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Endoricrine disorderes result in hormone levels that are either too high or too low.

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Endoricrine disorderes result in hormone levels that are either too high or too low.

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Diabetes-is a disorder in which the body cannot produce or use insulin properly.
-Type1 diabetes-occurs most often in children and young adults but can occur at any age.
-Type2 diabetes-usually develops in adulthood but can occur in children as well.
-Gestational diabetes-develops during pregnacy and usually disappears after the baby is born.

signs and symptoms.
*increased thirst
*frequent urination
*constant hunger
*unusual weight loss
*extreme fatigue
*dry, itchy skin
*blurred eyesight

Hyperthroidism-caused by an overactive thyroid gland,which results in too much thyroid hormone being produced.
since all body functions are affected,there can be different signs and symptoms,including weight loss,increased hunger,hyperactivity.palpitations,nausea, vomiting irritability,and depression.

Hypothyrodism-is caused by an underactive thyroid glad.signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism are the opposite of signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism;weight gain,impaired memory,fatigue,sluggishness,irritability,constipation, and slower heart rate.

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A.     Main Functions

•     Also known as Gastrointestinal system (GI system)

Breaks down food physically and chemically so it can be absorbed for use by the cells (called digestion) and

removes solid wastes from the body.

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The Digestive system consists of:

·        Alimentary (nourishment) canal is a long tube extending from

Mouth (oral cavity) - where food enters and receives nutrients and prepares them for digestion.

Pharynx – pushing nutrients into the esophagus

Esophagus – a muscular tube about 25cm (10m) long extends from the pharynx to the stomach.

Stomach -a muscular pouchlike where mixes and churn nutrient to break them up into even smaller particles and stirs digestive juice with the food to digest.

Small intestine where food absorption takes place
and is about 6m (20ft.) long and has three parts a. duodenum b. jejunum c. Ileum; Villi -the finger like structures that increase the surface area for absorption. -

Large Intestine has four major functions (a) it absorbs water from the chyme – partially digested food is mixed and churned with gastric juice to form a semi- liquid substance. (b) it contains certain beneficial bacteria that aid in the production and metabolism of substances. (c) it temporary store the feces (d) it aids in the elimination of feces through defecation (bowel movement)

·        The accessory organs are:

Teeth – the hardest substances in the human body essential for chewing of food

Tongue – it is vital for chewing, swallowing food as well as for speech and contain taste buds (sweet, sour, bitter and salty)

Salivary Glands – produces saliva a substance which moistens the food and aids in mixing and swallowing it.

Liver – produces bile a greenish liquid that helps in fat digestion

Gallbladder - stores the bile

Pancreas – secretes digestive enzymes that aid in digestion

Structure of the Digestive Wall Tract

·        The innermost layer of the digestive tract is the mucosa, which contains glands and ducts

·        The middle layer of the GI tract is called submucosa

·        The third and most superficial layer the outermost layer is called the muscularis or muscle layer

Two Movement in the Digestive Tract

·        The first movement in the digestive tract is a repeated relaxation and contraction of the stomach muscles which mixes digestive juices to digest the food.

·        Peristalsis (involuntary) contraction that pushes food forward in the digestive tract in one direction in a wavelike motion.

The process of Digestion

·        Mastication (chewing) - the first step of digestion where food is bitten, chewed, crushed and ground by the teeth

·        Mechanical -physically breaking down large food particles into smaller pieces, tastes buds and olfactory nerve stimulation trigger the saliva to be secreted from the salivary glands in the mouth

·        Chemical -the chemical breakdown of food into small nutrient molecules that the cell can absorb and utilize.

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C. Health Conditions/ Illness affecting the System

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C. Health Conditions/ Illness affecting the System

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·        Vomiting – (emesis) an act of expelling stomach content through the mouth, it signals illness or injury that can be life threatening. Vomitus can be aspirated (inhaled to the lungs) and obstruct the airway.

·        Gastro-esophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) – common disorder of unknown cause. The muscle band at the end of the esophagus and the start of the stomach relaxes at inappropriate times, allowing the acids to go up the esophagus. Clients usually refer it to as “heartburn”.

·        Gallbladder Disease – for reasons yet unknown the components of bile often form stones in the gallbladder which cause inflammation called cholecystitis.

·        Liver Disease

o   Hepatitis- may be caused by a bacterial or viral infection (viruses can be Hepatitis A to hepatitis G), parasitic infection, alcohol or drug use, toxins, or a transfusion of incompatible blood.

o   Cirrhosis- occurs because of persistent liver disease. Liver tissue is gradually replaced by scar tissue which affects the liver function. It is most caused by alcoholism and hepatitis C virus.

·        Celiac Disease – is an inborn metabolic disorder that results in the inability to tolerate gluten protein.

·        Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) – is a disorder of the bowel characterized by abdominal pain and changes in bowel habits. Two types of IBS are IBS with diarrhea and IBS with constipation

·        Colitis – is inflammation of the colon

·        Crohn’s Disease – is a persistent, inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract that is characterized by flare-ups and periods of remission.

·        Diverticular Disease – is a very common in older persons. It characterized by development of small pouches that bulge outward through the weak spots in the colon. Each pouch called “diverticulum” the condition of having these pouches is called diverticulosis.

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2. Identify the organs involved in the system and its function

Your circulatory system functions with the help of blood vessels that include arteries, veins and capillaries. These blood vessels work with your heart and lungs to continuously circulate blood through your body. Here’s how:

1. The heart’s bottom right pumping chamber (right ventricle) sends blood that’s low in oxygen (oxygen-poor blood) to the lungs. Blood travels through the pulmonary trunk (the main pulmonary artery).

2. Blood cells pick up oxygen in the lungs.

3. Pulmonary veins carry the oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart’s left atrium (upper heart chamber).

4. The left atrium sends the oxygenated blood into the left ventricle (lower chamber). This muscular part of the heart pumps blood out to the body through the arteries.

5. As it moves through your body and organs, blood collects and drops off nutrients, hormones and waste products.

6. The veins carry deoxygenated blood and carbon dioxide back to the heart, which sends the blood to the lungs.

7. Your lungs get rid of the carbon dioxide when you exhale.

ANATOMY

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to remove waste products from the blood and maintain water-electrolyte balance and acid-base balance within the body.
The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs located just posterior to the abdominal cavity.
The kidneys perform the following six tasks:
*they act as a filtration system for blood by removing waste products such as urea, uric acid, ammonia, and creatinine from the blood.
*they regulate blood volume by determining the amount of water that is excreted. Excretion is the elimination of waste substances from the body.
*they help regulate the electrolyte content of blood and body fluids.
*they play a major role in the regulation of the body's acid-base balance (blood pH) by controlling the excretion of hydrogen ions.
*they help in the long-term regulation of blood pressure.
*they produce a hormone (erythropoietin) that stimulates the production and regulation of red blood cells.

Each kidney has about a million tiny nephrons,

The nephrons’ job is to regulate the concentration of water and soluble (dissolvable) substances by filtering the blood. Nephrons separate the nutrients and minerals in the blood (water, sodium, amino acid, glucose) from toxins and waste products and produce urine as a waste product. The actual production of urine is a process known as diuresis. It consists of three major steps:

Glomular filtration. Every nephron has a renal (convoluted) tubule that ends in a Bowman’s capsule. A cluster of capillaries, called the glomerulus, is contained in this capsule.

Tubular reabsorptionthe filtered fluid runs through a series of tubules, where most of the water and other necessary substances are reabsorbed by blood and recirculated in the body.

Tubular secretion additional substances are secreted into the urine from the blood making final small adjustments to the composition of the blood and urine.

Urine is transported from the kidneys to the bladder through the ureters by muscular peristalsis. The two ureters are narrow tubes, each about 25 to 30cm (10 to 12 in.) long they run from the renal pelvis of each kidney to the urinary bladder. The bladder is a hollow, muscular sac situated toward the front in the lower part of the abdominal cavity.

Urine is stored in the bladder until the urge to urinate is felt, usually when there is about 250mL (8 oz, or half-print) of urine in the bladder. Urine passes from the bladder through the urethra. The opening at the end of the urethra is the meatus. Urine passes from the body through the meatus.

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Urinary System Disorders
the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra are the major structures of the urinary system.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common and infection in one area of the urinary system can lead to infection of the entire urinary system.
-Cystitis - inflammation of the bladder
-Pyelonephritis - is an inflammation of the kidney and renal pelvis  due to bacterial infection
Renal calculi - are kidney stone
Renal failure - occurs when the kidneys do not function or are severely impaired.
Acute Renal failure -occurs suddenly after severely decreased blood flow to the kidneys caused by severe bleeding, heart attack, CHF, burns, infections, or severe allergic reactions.
Chronic Renal failure - the kidney cannot meet the body's needs.

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Reproductive System- human reproduction results from the union of a male sex cells and a female sex cell (fertilization)
sex glands - also called gonads
The male reproductive system consists of a number of sex organs that play a role in the process of human reproduction.
1.Testes
2.scrotum
3.epididymis
4.vas deferens
5.seminar vesicles
6.prostate glands
7.ejaculatory ducts
8.urethra
9.penis

The  female reproductive system includes the ovaries, Fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina , Cervix

ovaries-the female gonads
contains the female sex cells(ova or eggs)
ovulation -monthly release of the ovum during the reproductive years
secrete the female hormones
estrogen and progesterone (for the development of the secondary sex characteristics)

Fallopian tubes-where the ovum travels through to reach uterus

Uterus-a place for the fetus to grow and receive nourishment

cervix- is the neck (narrowed portion )of the uterus that projects into the vagina

Vagina-external opening that recieves the penis during sexual intercourse , serves as part of the birth canal.

Menstruation-vaginal discharge
menarche- first menstrual cycle, onset of menses
Menopause-when menses stop
fertilization- union of sperm cell and ovum
ovulation-release of egg cell

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1.LIST THE MAIN FUNCTION OF THE SYSTEM
blood- carries nutrients, oxygen and other substances to the cells throughout the body so that they can live and function
- during exercise or physical activity increased energy demands of organs and muscles are automatically met through increase blood flow.
- to help stop bleeding and to promote healing, the circulatory system sends clotting cells and proteins to the site of injury or bleeding.
- blood removes waste products from cells.
- blood and blood vessels help regulate body temperature. heat from muscle activity is carried by blood to other body parts.

-Blood vessels in the skin dilate of the body needs to be cooled. they constrict if heat needs to be kept in the body.

-blood flows to the body tissues and cells through blood vessels that supply the tissues of the body.

- The cardiovascular systems also produce and carries white blood cells and antibodies that defend the body from disease - causing microorganisms.

Respiratory System Takes in oxygen and removes carbon dioxide and water
Removes excretory waste
Controls breathing

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–  Integumentary System –  has three divided major parts Skin, Hair, Nails, Sweat and Oil.

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Integumentary System-Skin is the body’s natural covering and is made up of 3 parts.                                                            

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Integumentary System-Skin is the body’s natural covering and is made up of 3 parts.                                                            

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1.    Epidermis- is the outer layer and contains living and dead cells arranged in specific layer.

2.     Dermis- is the inner layer of skin and is made up of connective tissue. Blood vessels, nerves, sweat and oil glands, and hair roots are found in the dermis.

Functions of Skin

1.    It is the protective covering of the body. It prevents bacteria and other substances from entering the body, prevents excessive amounts of water from leaving the body, and protects organs from injury.

2.    The nerve endings in skin protect the body by sensing heat, cold, pain, touch, and pressure stimulation.

3.    Skin regulates body temperature.

4.    The skin is an organ of elimination like our urinary bladder and large intestine. Through perspiration, the skin eliminates cellular metabolism waste materials such as urea and other unwanted chemicals that may accumulated in the perspiration.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=75ULKmaL-yw

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b) Identify the organs involved in the system and its function:

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b) Identify the organs involved in the system and its function:

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Identify the organs involved in the system and its function

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1.Impetigo-is a contagious skin disorder that is caused by either Streptococcus or Staphylococcus bacteria. 

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2.Furuncle or boil- is a skin disorder caused by the infection of a hair follicle, usually by a type of bacterium (a disease- causing organism) called Staphylococcus

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Scabies- is transmitted by skin-to-skin contact between people and highly contagious skin infection caused by a mite. The mite burrows under the skin to deposit its eggs, causing intense, itchy skin rashes.

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1.Urticaria – also known as Hives – is a common skin condition characterized by raised, usually itchy wheals. The cause commonly by allergic reaction to food such as shellfish, food additives, certain plants like poison ivy or drugs.

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1.    Psoriasis- is a persistent skin disorder that causes red, scaly plaques (patches) on the skin and can be found anywhere on the body. The cause of psoriasis has not yet been identified, but stress and excessive alcohol consumption can aggravate the condition.

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Skin Tag- is a small flap of flesh-coloured skin that looks like a droplet or “tag” of skin, this are common on women and on older persons.

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Health condition/ illnesses affecting the system:

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Health condition/ illnesses affecting the system:

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Nails- protect the tips of fingers and toes and help fingers pick up and handle small object.

Bluish tinge- to the nailbeds can indicate poor axygenation (the amount of oxygen in tissues). (cyanosis)

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Clubbing of fingernails-  the fingertips being enlarged and nails curving down can be caused by chronic lung disease and heart disease.

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Health condition/ illnesses affecting the system:  Hair loss

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Health condition/ illnesses affecting the system:  Hair loss

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Hair- also helps retain heat, especially on body parts where it is plentiful (such as the head).

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Sweat and Oil Glands- help the body regulate temperature.

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Sweat and Oil Glands- help the body regulate temperature.

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Sweat consist secreted through the pores in skin, and the body is cooled as sweat evaporate.

Oil Glands lie near hair shafts, and they secrete an oily substance into the space near the hair shaft.

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Above is a diagram showing each part of the skeletal system

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Illnesses and health conditions affecting the Skeletal system:

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Illnesses and health conditions affecting the Skeletal system:

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Fractures- a break in the bone. The tissues around the fracture, including blood vessels, nerves, and tendons are usually injured.

Osteomyelitis- inflammation or infection of the bone marrow, often caused by staphylococcus bacteria.

Amputation- the removal of all or part of an extremity.

Osteoporosis- a bone(osteo) disorder in which the bone becomes porous and brittle(porosis), meaning it can break easily.

Arthritis- Which means joint(arthr) inflammation(itis) is the most common joint disease. Inflammation means swelling, redness, heat, and pain. Pain and decreased mobility occur in the affected joints.

Prostheses-Most clients with amputations are fitted with prostheses(prosthetic devices) which is an artificial replacement for missing body parts.

Fibromyalgia-is a condition associated with aching, stiffness, and fatigue in muscles, ligaments, and tendons and often affects the neck, shoulders, upper back, lower back, hips, legs, knees, and feet.

Gout-also called metabolic arthritis, is a disease caused by accumulation of uric acid in the cartilage of a joint, especially in the tendons. It usually affects the big toe first but can affect other joints as well.

Gangrene-death of body tissue due to lack of blood flow or a serious bacterial infection. It commonly affects the arms and legs, including the toes and fingers. It can also occur in the muscles and in organs inside the body such as a gallbladder.

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3. Enumerate the health conditions / illnesses affecting the systems:

Cardiovascular system illnesses:

(i) Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

(ii) Angina Pectoris

(iii) Myocardial Infarction (heart attack

(iv) Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)

(v) Dehydration

(vi) Arrhythmias

(vii) Phlebitis

(viii) Thrombus

Respiratory System diseases:

(i) Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

(ii) Chronic Bronchitis

(iii) Emphysema

(iv) Pneumonia

(v) Asthma

(vi) Influenza ('the flu')

(vii)Tubercolosis

4. Briefly describe each illness

Cardiovascular system illnesses:

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) – a condition in which the coronory arteries are narrowed or blocked by thickening and narrowing of the artery walls. It is widely referred to as artherosclerosis.

Angina Pectoris - means chest pain caused by CAD. It occurs when the heart muscle does not get enough oxygen.

Myocardial Infarction (also known as a heart attack) - caused by lack of oxygen to the heart because of sudden interruption of blood flow to the heart.

Dehydration - A decrease in the amount of water in body tissues which occurs when fluid output exceeds fluid intake.

Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) - also known as heart failure is an abnormal condition that occurs when the heart cannot pump blood normally.

Arrhythmias - They're abnormal heart rhythms that happen when the heart's electrical system malfunctions.

Phlebitis - inflamation of a vein most often in the legs caused by. bacterial infection. chemical irritation, trauma,  lupus, or a genetic condition

Thrombus - A blood clot that forms in a blood vessel. If it occurs in a large blood vessel, it will decrease blood flow through the blood vessel.

Respiratory System diseases:

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) - Irritation of the lungs can lead to asthma, emphysema, and chronic bronchitis and people can develop two or three of these together.

Chronic Bronchitis - Any irritant reaching the bronchi and bronchioles will stimulate an increased secretion of mucus. In chronic bronchitis, the air passages become clogged with mucus, and this leads to a persistent cough.

Emphysema - The delicate walls of the alveoli break down, reducing the gas exchange area of the lungs. The condition develops slowly and is seldom a direct cause of death.

Asthma - Periodic constriction of the bronchi and bronchioles makes it more difficult to breathe.

Pneumonia - An infection of the alveoli. It can be caused by many kinds of, both bacteria and viruses. Tissue fluids accumulate in the alveoli, reducing the surface area exposed to air. If enough alveoli are affected, the patient may need supplemental oxygen.

Influenza ('the flu'): - is a communicable respiratory tract infection caused by a virus. It is highly contagious and can be spread quite quickly when a person coughs or sneezes.

Tubercolosis (TB) - is a persistant bacterial infection generally transmitted by the inhalation or ingestion of infected droplets and usually affecting the lungs, although infection of many organ systems can occur.

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List the main functions of the system

Muscular system : responsible for body movements, posture, joint stability and heat production

Nervous system: main component of the brain. Spinal cord and all the nerves in the body. It is also responsible for relaying information to and from the brain and throughout the body.  Hence the nervous system controls, directs and coordinates body functions.

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c and d) Illness/affecting  the nervous system 

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c and d) Illness/affecting  the nervous system 

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1. Epilepsy is a neurological disorder such as seizure, sensory disturbance, abnormal behaviour, loss of consciousness. Because of a burst of electrical in the brain it affect awareness, movement and sensations.

2. Stroke occur when an interruption of blood flow to the brain, often caused by a blood clot. That time blood supply to a part of the brain is obstructed, and the brain cell do not get the oxygen and nutrients and the function controlled by the part of the brain are lost or impaired.

3. Aneurysm is localized dilation of the wall of artery or heart chamber. In older people, the popliteal artery is a common site for aneurysm. Symptoms of a ruptured brain aneurysm often come on suddenly.

4. Acquired Brain injuries (ABI) causes temporary or permanent damage to the brain.

5. Parkinson’s disease is a neurological disorder in certain part of brain is gradually destroyed. The disease as seen in people over 50 years of age.

6. Hunting diseases destroy brain cells and causes uncontrolled movements, emotional disturbances and cognitive loss.

7.  Multiple Sclerosis is a persistent, slowly progressive disease in which the body’s immune system attacks the nerve cell of the brain and spinal cord.

8. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis disease loss of the motor neurons, with progressive weakness and atrophy of the muscle of the hand, forearms, legs.

9. Spinal cord injury may occur complete or parital loss of ability to move a body part or muscle group.

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b) Identify the organs involved in the system and its function

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b) Identify the organs involved in the system and its function

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Identify the organs involved in the system and its function