow descriptions. The two principal variables are the generation of turbulent kinetic energy (k) and the dissipation rate of the turbulent kinetic energy (ε) [ 47, 48].

Wind turbine wakes, downstream of the rotor, typically induce reduced wind speeds and increased turbulence, resulting in energy losses. The two main characteristics of wakes are a velocity (momentum) deficit and an increased turbulence level. The velocity deficit behind a wind turbine can cause power losses for the downstream turbines, whereas a higher turbulence causes additional loads on the downstream turbine's structure, resulting in fatigue problems [ 49, 50]. Thus, wake and turbulence effects are important factors for wind power plant layout designs and layouts in order to significantly decrease wake losses and turbulence effects.

The 3D WindSim CFD microscale wind flow model was used in this study to evaluate the wind resource and to optimize the wind power plant performances in the local high-spatial resolution wind fields [ 35]. The bivariate sector-wise mean wind speeds and mean wind speed directions for 16 sectors (22.5 degrees) at 120 m agl, extracted from the coupled mesoscale and microscale wind resource maps at five potential windy sites in this study, are considered as virtual met mast (VMM) wind datasets. The high-resolution DEM and LULC are the other main inputs for CFD microscale wind flow modeling. The spatial wind resource over 10-km × 10-km domains, with 50-m resolution, are then obtained, and the high-resolution wind resource maps, at specific hub heights of typical wind turbine generators (WTG), are manipulated using ArcGIS V.10.3, Redlands, CA, USA.

The wake loss effect is also quantified using the analytical wake models from Jensen, Larsen and Ishihara. First, the Jensen model is based on a momentum deficit theory that gives a simple linear wake expansion of the downstream distance from the turbine [ 51, 52]. Second, the Larsen model is derived from Prandtl's turbulent boundary layer equation [ 51, 52]. The velocity deficit is a function of both the axial distance and the radial distance, while the velocity deficit in the Jensen model is only a function of the axial distance. Lastly, Ishihara and Qian [ 53] introduced a velocity deficit and added turbulence using a Gaussian distribution based on an axial symmetry and a self-similarity assumption of the ambient turbulence intensity and thrust coefficient effects on the wind flow.

In determining the wind power plant layouts, the WTG placements are optimized to maximize the energy production while minimizing the loads on the WTG [ 35]. Information regarding the wind conditions that should be considered to verify the structural integrity of the WTG, such as wind shear, turbulence and inflow angle, are included. Array efficiency based on an analytical wake model is also considered during the optimization process. In this work, according to the energy policies of Thailand, the WTG placement optimization is for 10-MW VSPP (Very Small Power Producer) wind power plants in five potential windy sites under three different wake loss models. Using the park optimizer module of WindSim [ 30], the annual energy production (AEP) is maximized while minimizing the wake losses [ 54, 55].

2.5. Wind Maps Validation

Due to the missing and discontinuous measured wind data from met towers in the study area, the wind speed results are validated by comparison with wind speeds from the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) atmospheric modeling obtained from previous studies [ 12]. The validation is done based on the Percent Mean Relative Error (PMER) at an elevation of 120 m agl. The validation is performed using 15 representative points distributed in five sites with three points for each site and classified into three terrain characteristics: flat, semi-complex and complex terrains. The locations of the data points for the validation are shown in Figure 4, while the details of each representative location are given in Table 1.

2.6. Annual Energy Production and Capacity Factors

The AEP generated by the various WTG are estimated with three wake loss models, along with the wind power plant capacity factors and the WTG placement optimization. Thus, the potential areas where the annual mean wind speeds are above 4.5 m/s are chosen as representative potential areas for an energy yield analysis based on the wind resource maps obtained from this work.

In general, CFD models require high-performance computing. Therefore, it is necessary to separate the areas into smaller domains (10 km × 10 km) in order to save run times and to decrease computer loads. The input data consisted of the digital terrain, the LULC data and the virtual met mast data. The digital terrain data were on a proper length scale, with combinations of contour lines and roughness.

The WTG models in this study have cut-in wind speeds of 3.0-3.5 m/s to start generating power, while the rated speeds for the maximum yields are between 10.5 and 12.5 m/s. In line with the Thai energy policies, wind power plants of 10 MW, falling under the Very Small Power Producers (VSPP) power plants [ 15], are assessed through various scenarios of wind turbines. Five models of WTG are considered, with the mechanical characteristics and power curve data of each WTG shown in Table 2.

The suitable wind turbine locations within the wind power plants were based on the placement optimization to achieve the maximum energy yields within Thailand's Energy Regulatory Commission (ERC) criteria [ 56]. Thus, the suitable location of an individual WTG in a potential wind power plant was identified based on the notification of the ERC regarding wind power plant developments. Besides the limitation to VSPP wind power plants, this notice specifies that the spacing at the base of the WTG must not be less than 1.2 times the summation of the hub height and the radius of the rotor [ 56].

The AEP estimated under the energy losses and uncertainty conditions, and the capacity factors from all scenarios of 10-MW wind power plants, were computed. In this work, the energy losses and uncertainties to estimate the net annual energy productions are given in Table 3 [ 57, 58, 59]. For its part, the environmental uncertainties are based on estimations of losses due to environmental impacts that affect the power production of wind turbines, such as modifications of the aerodynamic profile of the blades incurred by dirt, insect accumulation and aging of the blade material [ 60].

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Wind Resource Maps

The microscale wind resource maps, at a resolution of 200 m and at elevations of 100 m, 120 m and 140 m agl, are illustrated in Figure 5, Figure 6 and Figure 7, respectively. It can be seen that most of the study area is characterized by low wind speeds. However, some specific areas in the mountainous areas have good wind speeds, indicating that they are potential suitable sites for wind power developments in the provinces of Ranong, Phangnga, Krabi and Satun, where the maximum mean annual wind speeds reach 6 m/s at localized areas.

Using the PMRE, the mean annual wind speeds predicted in this work are validated at an elevation of 120 m agl with the mean annual wind speeds obtained from the WRF model at 15 representative locations (presented in Figure 4) within the provinces of the western coast of Southern Thailand. Figure 8 illustrates the scatter plot between the predicted and the WRF mean annual wind speeds, where the WRF values are generally higher than the values predicted with the current model proposed. The results show that, at 120 m agl, the predicted wind speeds from the model proposed are 20% lower for the mesoscale model and 10% lower for the microscale model, in comparison to the equivalent wind speeds obtained from the WRF model. Thus, considering the quantified uncertainty in the predictions, the wind resource maps can be used to identify potential locations for the installation of wind power plants in the territory studied. Further studies, notably with physical wind and climatic measurements over a minimum of a full year, would be needed to confirm the wind resources at these locations.

3.2. Wind Power Potentail

Based on the computed wind resource maps, the majority of the study area is characterized by low wind speeds (below 3.0 m/s); however, some areas have sufficient potential for wind energy production. Five potential areas, in the mountainous regions, have been identified as potential sites for wind power development. The geographical coordinates of the potential sites for wind power plants, along with their mean annual wind speeds at elevations of 100 m, 120 m and 140 m agl, are listed in Table 4. For its part, Figure 9 presents blown-up maps of these most promising sites at 120 agl. It can be seen that the Kamphuan and Thungkhangok Districts have mean annual wind speeds higher than the other sites considered in Launnuea, Nakhao and Wangprachan Districts. In general, the most promising sites are on ridges situated between 700 and 1000-m elevation above the mean sea level.

The wind rose diagrams and the Weibull probability density functions, at 120 m agl, for the potential sites for wind power development are presented in Figure 10. The results show that most of the wind directions are in the east-west direction, notably due to the monsoon effects. It is worth noting that Thailand is normally affected by two monsoons, i.e., the southwest monsoon from mid-June to mid-October and the northeast monsoon from mid-October to mid-February.

Regarding the Launnuea site, the highest mean wind speeds are in the range of 5.7-6.3 m/s, flowing in the western direction for approximately 30% of the time. Likewise, the Kamphuan, Nakhao and Wangprachan sites have the highest mean wind speeds in the vicinity of 6.5 m/s (40% of the time), 5.4 m/s (37% of the time) and 6.5 m/s (37% of the time), respectively, all in the western direction. On the other hand, 36% of the highest mean wind speeds, flowing in the eastern direction, reach 6.7 m/s in Thungkhangok.

3.3. Annual Energy Production and Capacity Factor

The AEP and capacity factor of a 10-MW wind power plant in five potential sites are evaluated based on CFD modeling at elevations of 120 m and 125 m agl, corresponding to the hub heights of the WTG studied. Five models of utility-scale WTG, with nominal capacities ranging from 2.0 MW to 2.5 MW, are chosen as possible technologies to install VSPP wind power plants (less than or equal to 10-MW capacity) in the different sites. The details of the WTG studied, the total installed capacities and the maximum mean wind speeds for the five potential sites for wind power development are given in Table 5. Regarding individual wind power plant layouts, siting optimizations are required to find the best suitable locations where the WTG can harvest the maximum energy yields under Thailand's Energy Regulatory Commission (ERC) criteria [ 56]. The 2D and 3D optimized WTG layouts of the five wind power plants in the potential sites of development are presented in Figure 11.

Figure 12 presents the estimated annual energy productions of 10-MW VSPP wind power plants in the potential sites of development. In this figure, the histogram results are for the Larsen wake loss model (Model 2), while the wake loss models of Jensen (Model 1) and Ishihara (Model 3) are presented using error bars. From this figure, it can be seen that the sites with the most favorable winds (Thungkhangok and Kamphuan) have the largest annual energy productions. Additionally, this figure shows that the three wake loss models did not have significant impacts on the annual energy production for most of the sites, except for the Wangprachan site. For this site, the Larsen (Model 2) and the Ishihara (Model 3) wake loss models give approximately similar values of AEP, while the Jensen (Model 1) wake loss model gives larger values for the AEP. Thus, the results for the AEP at all sites are computed from the predicted wind speeds obtained using the Larsen (Model 2) and the Ishihara (Model 3) wake loss models.

The efficiency of the wind power plants depends on their individual capacity factor, shown in Figure 13. Based on the AEP of 10-MW VSPP wind power plants, the results show that the Thungkhangok and the Kamphuan wind power plants would have the highest efficiencies, with capacity factors near 40% for all WTG. Similar to the results of Figure 12, the capacity factor follows the same trend as the wind speeds in regards to the impact of the wake loss models.

For model consideration, it appears that both the G114 and the GE 2.5 WTG could generate the largest energy yields at the Thungkhangok site. However, if considering the total AEP for all five potential sites and using a single WTG technology, it is found that the G114 WTG could harvest energy yields marginally larger than the GE 2.5. The total AEP using the G114 WTG on all sites could reach 135.5 GWh/year, while the GE2.5 WTG could generate 133.0 GWh/year. Thus, in this work, and considering the AEP from a single WTG model for all sites, wind power plants with the G114 WTG appear to be the best option to achieve the maximum energy production.

In regards to the greenhouse gas emissions, the current CO 2eq emissions from electricity generation in Thailand are 0.5986 kg/kWh (Thailand Greenhouse Gas Management Organization (Public Organization) [ 61]). The power production from the five wind power plants integrating the G114 WTG model could thus reduce GHG emissions in the order of 80 ktons CO 2eq/year.

Table 6 presents a summary of the AEP and GHG emission avoidances for the five potential sites, along with the totals for the five sites considered.

4. Conclusions

A wind resource assessment on the Andaman Coast of Thailand was executed based on a coupled mesoscale/microscale wind modeling, along with CFD modeling, to assess the wind resource and to estimate the annual energy production and GHG emission avoidances of five potential sites for wind power development. High-resolution microscale wind resource maps were produced to assess the wind resources on the western coast of Southern Thailand; on the Andaman Sea and covering the provinces of Ranong, Phangnga, Phuket, Krabi, Trang and Satun.

The AEP of siting optimized wind power plants, including their capacity factors, were also estimated using CFD modeling. The parameters for the input data included the MERRA wind climatic database, along with high-resolution topography and LULC digital data. The results showed that, at 120 m agl, the predicted wind speeds from the model proposed were 20% lower for the mesoscale model and 10% lower for the microscale model, in comparison to the equivalent wind speeds obtained from the WRF model.

The results from the microscale wind resource maps showed that the western coast of Thailand is characterized by limited wind resources for power generation. Nonetheless, localized areas of Launnuea and Kamphuan in Ranong Province, Thungkhangok in Phangnga Province and Nakhao in Krabi Province, as well as Wangprachan in Satun Province, have potential for wind power developments, notably at the small-scale level. The five potential sites identified for wind power development using 10-MW VSPP could attain capacity factors of over 20% for all the five sites identified, while two sites (Thungkhangok and Kamphuan) could reach capacity factors of 40%. The annual energy productions for these sites ranged from the lowest production (18 GWh/y in Launnuea; 19 GWh/year in Nakhao) to the largest production (36 GWh/year in Kamphuan; 35 GWh/year in Thungkhangok), with Wangprachan (26 GWh/year) in the middle range. The total AEP would be in the vicinity of 135 GWh/year when using a single wind turbine generator model for the five sites studied. The combined energy productions by these wind power plants, once operational, could avoid the GHG emissions of more than 80 ktons of CO 2eq/year.

Future works will include contributions at two levels. In terms of modeling, future works will include the development of robust models for the effect of the canopy on the wind resource and the integration of these canopy models in global modeling. Regarding sustainable development, scenario suitability assessments for the development of wind power in the region studied could be made using models such the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), along with an economic assessment based on the levelized cost of energy (LCOE).

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# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Mesoscale/Microscale and CFD Modeling for Wind Resource Assessment: Application to the Andaman Coast of Southern Thailand

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Situated in the southern part and on the western coast of Thailand, the Andaman Coast covers the provinces of Ranong, Phangnga, Phuket, Krabi, Trang and Satun. Using a coupled mesoscale atmospheric model and a microscale wind flow model, along with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling, this paper presents a detailed assessment of the wind energy potential for power generation along the Andaman Coast of Thailand.

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Communautés d'apprentissage professionnelles. Profil de compétences des directions d'établissement d'enseignement | Yamina Bouchamma, Marc Basque, Marc Giguère, Daniel April

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Quatre domaines, huit compétences, six capacités transversales et 55 actions clés pour acquérir les compétences requises afin d'instaurer et d'accompagner des communautés d'apprentissage professionnelles (CAP)! Voilà une réponse aux gestio

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Michelle Landry, Julien Massicotte et Dominique Pépin-Filion 512 pages - 34,95$ - ISBN 978-2-925079-22-4 UN TOUR D'HORIZON EN 10 THÈMES ESSENTIELS LA POPULATION ACADIENNE QUESTIONS DE LANGUE L'ÉDUCATION ET LA FORMATION L'ENVIRONNEMENT ET L'ÉCONOMIE ENJEUX SOCIAUX ET FÉMINISME CULTURE ET MÉDIAS POUVOIR ET POLITIQUE LES DROITS LINGUISTIQUES LA SOCIÉTÉ CIVILE RELIGION, MÉMOIRE ET PATRIMOINE "Par­fois trai­tée comme un détail his­to­rique, l'Acadie est aus­si sou­vent mal­me­née par ceux qui se sentent mena­cés par son exis­tence et sa per­sis­tance.

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I’ve become a convenient woman. I hold my tongue — swollen like a dead fish — motionless behind pressed lips.

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Shero, N., Fiset, S., Plamondon, H., Thabet, M., & Rioux, F. M. (2018). Increase serum cortisol in young guinea pig offspring in response to maternal iron deficiency. Nutrition Research, 54, 69-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2018.03.017

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Abstract

Iron deficiency (ID) has been reported as a risk factor in the pathology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, although the mechanisms seem unclear. Previous results from our research group showed that guinea pig offspring born from ID dams were significantly more active in the Open Field Test than the controls. This behavior could potentially be associated to stress. We therefore hypothesized that maternal iron deficiency (MID) elevates the offspring serum cortisol, a biomarker of stress, during childhood and possibly at mature age. Twenty-four female guinea pigs were fed an iron-sufficient (IS) diet (114 mg/kg) or ID diet (11.7 mg/kg) during the gestation and lactation. Pups in both groups were weaned at postnatal day (PNd) 9 and given an IS diet. Hematocrit and serum cortisol levels were measured in dams at every trimester of gestation and in pups at PNd24 and 84. We found no impact of MID on dam's cortisol values. However, our findings indicate that MID increased cortisol secretion in the offspring during childhood, cortisol values being significantly elevated in ID than IS pups at PNd24 ( P < .05). During adulthood (PNd84), both groups showed comparable cortisol levels. The elevated cortisol secretion observed in the offspring born from ID mothers during childhood may indicate increased stress reactivity which may have contributed to the higher level of activity when tested in a novel open environment. These findings suggest that MID can potentially act as internal stressor affecting the early development conceivably leading to increased stress levels in the children.

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Increase serum cortisol in young guinea pig offspring in response to maternal iron deficiency

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Iron deficiency (ID) has been reported as a risk factor in the pathology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, although the mechanisms seem unclear. Previous results from our research group showed that guinea pig offspring born from ID dams were significantly more active in the Open Field Test than the controls.

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Waewsak J., Ali S., Gagnon Y., 2020.  "Site Suitability Assessment of Para Rubberwood-Based Power Plant in the Southernmost Provinces of Thailand Based on a Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Analysis".  Biomass and Bioenergy, 137, 105545, 11 p.; doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2020.105545

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Highlights

*

Suitable locations to establish energy facilities using para rubberwood biomass.

*

Environmental and socio-economic siting criteria are applied to southern Thailand.

*

In the public policies of Thailand, 22 power plants (209 MW) could be established.

*

These power plants could generate 1,406 GW h of electricity per year.

*

CO 2e emission avoidances of 815 ktonnes/year.

Abstract

This study presents a methodology to determine suitable locations to establish energy facilities using para rubber trees ( Hevea brasiliensis) as a biomass resource, with application in the southernmost provinces of Thailand. A Geographic Information System (GIS), along with the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), were used to compute the influencing factors and constraints in consideration of environmental and socio-economic siting criteria. As the time scale of the analysis is over one life cycle of para rubber trees, the methodology is based on a secure supply of para rubberwood feedstock required to supply individual 9.5 MW biomass facilities for at least 20 years. This study found that the region of the southernmost provinces of Thailand has significant capacity to generate electricity using para rubber tree biomass. Out of 13,941 km ² of the study area, 4,890 km ² (35%) are either highly or moderately suitable to establish para rubberwood-based energy facilities. In conformity with the Very Small Power Producer (VSPP) policy of Thailand, and using para rubberwood biomass from trees at the end of their productive latex life-cycle, 12 power plants, with a total capacity of 114 MW, could be installed in the highly suitable areas, with an annual energy production of 767 GW h/yr and CO 2e emission avoidances of 444 ktonnes, annually. When considering both the highly suitable and moderately suitable areas, 22 power plants, with a total capacity of 209 MW, could be installed, with an annual energy production of 1,406 GW h/yr and CO 2e emission avoidances of 815 ktonnes, annually. This would correspond to nearly 7% of the current installed renewable power capacity of the generation portfolio of the Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT). The results of the study show that para rubberwood fuel resources can make significant contributions in solving the energy issues of southern Thailand.

Keywords

Analytical hierarchy process

Multi-criteria decision making analysis

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Site suitability assessment of para rubberwood-based power plant in the southernmost provinces of Thailand based on a multi-criteria decision-making analysis

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Suitable locations to establish energy facilities using para rubberwood biomass. * Environmental and socio-economic siting criteria are applied to southern Thailand. * In the public policies of Thailand, 22 power plants (209 MW) could be established. * These power plants could generate 1,406 GW h of electricity per year.

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