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1. people form the relationship because that they expected to get benefits from the relationship.
2. Many of people will feel unhappy if they get the benefits that equal than what they offered.
3. Most of the people want to get into a interaction just to get benefits from the another party.
4. Eg: A woman marry to an old man just to get the possession the the old man but not true love.

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-All relationships have give and take, although the balance of this exchange is not always equal. Social Exchange Theory explains how we feel about a relationship with another person.
1.Love in a relationship.
E.g: Interaction of asking someone out on a date.
a)If the person say yes , you have gained a reward and are likely to repeat again.
b)If the person say no, you have received punishment that will probably cause you to shy away from repeating again
2.A phychlogical theory that attempts to explain the social factors that influence how individuals interest within a reciprocal relationship.
E.g: A happy married couple where they love each other with lots of love and no hates.
3.Maintain relationship that maximize benefits and minimize costs.
E.g: A sucessful business man may look for a wife who wil be attractive and meet social requirements as he progresses through his career.
4.Under his perspective every individuals is trying to maximize his wins.
E.g: A wife always want to win in any arguement eventhough its her fault.
5.Social exchange process brings satisfaction when people receive fair return for their expenditures.
E.g: The wife settle up every house chores and the husband suprises his wife with a gift as return.

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Social Exchange Theory
-is a relationship which can get rewards and costs at the same time to maximize the profit.
-the relationship may based on love or does not fall in love with the partner.
-even the person does not fall in love with partner but they still can maintain the relationship because they need to get benefit from each other.
-at the same time they also need to cost something such as  they need to bear bad habit or shortcomings for each other.

example 1: A husband control her wife's freedom after get married.But, the husband always buy luxury product for his wife.

example 2:A man married a wife because of the marriage has been planed by family.After the man get married he can obtain the property.

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- This theory offers how individuals interact with the community and society such as schools, temple and government.

5 types of system :
1) The microsystem - Refers to the institutions and groups that most immediately and directly impact the child's development including: family, school, religious institutions and neighborhood.
2) The mesosystem - a connection between 2 things. Such as interactions between the family and teachers. Relationship between the child’s peers and the family.
3) The exosystem -  Involves links between a social setting in which the individual does not have an active role and the individual's immediate context.
4) The macrosystem - Describes the culture in which individuals live. Societies of this cultural group share a common identity, heritage, and values.
5) The chronosystem - The influence of environmental events and transitions over the life course. The examples of transitions are divorce or deaths.

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1)This theory believes that people form relationships keeping in mind the costs and benefits involved in them, and not based on emotions alone.
2)Focus on the cost and benefits associated with our human behaviors.
3) Elements of theory:
a)Costs: Costs represent the resources one has to contribute to maintain relationship, and represents loss for individual. It includes enduring discomfort, putting in time, effort, and opportunities lost as a result of investing in one relationship instead of another.
b)Benefits: Benefits are the rewards obtained from a relationship one is involved in, & can include material or immaterial things. These benefits can be affection, support, social status, fun, money, goods
4) Example:
Kelly spends a lot of time choosing a birthday gift for her brother, but is disheartened when he isn't excited. Her discontent stems from a lack of attention.

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Family systems theory is the theory that individuals can be understood in terms of their relationships with the people in their family.
5 Concepts of Family Systems Theory
1.Emotional Triangles
A triangle – a relationship between three people – is the smallest stable relationship unit. Although two-person relationships can exist, family systems theory assumes that these relationships are prone to becoming unstable as one or both partners become anxious.A frequent scenario found in emotional triangles is that two people are in agreement with each other and the third is in conflict with them. This can lead to interpersonal and emotional problems for the person in conflict with the others.
2.Differentiation of Self
Differentiation of self refers to a person’s sense of identity and ability to function on their own, rather than as a member of a group. A person’s level of differentiation determines how confident they are in themselves and how much validation they need from others. Someone with a low level of differentiation usually requires a great deal of approval from others in their family and social groups. They may feel emotionally bound to the group and the other people in it.
3.Family Projection Process
The family projection process is the process by which parents transfer their worries, anxieties, and other emotional problems to their children. The projection process starts with the parent worrying that something is wrong with the child. Whether this fear is based in reality or not, the parent interprets the child’s behavior as confirmation of their fear. They then treat the child as if their fear was true – even if the problem is all in the parent’s mind. The family projection process can lead to children inheriting their parents’ emotional problems.
4.Emotional Cutoff
When a relationship between two people or groups is fraught with difficulties, one party may decide to cut off emotional contact with the other in an attempt to ease the tension. Though this may bring some short-term relief, cutting a person or group off emotionally may cause more stress in the long term because it leaves the underlying problems unresolved.
5.Multigenerational Transmission Process
The multigenerational transmission process refers to the way people seek out partners who are similar to them in terms of differentiation and pass these traits on to their children. For instance, someone with a high level of differentiation is most likely to seek out a partner who is also highly differentiated from their family. This couple is likely to produce children who are also highly differentiated.

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Basic Concepts And Propositions

Position is a term denoting a person's place in the kinship structure that is defined by gender, marriage or blood relations, and generational relations. The basic positions within the family are husband, wife, father, mother, son, daughter, brother, and sister.

Norms are social rules that govern group and individual behavior.

For example, he incest taboo is a strong and pervasive social rule forbidding mating between family members.

Role is defined as all the norms attached to one of the kinship positions.

For instance, in most societies the role of mother entails the norm of nurturing of the young. However, because the positions are defined structurally, the content of a role (the norms) may change from society to society or ethnic subculture to subculture.

Family stage is defined as the period of time in which the structure and interactions of role relationships are noticeably distinct from other periods. The stage is usually inferred from the events that indicate a change in the membership of the family or the way in which members of the family are spatially and interactionally organized.

Transitions from one family stage to another are indicated by the events between stages.

Family career (family life course) is composed of all the events and periods of time (stages) between events traversed by a family. At the societal level, the stage-graded norms are indicated by the sequence of events followed by most families.

Deviation by large numbers of families from a career sequence is viewed as a source of social change. Social change comes about because families seek to align their sequencing of stages with the sequencing and timing norms of nonfamily institutions (e.g., education and occupation).

For instance, as the time required for education rises, the age at which a person marries rises, and the period of fertility available to a couple is reduced. Cross-institutional norms, such as finishing one's education before marriage, create the need for systemic deviation in family career and, hence, social change.

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Ecological theory also call as human ecology theory which study of the relationship between humans and their natural,social and built environments.

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Ecological theory also call as human ecology theory which study of the relationship between humans and their natural,social and built environments.

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There are five examples of ecology theory:
1.Microsystem
- Transfer to the institutions and groups that most immediately and directly impact the child's development.For examples:family,school,friends,neighborhood.
2.Mesosystem
-Connection between  two party impact the children' development.For examples:family and teachers.School organize family activities to build the relationship between parents and teachers.
3.Exosystem
-Does not directly affect children' development.For examples,the parents who always work overseas which needed by their company they don't have a lot time to accompany their children.This will cause their interaction between them become less.
4.Macrosystem
- Describes the culture in which individuals live. Cultural contexts include developing and industrialized countries, socioeconomic status, poverty, and ethnicity.For examples,when occur financial turmoil,the parents income will be affected that will also affected their kids living situation.
5. Chronosystem
- The patterning of environmental events and transitions over the life course.For examples,when the parents divorce,it will bring out the negative effects to the children.

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Conflict theory is suggested by a person, named Karl Marx. A wide range of social phenomena can use the conflict theory to explain.

For example ,the relationship between housing complex owner and a tenant as being based mainly mainly on conflict instead of balance or harmony, even though there may be more harmony than conflict. They believe that they are defined by getting whatever resources they can from each other — i.e. rent payments (for the owner), a place to live and repairs (for the tenant ).

Furthermore, conflict theory family has few member constitute to be a family.Member live in a house just have some conflict can make the members to know each other ,but if conflict too much it will be a serious problem.

For example, some parents giving more attention to their excellent result children or youngest children ,it causes unfair treatment in family .Besides that ,some family happened case of steal money from other family member.

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Conflict theory addresses the way in which people within a unit struggle for power, how they disagree and what actions they take to compete for resources. Prestige and wealth often form the basis for the most intense competitions. Instead of buying into the myth that all families are harmonious entities, conflict theory challenges those assumptions to examine the ways in which family members struggle, according to California State University.

The theory of conflict within families starts with the premise that family members undergo conflicts and disharmony. The study includes family dynamics and the roles played by various family members. The source of the power and the causes of the conflict must be identified.Included in the conflict theory as it applies to the family is the uncovering of how the family deals with changes and adversity.

When the family is dissected and sources of conflict and power identified, the family then can find better and more effective ways to communicate. Understanding can lead to a desire for change and motivate family members to participate to develop more positive relationships.Through the study of the family dynamics, members may become more empathic and understanding of the underlying causes of their conflict.

When the family is dissected and sources of conflict and power identified, the family then can find better and more effective ways to communicate. Understanding can lead to a desire for change and motivate family members to participate to develop more positive relationships.Through the study of the family dynamics, members may become more empathic and understanding of the underlying causes of their conflict.

According to California State University, it is not possible to interact with other human beings without eventual conflict. Growth takes place within the context of conflict. Change and the ensuing conflicts it brings are normal and necessary for human growth and development. The primary goal should be for family members to learn how to manage the conflict so that it doesn't escalate and alienate others and lead to estranged relationships.

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1. Family development theory

It is an approach to study families, which is useful in explaining patterned change, the dynamic nature of the family and how change occurs in the family life cycle.

The term family as used here represents a social group containing at least one parent-child relationship.

The family group is organized and governed by social norms.

The stages of the family life cycle:

Independence.

Coupling or marriage.

Parenting: babies through adolescents

Launching adult children.

Retirement or senior years.

2. Examples of real-life situation

Baby's needs ate much more than teenager,s simply because a baby cannot physically take care of himself/herself.

A family who lives during war time will have differing views and values than family developing away from war.

The interaction between children and their grandparents may be significantly different in America than in China.

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1.Triangles
The smallest stable relationship system. Triangles usually have one side in conflict and two sides in harmony, contributing to the development of clinical problems.
2.Emotional cut off
Emotional cut off People sometimes manage their unresolved emotional issues with parents, siblings, and other family members by reducing or totally cutting off emotional contact with them. This resolves nothing and risks making new relationships too important.
3.Societal emotional process
This concept describes how the emotional system governs behavior on a societal level, similar to that within a family, which promotes both progressive and regressive periods in a society.
4.Sibling position
People who grow up in the same sibling position have important common characteristics. For example, oldest children tend to gravitate to leadership positions and youngest children often prefer to be followers, unless the parents disappointed them.  Toman’s research showed that spouses’ sibling positions when mismatched often affect the chance of divorcing.

Example in real-life of Triangles :
Michael and Martha were extremely happy during the first two years of their marriage. Michael liked making major decisions, and Martha felt comforted by Michael’s “strength.” After some difficulty getting pregnant, Martha conceived during the third year of the marriage, but it was a difficult pregnancy. She was quite nauseous during the first trimester and developed blood pressure and weight gain problems as the pregnancy progressed. She talked frequently to Michael of her insecurities about being a mother. Michael was patient and reassuring, but also began to feel critical of Martha for being “childlike.”

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Family development has some end or goal, an assumption which was influenced by child development.

Family development theory sensitizes users to a variety of family-oriented ideas that provide an organized approach to the pursuit of knowledge about families with adolescents. Great attention is paid to the normal and typical experiences and events contained within this family life cycle stage. The conceptual attractiveness and practical utility of this approach is evidenced in its widespread use in the family science and family therapy literatures. In the present chapter, particular consideration is given to the main theme of boundary flexibility and associated developmental tasks (or second-order changes), as well as the timing of roles and events that take place within this developmental period. Critiques of the family developmental approach are covered as well, including current limitations associated with its empirical utility, as well as questions that have been raised about its generalizability to families with adolescents living both in contemporary Western society and in other cultures.

Six Stage Family Life Cycle:

Independent Single

Newly Married Couple

Early parenthood

Later Parenthood

Launching or Empty Nest

Family in Later life/Retirement

Example
i)Personal stages of development can be compared to stages a family may go through.

ii)Some people may choose not to marry or have children, some marriages may end in divorce or have a young, single parent.  The reality of family structure does not necessarily match these stages but it still applies theoretically.

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-Conflict theory suggests that human behavior in social contexts results from conflicts between competing groups. Conflict theory originated with the work of Karl Marx in the mid-1800s. Marx understood human society in terms of conflict between social classes, notably the conflict in capitalist societies between those who owned the means of economic production (factory or farm owners, for example) and those who did not (the workers). Subsequent thinkers have described different versions of conflict theory; a common theme is that different social groups have unequal power, though all groups struggle for the same limited resources. Conflict theory has been used to explain diverse human behavior, such as educational practices that either sustain or challenge the status quo, cultural customs regarding the elderly, and criminal behavior.

Social conflict example

Social conflict is the struggle for agency or power in society. Social conflict or group conflict occurs when two or more actors oppose each other in socialinteraction, reciprocally exerting social power in an effort to attain scarce or incompatible goals and prevent the opponent from attaining them.

Sociological conflict theory

A third important sociological framework is the conflict theory. Unlike the structural functional theory, which views society as a peaceful unit, conflict theoryinterprets society as a struggle for power between groups engaging in conflict for limited resources. Karl Marx is the founder of conflict theory.

Class conflict

frequently referred to as class warfare or class struggle, is the tension or antagonism which exists in society due to competing socioeconomic interests and desires between people of different classes.

focus of conflict theory

Social conflict theory sees social life as a competition and focuses on the distribution of resources, power, and inequality. Conflict theorists view society as an arena of inequality that generates social conflict and social change. Karl Marx is considered the father of social conflict theory.

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Family systems theory is more than a therapeutic technique. It is a philosophy that searches for the causes of behavior,not in the individual alone, but in the interactions among the members of a group. The basic rationale is that all parts of the family are interrelated.

5 CONCEPT OF FAMILY SYSTEMS THEORY.

1.EMOTIONAL TRIANGLES
- The smallest stable network of human relationship systems (larger relationship systems can be perceived as a network of interlocking triangles). A two-person dyad may exist for a time but may become unstable as anxiety is introduced. A three-person system, however, may provide more resources toward managing and reducing overall anxiety within the group.
2.DIFFERENTIATION OF SELF
- Which a person is able to separate thoughts and feelings, respond to anxiety, and cope with the variables of life while pursuing personal goals. An individual with a high level of differentiation may be better able to maintain individuality.
3.FAMILY PROJECTION PROCESS
- The transmission of a parent’s anxiety, relationship difficulties, and emotional concerns to the child within the emotional triangle, may contribute to the development of emotional issues and other concerns in the child.
4.EMOTIONAL CUTOFF
- A situation where a person decides to best manage emotional difficulties or other concerns within the family system by emotionally distancing themselves from other members of the family.
5. MULTIGENERATIONAL TRANSMISSION PROCESS
-The way that individuals seek out partners with a similar level of differentiation, potentially leading certain behaviors and conditions to be passed on through generations.
EXAMPLE:
Helping family members not scapegoat but to see behaviors of an individual as a part of a family system theory.

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Ecological systems theory, also called development in context or human ecology theory. It concerned  with the many social and cultural contexts that affect family such as school, churches, neighborhood and educational systems.

Example of five systems:

1. The Microsystem : Refers to the institutions and groups that most immediately and directly impact the child's development including  family, school, religious institutions, neighborhood, and peers.

2. The Mesosystem: The connections between the structures of the child's microsystem.For example, Interactions between the family and teachers, Relationship between the child’s peers and the family.

3. The Exosystem: Involves links between a social setting in which the individual does not have an active role and the individual's immediate context. For example, Even though the child is never physically at the father’s workplace, what happens at the workplace influences the child’s home life. If the father get more bonus at his workplace, the child can receive new toys or nice clothes. If the father loses his job, the child could lose the security of his home or no longer have food to eat.

4. The Marcosystem: Describes the culture in which individuals live. Cultural contexts include developing and industrialized countries, socioeconomic status, poverty, and ethnicity.  For example, if a family lives in poverty, often times the children have more responsibilities than other children.

5. The Chronosystem: The patterning of environmental events and transitions over the life course, as well as sociohistorical circumstances. For example, the divorce for parents may affect their children's behaviour.

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What is Family system theory (F.S.T)
- F.S.T is a form of psychotherapy that helps individuals resolve their problems in the context of their family units, where many issues are likely to begin. Each family member works together with the others to better understand their group dynamic and how their individual actions affect each other and the family unit as a whole.

Family Systems Therapy Approaches
- Structural family therapy, designed by Salvador Minuchin, looks at family relationships, behaviors, and patterns as they are exhibited within the therapy session in order to evaluate the structure of the family.

- Strategic family therapy, developed by Jay Haley, Milton Erickson, and Cloe Madanes, among others, examines family processes and functions, such as communication or problem-solving patterns, by evaluating family behavior outside the therapy session.

- Intergenerational family therapy acknowledges generational influences on family and individual behavior. Identifying multigenerational behavioral patterns, such as management of anxiety, can help people see how their current problems may be rooted in previous generations.

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Ecological systems theory is an approach to study of human development that consists of the 'scientific study of the progressive, mutual accommodation, throughout the life course, between an active, growing human being, and the changing properties of the immediate settings in which the developing person lives, as this process is affected by the relations between these settings, and by the larger contexts in which the settings are embedded

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The pattern change experienced by families.It separated to different stages. Normally happens when tasks critically important and somewhat unique to the stages

Real-life examples:
1.Children live in single-parent family will be more independent than children that live in normal family

2.Parents that teaching their children strictly in order to be a knowledgable person will affect that children’s attitudes after they become parent of their own children .

3.Couple before their marriage will put more effort on each other in order to keep their relationship but after marriage they will only have more responsibilities to each other and also children.