# data[].attributes.headline
So why isn´t it include?? If we have got perfect avocados? from perfect Mexico?It seems now the new negotiation did not mention the avocado at all. While making the acriculture as a second place in this important topics of the USMCA. Avocados now could get a lot more expensive and unpredictable under the new agreement.It is important to recognize that Americans are used to buy whatever fruits and vegetables they want wheneverthey want them, thanks to the large imports from Mexico. Which it supplies 75 % to 80 %of all the avocados that Amercians. They eat a lot of avocados more than 7 pounds of them , per capita. Even with the Mexican imports, prices fluctuate. Regular rules of supply and demand still apply, and supply is affected by such forces as weather and labour.Mexico and the United States have eliminated all tariffs and quantitative restrictions on agricultural goods and have strengthened scientific ties to eradicate diseases and pests, conduct research and enhance conservation. US counts with a commanding market share for several sub-sectors. Below are short summaries of key subsectors of the agricultural market in Mexico. They are dairy, beef, pork, poultry, soybeans, corn, wheat, and fresh fruit including apples, pears, and grapes. 

# data[].attributes.subject
So why isn´t it include?? If we have got perfect avocados? from perfect Mexico?It seems now the new negotiation did not mention the avocado at all. While making the acriculture as a second place in this important topics of the USMCA. Avocados now could get a lot more expensive and unpredictable under the new agreement.It is important to recognize that Americans are used to buy whatever fruits and vegetables they want wheneverthey want them, thanks to the large imports from Mexico. Which it supplies 75 % to 80 %of all the avocados that Amercians. They eat a lot of avocados more than 7 pounds of them , per capita. Even with the Mexican imports, prices fluctuate. Regular rules of supply and demand still apply, and supply is affected by such forces as weather and labour.Mexico and the United States have eliminated all tariffs and quantitative restrictions on agricultural goods and have strengthened scientific ties to eradicate diseases and pests, conduct research and enhance conservation. US counts with a commanding market share for several sub-sectors. Below are short summaries of key subsectors of the agricultural market in Mexico. They are dairy, beef, pork, poultry, soybeans, corn, wheat, and fresh fruit including apples, pears, and grapes. 

# data[].attributes.body
Giselle Valencia
A01551120

# data[].attributes.body
In a brief summary, describe the importance of each image included in your meme.

This meme specifically shows you the importance of the avocado in the United States but also in Mexico, there are two main dates that the avocado is the primer food of the Americans the fifth of May and the super bowl.

It is well known that Donald Trump has agreed to reach a deal by implementing the USMCA but, he does not include the agriculture as the main point, instead, he decided to select the automotive industry as the main point of the deal, but, ¿Did somebody remembers the avocado? Yes, they did, but they also rather talk about corn instead of the avocado, it seems to be incredible that nobody cares about the avocado, taking into consideration that the avocado represents around 648 million U.S. Dollars.

¿What aspect of global trade in agriculture does it represent? Provide data, statistics, analysis that demonstrate the relevance of that meme for the global debate on trade in agriculture.

This graph shows you the amount of money the Mexican avocado represents to the United States: (million U.S. Dollars)

1st Quarter of 2003: (JANUARY THRU MARCH) 55.7

1st Quarter of 2004: (JANUARY THRU MARCH) 76.4

1st Quarter of 2005: (JANUARY THRU MARCH) 84.4

1st Quarter of 2006: (JANUARY THRU MARCH) 111.0

1st Quarter of 2007: (JANUARY THRU MARCH) 130.3

1st Quarter of 2008: (JANUARY THRU MARCH) 164.1

1stQuarter of 2009: (JANUARY THRU MARCH) 184.6

1st Quarter of 2010: (JANUARY THRU MARCH) 167.6

1st Quarter of 2011: (JANUARY THRU MARCH) 254.4

1st Quarter of 2012: (JANUARY THRU MARCH) 246.1

1st Quarter of 2013: (JANUARY THRU MARCH) 276.1

1st Quarter of 2014: (JANUARY THRU MARCH) 359.4

1st Quarter of 2015: (JANUARY THRU MARCH) 441.9

1st Quarter of 2016: (JANUARY THRU MARCH) 425.8

1st Quarter of 2017: (JANUARY THRU MARCH) 647.3

Mexico produces about 1.8 million metric tons (MMT), this past two years (2017 and 2018) due to the weather conditions and also the phytosanitary pest control programs the amount of avocado has been increasing, making Michoacán the world leader in avocado production.

USMCA raise the restrictions of imports in order to increase the local market, but taking consideration of the weather conditions, the type of lands and also the pest controls programs it is impossible to compete with Mexico (Michoacán) in the avocado productions, in this specific case for the United States it is necessary to import Mexican avocado.

Bibliography:

Consumer Goods & FMCG›Food & Nutrition.. (2017.). Value of avocado exports from Mexico from 1st quarter 2003 to 1st quarter 2017 (in million U.S. dollars). October, 16, 2018., de Statista. Sitio web: https://www.statista.com/statistics/723856/avocado-export-value-mexico/

Nick Gillespie.. (2009.). Agricultural Subsidies: Corporate Welfare for Farmers. October, 16, 2018., de ReasonTV. Sitio web: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TeAYuLB8VTg

Al Jazeera.. (2017.). NAFTA: US-grown corn threatens Mexican crop heritage. October, 16. 2018., de Al Jazeera English. Sitio web: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KSGHrd-dcls

EMMET LIVINGSTONE.. (2018.). How EU milk is sinking Africa’s farmers. October, 16, 2018., de POLITICOPRO. Sitio web: https://www.politico.eu/article/eus-milk-scramble-for-africa/

World Trade Organization.. (2018.). Agriculture.. October, 16, 2018., de WTO. Sitio web: https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/agric_e/agric_e.htm

World Trade Organization.. (2018.). Agriculture: fairer markets for farmers. October, 16, 2018., de WTO. Sitio web: https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/agrm3_e.htm

USDA.. (2017.). Mexico: Avocado Annual. October, 16, 2018., de United States Department of Agriculture. Sitio web: https://www.fas.usda.gov/data/mexico-avocado-annual-2

# data[].attributes.body
Jesús Odilón Escalante Guzmán
The Title of the meme is “Mexico´s Trade Relationships“. And it shows the image of the boyfriend a guy who goes walking with his girlfriend, with whom he has a relationship, but he got distracted for the attention of the other girl who is passing by. This is a reference that Mexico has a good relationship with other countries with which it has trade agreements, but it is still very dependent and is attracted by only the US market, this generates some dependence, which as shown in the image The United States does not care about and discredits several products in which Mexico is an export leader and has great variety, as we saw in the case of corn and the production force that we know of avocado, among other agricultural products.
“From Mexico in 2016, the country's participation in that US sector was 19.9%, while Canada was 19% and the EU 18% for agriculture trade.“ http://www.milenio.com/negocios/mexico-ya-es-el-principal-proveedor-agricola-de-eu

# data[].attributes.body
Clarissa Pérez
A00819402
Agricultural producers are encouraged by reports that the United States and Mexico are closer to an informal agreement with NAFTA. As for agriculture, the US UU It seems that they eliminated certain anti-dumping rules driven by producers of seasonal crops in the United States from the southeast.

Mexico has turned to South American countries such as Argentina and Brazil for corn and soybean supplies. Besides being a large buyer of U.S. corn, Mexico in recent years also has been a major importer of U.S. soybeans.

The shipping costs of buying certain agricultural products from South America make it more expensive for Mexican importers, according to De Bolle. "It makes much more sense for Mexico to continue buying these things in the US.

Jeff, D.. (2018). Farmers cautiously optimistic about progress in NAFTA talks but not ready to celebrate. Octubre 21, 2018, de CNBC Sitio web: https://www.cnbc.com/2018/08/23/farmers-not-ready-to-celebrate.html

# data[].attributes.body
Luis Esteban Calderon A01250440

The meme shows a kid dancing for happiness and celebrating that nations are now working under an open market criteria without high commerce barriers.

This meme is created because as agriculture has been a issue for WTO international trade and cause of controversies that had lead the members into final decision panels, I believe that markets must reduce their protectionism strategies and impulse the integration.

World Trade Organization. (2018). Agriculture: fairer markets for farmers. Retrieved from https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/agrm3_e.htm

# data[].attributes.body
Ivana Nenninger A01250809

The meme recreates an escene of someone thinking about the great idea of an open market without barriers.

For agriculture global trade might be the idea of open markets and the elimination of barriers due to the high protectionism and how this can affect underdeveloped countries.

WTO. (2018). Agriculture: fairer markets for farmers. Retrieved form https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/agrm3_e.htm

# data[].attributes.body
Victoria Robles
A01250327

Summary:

The image represent the long periods of time that many countries needed to wait to got a fair trade due protectionism.

It represents the time that has taken to nations to avoid or abolish the protectionism that affect local production and international expansion due to the high barriers to fair trade.

# data[].attributes.body
Johana Stefany San Roman Torres
A01272387

1.     In a brief summary, describe the importance of each image included in your meme.

I included the image of a woman crying over the fact that only the barriers are now only tariff, trying to represent some countries would have more competition gradually since now.

2.     What aspect of global trade in agriculture does it represent? Provide data, statistics, analysis that demonstrate the relevance of that meme for the global debate on trade in agriculture.

What I seek to represent with this meme is the event in which the rule of access to agricultural products of "only tariffs" was introduced with the objective of reforming trade in the agricultural sector in addition to increasing security for importing and exporting countries, and a more loyal competition among competitors.
“The objective of the Agriculture Agreement is to reform trade in the sector and to make policies more market-oriented. This would improve predictability and security for importing and exporting countries alike” (WTO, SF)
To my point of view the reform of "only tariffs" also generates an advantage to the consumers of the products because it allows them to have more options of products and for the producers a search of constant improvement to find after a healthy competition more globalized.

“The Uruguay Round produced the first multilateral agreement dedicated to the sector. It was a significant first step towards order, fair competition and a less distorted sector” (WTO, SF)

Developing countries are not bound by tariffs or subsidies, this for the purpose of fair competition will not affect the least developed countries.

References.
Trade Topics: Agriculture. Retrieved October 16, 2018, from https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/agric_e/agric_e.htm (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site

# data[].attributes.headline
A01233690 Eduardo Bello Meléndez                                                                                   Title: Poor decisions Summary: the European Union is one of the main providers of cheap and accessible milk and dairy products of the West African region, and despite representing food security for the countries, it represents an unfair competition for local producers. The EU and their biggest dairy companies: Danone (France), Arla (Denmark) and FrieslandCampina (Netherlands) are flowing millions of liters of milk and dairy products into the region with half price than the local competitors, impoverishing the producers, which in an odd action regarding EU’s African development policies and projects in order to stop migration into the European continent. In addition, it is important to mention that Brussels have set up high and “juicy” subsidies to European dairy producers, which are hungry to fill the space that the EU embargo from Russia left. And, in the other hand, we have the low subsidies that African countries can give to their local producers, and also, the fast-growing middle class is fervent for new goods and services, including milk and dairies. Ghana and Côte d’Ivoire are the fastest growing economies of the region with about 7-9% annual growth (Livingstone, 2018)                                                                                                                  In conclusion, First World countries' high subsidies and domestic support on agriculture and farming goods, boosted by the WTO Agriculture Agreement, as also market access, are destroying Third World's producers, which are not as lucky to have high government domestic and export subsidies.

# data[].attributes.subject
A01233690 Eduardo Bello Meléndez                                                                                   Title: Poor decisions Summary: the European Union is one of the main providers of cheap and accessible milk and dairy products of the West African region, and despite representing food security for the countries, it represents an unfair competition for local producers. The EU and their biggest dairy companies: Danone (France), Arla (Denmark) and FrieslandCampina (Netherlands) are flowing millions of liters of milk and dairy products into the region with half price than the local competitors, impoverishing the producers, which in an odd action regarding EU’s African development policies and projects in order to stop migration into the European continent. In addition, it is important to mention that Brussels have set up high and “juicy” subsidies to European dairy producers, which are hungry to fill the space that the EU embargo from Russia left. And, in the other hand, we have the low subsidies that African countries can give to their local producers, and also, the fast-growing middle class is fervent for new goods and services, including milk and dairies. Ghana and Côte d’Ivoire are the fastest growing economies of the region with about 7-9% annual growth (Livingstone, 2018)                                                                                                                  In conclusion, First World countries' high subsidies and domestic support on agriculture and farming goods, boosted by the WTO Agriculture Agreement, as also market access, are destroying Third World's producers, which are not as lucky to have high government domestic and export subsidies.

# data[].attributes.body
References and bibliography: Livingstone, E. (2018). How EU milk is sinking Africa’s farmers. October 16, 2018, de POLITICO Sitio web: https://www.politico.eu/article/eus-milk-scramble-for-africa/

# data[].attributes.body
A01232070
This image represents the North American policy on subsidies, which all governments, including Obama and the current one, maintain to protect their interests.

# data[].attributes.body
Title: Control

The image of the meme means in general that you have to know when to export and import products. This description is based on two main reasons, the shortage of product in an internal market and the economic cost of importation, the reasons why it is necessary to go and not in a moment. Only product and pass the image.

Presenting two examples in which there is no proper handling of product imports can cause the meme:

The productive activity in Peru in 2018 has been accelerating a growth rate of 5.4%, the contribution of agriculture being a determining factor in this increase.

It is from July 2018, agricultural exports reached US $ 3.518 million, 15% higher than that registered in the same period of 2017, highlighting in this behavior the world's largest demand for Peruvian fruits such as blueberries, avocados, mangoes, bananas and fresh grapes, which account for 34% of the total basket of agroexports.

In the middle of last month Uruguay has achieved historical records. In this country, 9,858 tons of beef have been imported, 3,343 tons more than what is imported in all 2017. Monthly purchases of meat from abroad rise rapidly.

REFERENCES:

Blasina y Asociados. (2018). Doble récord: Uruguay exporta vacunos en pie e importa carne como nunca.. 16 de octubre de 2018, de El Observador Sitio web: https://www.elobservador.com.uy/nota/doble-record-uruguay-exporta-mas-vacunos-en-pie-e-importa-mas-carne-2018919212539

Gestión. (2018). Escenarios de riesgo y oportunidades para el agro peruano. 16 de octubre de 2018, de GESTIÓN Sitio web: https://gestion.pe/blog/innovacion-sinergias-y-crecimiento/2018/10/escenarios-de-riesgo-y-oportunidades-para-el-agro-peruano.html?ref=gesr

# data[].attributes.body
A01232828
This image represents the duality, or the double discourse of the United States. On the one hand it accepts the benefits of free trade, but it also maintains protectionism in agriculture because it can not compete under the rules of free trade.

# data[].attributes.body
“Demand of a Subsidy”

This piece of art is the incarnation of contemporary art. Taking a meme that is a good representation of society nowadays. At first sight the meme suggests lack of effort, misspelled words, and a generic image. But this meme is deeper than that, this specific genre of memes are designed to communicate a compelling grave issue in just a few words. Some will say the “millennial way”. Often mistaken as simple, contemporary art goes beyond what it seems and try to transmit philosophical arguments.

In this work we see a dinosaur as an allegory to an obsolete thinking and way how things work, because as we can appreciate the ancient creature is still alive, even though it should have been extinct. Also the animal is fat and not moving, which represents a lack of effort and competitiveness. His eyes are barely open, meaning that he is not willing to see the truth that lies in front of him. He is huge and alone in a big field, being like a multinational exporter with all the leverage. Short legs, slow movements, bigmouth to take heaps of money. If we analyze the words “gimme subsidi” he is not even saying it right, but he is demanding as if it were an obligation for the nation to give subsidies for agriculture giants.

This is the reality with agricultural subsidies. While many people believe that subsidies are given to small family farmers, the majority of the $349 billion in farm subsidies from 1995 to 2016 just in the USA, are given to the largest producers. Farm subsidies keep growing, but the benefit is decreasing with time. Subsidies are creating inefficient markets and promoting unfair trade in a global marketplace.

References:

Agriculture: Fairer markets for farmers. Retrieved October 16, 2018, from https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/agrm3_e.htm (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.

Trade Topics: Agriculture. Retrieved October 16, 2018, from https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/agric_e/agric_e.htm (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.

Livingstone, E. (2018, April 18). How EU milk is sinking Africa's farmers. Retrieved October 16, 2018, from https://www.politico.eu/article/eus-milk-scramble-for-africa/ (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.

tv. (2009, January 27). Agricultural Subsidies: Corporate Welfare for Farmers. Retrieved October 16, 2018, from Agricultural Subsidies: Corporate Welfare for Farmers (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.

(Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.Al Jazeera English. (2017, November 18). NAFTA: US-grown corn threatens Mexican crop heritage. Retrieved October 16, 2018, from NAFTA: US-grown corn threatens Mexican crop heritage (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.

# data[].attributes.body
Title: THE (real) ONE

The importance of this image is that despite the fact that the United States has a protectionist mentality in reality the world and people know that the products made and harvested in Mexico are of their preference for quality and price thanks to the land and the characteristics of our country.

The aspect that occupies international trade is that it represents the relationship of two countries around agricultural exports.

Through what means has trade in agriculture traditionally been distorted? What motives have countries had for doing so?

* Trade in agriculture has been distorted in different ways. To begin with, trade was created so that the exchange of goods and services existed between countries, where they could cover their needs with a supply of better quality where they lack to produce it. That is why it has sometimes been distorted in agriculture because countries where agriculture is good, and countries where they do not sometimes try to put up indirect barriers

Why have the U.S. and the EU historically relied on export subsidies for key agricultural products? What has been the social/economic/environmental impact on developing country agricultural producers and global consumers?

* The United States and the European Union have preferred export subsidies to be competitive in certain agricultural products, so the social impact for producers is good, economically the money enters these regions and in the environmental environment improve their production

Bibliography:

N/A. October 16th, 2018. FAO. Agricultural trade: entering a new era?. http://www.fao.org/docrep/v6800e/v6800E0i.htm

# data[].attributes.body
Global Trade Agriculture

Title : The lucky one
Summary :
If Europeans farmers profit from the policy set up by the EU, the collateral damages in developing countries can sometimes be quite significant.

At a joint meeting of the European Parliament’s Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development, MEPS heard a number of experts on the effects of the CAP on developing countries.

Since the end of milk quotas, but also with the decline of milk consumption in Europe, the sector is looking for new opportunities in Asia and also in Africa.

As a result, European milk is now found as milk powder sold at unbeatable prices in Africa, in direct competition with the local output. Since 2009, skim milk powder exports have increased three-fold according to a study published by Oxfam and SOS Faim.

“What is happening in Africa? We export our overabundant stocks as powdered milk and 🤬 off local agriculture” said the Belgian socialist MEP, Marc Tarabella.

Meme: The meme explains how other countries attack the undeveloped countries and make them to loose there production.

Bibliography:
Barberie, C. How EU powdered milk threatens African production.(2018) Web site: https://www.euractiv.com/section/development-policy/news/how-eu-powdered-milk-threatens-african-production/

# data[].attributes.body
Brief Summary: This Meme reflects how the WTO tries to protect their member and sometimes is difficult like, te situation that is occurring in Mexico with the corn of the U.S. or the situation with the Africans competing against the EU milk in Africa, this meme reflects the importance of an institution that helps to protect or find the best solution possible.

# data[].attributes.body
Alejandra Contreras Salazar

A00819410

Corn or Maiz

The original Gatt regulates agriculture, however it had many ambiguities that did not allow the commercial opening of the countries in this sector, specifically.

Under the premise of being a highly vulnerable sector, governments began to implement tariffs, import quotas and subsidies that caused protectionism in many countries, so that competition was difficult or almost impossible.

According to WTO, (2018), “The newly committed tariffs and tariff quotas, covering all agricultural products, took effect in 1995”. Were new rules and commitment included; Market access: tariffs only, domestic support: some you can, some you can’t, export subsidies: limits on spending and quantities, and the least-developed and those depending on food imports.

Mexico is the center of origin of corn worldwide. However, it has lagged behind other countries, which puts the food security of Mexicans at stake.

The country consumes white corn for human consumption and yellow to feed livestock. The main import is yellow grain, which comes in 98% of the United States, since the grain used for tortillas is sufficient for self-consumption. The lack of technology in the Mexican countryside, compared to countries such as the United States, and the yield of the hectares have caused the deficit in the production of the national input. But not only the machinery used is enough to increase production.

In the meme we ask ourselves what will happen to the production and consumption of maize from United States and Mexican corn. As we could see in the material of the work, this is a topic that does not only affect the market in economic terms, but also cultural and I think it is important to find a way to solve the situation.

References

Alto Nivel, (2018). “Por qué México no puede solo con su producción de maíz”. Recovered from: https://www.altonivel.com.mx/empresas/por-que-mexico-no-puede-solo-con-su-produccion-de-maiz/

WTO, (2018). “Agriculture: fairer markets for farmers”. Recovered from: https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/agrm3_e.htm

# data[].attributes.body
People who live from milk are struggling.

Due to the rock-bottom European milk prices, Multibillion-euro dairy companies are taking advantage of this to aggressively expand into West Africa. Throughout the past five years, exports of milk powder made from subsidized European farmers for the booming middle class has tripled in the region.

Livingstone, E. (2018, April 18). How EU milk is sinking Africa's farmers. Retrieved July 10, 2018, from https://www.politico.eu/article/eus-milk-scramble-for-africa/

# data[].attributes.body
Alfonso Pulido A01420449

In both the European Union and in the United States, farming is heavily subsidized as part of governmental policies in order to keep those industries running (ReasonTV, 2009); in this specific case the milk agro-sector is being discussed. The problem with the combination of subsidized industries and free trade is that trade stops being fair when subsidized products, like milk, reach “weaker markets” where local small farmers have no support from the government and have to compete against imported goods with very low prices. For example, the European milk exports towards Africa have tripled in the last five years, representing an aggressive expansion into a market that cannot compete against the heavily subsidized prices of the imported milk, “ratcheting up” accusations made by African countries and other relevant actors that Africa pays the price for the faming policies developed by the European Union. “Between 2011 and 2016, milk powder exports from the EU to West Africa jumped from 12,900 metric tons to 36,700 tons” (Livingstone, 2018). Another problem that arises from this situation is unemployment in African countries, which is a problem mentioned to cause two bad situations for the European Union: First, as a cause of unemployment more African immigrants seek opportunities in Europe, worsening the migration crises happening in the EU, and second, sons of unemployed farmers find “opportunities” fighting the jihad along with groups classified as terrorists by the EU (Livingstone, 2018). So, despite Europe’s political discourses and objectives that plan eradicating poverty in Africa, reduce migration and boost development in the African continent, hypocrisy is clearly seen as the result of their subsidies programs without regulations for companies for not flooding developing markets that cannot compete against them. In the meme I made, the aim is to show the European and American subsidized farming industries happy to see the African farmers collapsing or “burning” as a consequence of their disloyal practices in their markets, where the only beneficiaries are these subsidized industries.

Meme link (Couldn't upload it here): https://photos.app.goo.gl/R4ncnhpfqr8Wu2b56

References:

Livingstone, E. (2018). How EU milk is sinking Africa’s farmers. Retrieved from: https://www.politico.eu/article/eus-milk-scramble-for-africa/

ReasonTV. (2009). Agricultural Subsidies: Corporate Welfare for Farmers. Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TeAYuLB8VTg

# data[].attributes.headline
Mónica Félix - A01246323 Global Trade in Agriculture 

# data[].attributes.subject
Mónica Félix - A01246323 Global Trade in Agriculture 

# data[].attributes.body
"Taken away from you"

To me, this meme represents how not only the local producers in Africa but the consumers too, loss their hopes in the market when the European Union lifted its milk quotas and increased the pressure on African’s dairy producers. Taking advantage when the West Africa grew its population and demand for dairy. Between 2011 and 2016, milk powder exports from the EU to West Africa jumped from 12,900 metric tons to 36,700 tons. EU argued that this would make the African economies to grow. For example, Ghanaian and Ivorian economies will grow by 8.3 percent and 7.2 percent, respectively.

It is obvious that the European Union is looking up for its interests, but they are forgetting that the primarily think to look up to is the African people in this case. The repercussions that this lack of consideration is bringing to Africa goes from the citizens’ economy to their own health, which is a basic need that must be taken care of.

The strategy of the EU is getting to a point that the overproduction is causing macroeconomically disparities in the prices, affecting again the local producers.

The necessity of the European Union to explode the potential that the farmer sector has in that planet area is causing discrepancies in the WTO Part 4 about the developed and developing countries and they must take care of that, in order to fulfill its obligations above its desires:

o    Extra time for developing countries to fulfil their commitments (in many of the WTO agreements)

o    Provisions designed to increase developing countries’ trading opportunities through greater market access (e.g. in textiles, services, technical barriers to trade)

o    Provisions requiring WTO members to safeguard the interests of developing countries when adopting some domestic or international measures (e.g. in anti-dumping, safeguards, technical barriers to trade)

o    Provisions for various means of helping developing countries (e.g. to deal with commitments on animal and plant health standards, technical standards, and in strengthening their domestic telecommunications sectors).

If we read and compare, we could find those discrepancies right away, that way we remark the sensitiveness that are find in the agricultural sector, either for its fundamental importance in the lifestyle of the consumers or for the fact that it’s a major sector in the global economy.

References:

Agriculture: Fairer markets for farmers. Retrieved July 9, 2018, from https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/agrm3_e.htm

Elbehri, A., & Leetmaa, S. (2001). How significant are export subsidies to agricultural trade? Retrieved from Annual Meetings of the American Agricultural Economics Association: https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/20518/1/sp01el02.pdf

Livingstone, E. (2018, April 18). How EU milk is sinking Africa's farmers. Retrieved July 10, 2018, from https://www.politico.eu/article/eus-milk-scramble-for-africa/

Trade Topics: Agriculture. Retrieved July 9, 2018, from https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/agric_e/agric_e.htm

# data[].attributes.body
Alba Jazmín Hernández Sánchez A00570643

"The Return of Chubbles"

-In a brief summary, describe the importance of each image included in your meme.
In the original meme, this girl recognized by the name of “Chubby bubbles girl” or “Chubbles” is running through a yard with a plastic tube of bubbles in her hand. I made a few changes to make it more related to the topic by putting her running through a farm field and instead of holding the tube of bubbles, she’s holding a glass of milk. She represents the producers’ reactions to the negotiation Agricultural Agreement due to the decreasing of dairy products consumption.

-What aspect of global trade in agriculture does it represent? Provide data, statistics, analysis that demonstrate the relevance of that meme for the global debate on trade in agriculture.
The growth rate in global consumption of agricultural commodities is projected to decline. Per caput consumption is likely to decrease for dairy products, grains, beef and coffee. Also, this agreement will lead to a small reduction in consumption growth in low income, food deficit countries. For example, FAO’s statistics from 2000 projected that Africa’s food import bill calculated in dollars would rise from $8.4billion to $14.9billion on 2000, and even though their exports would rise from $7.1billion to $10.2, the loss in preferences is expected to reduce this by $200million. Without this agreement, the country would move from a net trade surplus of $1billion to a deficit of $1.5million, but with the agreement, this deficit rises to $1.7million. (FAO, 1998).

Bibliography:

FAO. (1998). Chapter 4 - The impact of the agreement on agricultural trade. Retrieved from FAO: http://www.fao.org/docrep/w7814e/w7814e09.htm#checklist%20box%20for%20chapter%204

WTO. (2018). Agriculture: fairer markets for farmers. Retrieved from WTO: https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/agrm3_e.htm

# data[].attributes.body
Get that corn outta my face

One big issue this days for our country is corn, due to the fact it was involved in the fifth talk about NAFTA negotiations, it represents the top agricultural import from Mexico to the United States. Our country situation has been damaging due to American varieties exports in the corn sector because of its cheap imports. During the last months Trump has been trying to change how NAFTA operated its tariffs corn included. NAFTA can be a new hope for Mexican corn because of its increment on US imports by 6.6%, according to USDA, Mexico is the principal buyer of corn from the US and in second place is Brazil with 14.7 tones.
The situation of our citizens consuming other varieties imported from US is having as a consequence a lack of interest in this product by Mexican farmers since they prefer to opt for options that can generate greater profits by having this other product with which is being replaced, the situation is sad because it is a product which is part of history and culture and it has taken time to get to what it is today
The meme represents how something that is part of our culture have been replaced this days for other varieties of imported corn, not taking into account how important it is within the Mexican culture due to the diet and what all Mexicans are accustomed to consuming talking about products derived from this product which are consumed daily like oil, flour, syrup, tortilla, among other products.

Al Jazeera English. (2017, November 18). NAFTA: US-grown corn threatens Mexican crop heritage. Retrieved July 10, 2018, from NAFTA: US-grown corn threatens Mexican crop heritage
Saefong,M.. (2018). Corn prices climb, poised for highest finish in over 7 weeks after USDA report. ., de MARKET WATCH Sitio web: https://www.marketwatch.com/story/corn-prices-climb-poised-for-highest-finish-in-over-7-weeks-after-usda-report-2018-10-11

# data[].attributes.body
A01250222
Global Trade in Agriculture

"Mexico independent..but not in their food"

Brief Summary:
In 2016, Mexico comprised 2,613 million dollars, for an average of 14 million tons, of which 12.5 tons were yellow corn, and 1.5 tons were white corn. Usually yellow corn is used to feed cattle, and is used for the industry to make snacks. Although Mexico is the main producer and exporter of white corn in the world, it is also important in the United States for logistical reasons, that it is cheaper to transport the neighboring country to supply users who live in border states such as Nuevo León and Tamaulipas. explained the director of GCMA.

Bibliography:
Patiño, D. (2017). LOS 5 PRODUCTOS DE EU QUE ALIMENTAN A MÉXICO. 2018, de Expansión Sitio web: https://expansion.mx/economia/2017/07/28/los-5-productos-de-eu-que-alimentan-a-mexico

# data[].attributes.body
Global Trade in Agriculture: Meme Activity
By: Karla Alejandra Terrazas Díaz, A01049597, Campus Cd. Juárez.

Meme tittle: A decision that suits well.

Summary: The Committee of Agriculture decided to reform the agricultural sector, establishing a new trading system in which it was decided to remove subsidy measures to farmers at the time of exporting their products. It was a difficult measure to take since many farmers were upset at the change, since they would earn less because the products would be cheaper for the rest of the world. "Export subsidies (direct payments, export loans, tax benefits) are distorting market prices leading to higher-than-market prices and surplus production in exporting countries and lower prices and less production in importing countries. benefit from low food prices." (Strubenhoff, H., 2016) The reason why this meme has  an image about a man all sweaty is because it was a though decision, and maybe a decision that the comittee knew was going to cause problems.

# data[].attributes.body
The image of this meme refers to how smart and intelligent this treaty is, because it can help us as country and also can help the world because with our products and developed agriculture we can export some fruits, vegetables and more products, and also we can import from other countries some that we can't produce. By this way, its a win-win treaty, easy and rich for both parts.
It represent the part of production, because each country that wants to participate in the treaty should establish their priorities in order to obtain the best for their society and get a high benefit through the statements.

# data[].attributes.body
A01700725

Global Trade Agriculture.
Meme tittle: Sugar Rush

This meme represents how the subsidies harm trade, USA instead of getting sugar from countries where it is cheaper like Brazil where you can buy a pound for 10 cents, decide to produce it for double the cost 20 cents.

The program starts in 1934, and since then it has only benefited the sugar producers. In 2013 nearly $300 million was charged to taxpayers by the program, proving that not only customers have to pay directly for sugar more expensive than the rest of the world, it is also paid for by their taxes.

The use of price supports, import quotas and tariffs, the sugar program destroys competition in the market, protecting the politically connected sugar industry at the expense of hard working Americans, sugar program have led to artificially high prices for domestic sugar and a loss of nearly 10,000 jobs annually in the U.S.

In the same way they are restricting access to other countries, the tariffs that give rise to users who have to pay at the end the same as the one produced outside, making the market not attractive to exporters and preventing the free market. The US has had problems with the WTO, since this practice goes against its vision of free and fair trade for all.

Bibliography:
Sykes, J. (2015). Top Five Reasons to End U.S. Sugar Subsidies. Americans for Tax Reform. Retrieved from: https://www.atr.org/atr-urges-no-vote-short-term-limited-duration-health-insurance-cra

Giovanetti, T. (2014). U.S. can sweeten its sugar trade by ending subsidies.  Institute for Policy Innovation. Retrieved from: https://www.ipi.org/ipi_issues/detail/us-can-sweeten-its-sugar-trade-by-ending-subsidies

Reason TV. (2009). Agricultural Subsidies: Corporate Welfare for Farmers. Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TeAYuLB8VTg

# data[].attributes.body
This meme is about how we should respond to the exaggerated increase in corn imports and the absolute dependence we have with US.

We need to realized  that it is necessary to increased productivity from Mexican farmers and this could not happend without the government help.

Mexico will import 16.5 million tons, both of yellow and white corn, so it would be the first buyer internationally, according to GCMA estimates with data from the United States Department of Agriculture.

La Jornada: Importación récord de maíz, una afrenta para México. (n.d.). Retrieved October 16, 2018, from http://www.jornada.com.mx/2018/02/25/economia/021a1eco

# data[].attributes.body
A01400143

Title: Wait, wuuut?

- In a brief summary, describe the importance of each image included in your meme.

This meme includes an image of the “distracted boyfriend” that is looking to another girl. The image describes the interest of China (in this case the boyfriend) into the India’s exportations of soybeans and cotton (the girl that is walking around) as a result of the trade war between the U.S (the “girlfriend”).

- What aspect of global trade in agriculture does it represent? Provide data, statistics, analysis that demonstrate the relevance of that meme for the global debate on trade in agriculture.

India is facing a stage of deficit that needs more than just stop importing, it needs to find other measures, and expanding its agricultural exports such as soybeans and cotton is a great opportunity to deal with this situation.

Soybeans and cotton are the heart of a trade war between the U.S and China and this is the perfect opportunity to fill the gap by the U.S. according to the economists Dharmakirti Joshi and Pankhuri Tandon. China is already the top market for India’s export growth in recent months. Between April and August, India’s exports to China have grown an average 52.9 per cent year-on-year, compared with 14.7 per cent to the U.S., 11.9 per cent to the UAE and 12.6 per cent to Europe.

Soybeans are by far China’s top agricultural imports from the U.S. The oilseed, used to make cooking oil and animal feed, accounted for about 60 per cent of the U.S.’s $20 billion agricultural exports to China before the Asian country imposed additional tariffs in July.  (Nag, A., 2018)

Bibliography
Nag, A. (October 10, 2018). Farm exports to trade-war hit China key to India cutting deficit. The Economic Times. Retrieved from: https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/foreign-trade/farm-exports-to-trade-war-hit-china-key-to-india-cutting-deficit/articleshow/66144482.cms

# data[].attributes.body
A01044537
Global Trade in Agriculture.

Pouring Milk into Africa

European Milk is being poured into Africa, with disastrous effects for local farmers and herders. Over 5 years dairy multinationals are exploiting European milk prices to expand in a very aggressive way into West Africa, tripling their exports into the region, shipping milk that is heavily subsidized.

The EU has been judged for its massive financial handouts to farmers; and this does not go hand in hand with EU’s stated goals of promoting development in Africa.

Due to this situation, people in Africa who live from the mill business are struggling to keep their sales, and so, farmers are gradually giving up.

This also goes against WTO overall aim in agriculture, which is to achieve a fairer trading system that allows the increase market access and so, improve the lives of farmers all around the world, including those countries in development.

Bibliography:

WTO (2018) Agriculture https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/agric_e/agric_e.htm

Livingstone, E. (2018) How EU milk is sinking Africa's farmers. Politico. https://www.politico.eu/article/eus-milk-scramble-for-africa/

# data[].attributes.body
This meme is about no coherence about USA market been the same as what they hate, the CANADA market.

This week topic is something curious because is about agricultural trade, and how the rules at GATT were originally inadequate. Also how African farmers were struggling to compete agains European milk  with historic low prices.

Is important to understand historical background and the many rules and sections of the WTO agreement in agricultural to learn about the behavior of the countries and the way than they affect to others.

Agricultural trade. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/agric_e/ag_intro01_intro_e.htm

# data[].attributes.body
Arun Jaitley, finance minister of India promised a new deal to farmers, a minimum support prices (MSP) 150% of the cost of production for rice and wheat.

That is way above the limit stablished from the WTO Agriculture agreement in its domestic support, amber box, which sets a limit of 10% for developing countries.

But on this particular case, India seems to have a legitim need to do it, in order "to stand by its poor at this stage of development, and that trade law should not meddle with the fight against poverty and hunger" (LiveMint, 2018).

What aspect of global trade in agriculture does it represent?

Represents one of the three pillars of the WTO Agriculture agreement, domestic support, amber box.

Bibliography:
LiveMint. (2018). Farm subsidies: the coming fight at the WTO. October 16th, 2018. Extracted from https://www.livemint.com/Opinion/PvLKSysU800Eq0so6rLoaL/Farm-subsidies-the-coming-fight-at-the-WTO.html

# data[].attributes.body
Title: *sweats nervously*
Summary: In 2015, the WTO concluded the de negotiations in Nairobi with the abolishment of agricultural export subsidies. Although this decision was considered 'historic' it was not received positively in unanimity. This agreement would provide a three year span for developing nations in which to eliminate their subsidies.
Different media reported after the announcement, since they  were rooting for achieving concessions of the Doha goals.
"The Doha goals include increased duty-free access for developing countries; lower tariffs on agricultural products, textiles and clothing; and the reduction of trade-distorting subsidies from developed countries"
One of the primary protesters was India.
"India had sought additional flexibility for developing countries so that they can provide such more subsidies on some products, while reducing subsidies on other products."

References: S. A. (2015)

India rejects rich nations' claims of consensus on farm export subsidy elimination. Obtained from

https://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/india-rejects-rich-nations-claims-of-consensus-on-farm-export-subsidy-elimination/article7997131.ece
Telesur (2015)

WTO Abolishes All Farming Export Subsidies

https://www.telesurtv.net/english/news/WTO-Abolishes-All-Farming-Export-Subsidies--20151221-0007.html
Consulted reading:
https://www.brookings.edu/blog/future-development/2016/02/08/the-wtos-decision-to-end-agricultural-export-subsidies-is-good-news-for-farmers-and-consumers/

# data[].attributes.body
"You tellin' me?"

This meme represents the current situation between the EU and Africa. Multibillion-euro dairy multinationals are exploiting European milk prices to expand to West Africa, suffocating the local industry, miring the region in dependency.
As the article mentions (2018): "Between 2011 and 2016, milk powder exports from the EU to West Africa jumped from 12,900 metric tons to 36,700 tons".
As a result, local farmers are struggling and starting to give up.

Reference:
Livingstone, E. (2018). How EU milk is sinking Africa's farmers. Politico. Retrieved from: https://www.politico.eu/article/eus-milk-scramble-for-africa/

# data[].attributes.body
A01192463

"Disrupting Trade"
GATT originally did apply to agricultural trade but the rules were inadequate. Some countries were allowed to use non tariff measures like quotas and to subsidize. As a result agricultural trade became distorted. In order to have a fair competition and a less distorted sector, The Uruguay Round produced a multilateral agreement.

Governments are still allowed to support their rural economies through policies that cause less disturbance to trade and least develop countries do not have to commit to reduce tariffs or subsidies. For market access in agricultural products parties must a apply the new rule, “tariffs only”. This rule provides a equivalent level of protection, meaning that if domestic prices were 75% higher than world prices, the new tariff could be around 75%.

Basically what countries are debating is whether their objective can be met without distorting trade, so what is the best way to comply with what they are asking for and actually have a fair competition?

WTO.UNDERSTANDING THE WTO: THE AGREEMENTS. Agriculture: fairer markets for farmers. Retrieved August 16, 2018. https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/agrm3_e.htm

# data[].attributes.body
A01049658

Global Trade in Agriculture.

Title: Sink their milk in

Brief Summary: African farmers are struggling to compete against European milk pouring into Africa, with prices historic lows. But the real problem is overproduction, and European dairy companies argue that they need to sell mil outside Europe to survive; but this situation really damages local african farmers who can’t compete and rather decide to gave up.

Why Africa? Because although it is one of the world's poorest countries, it also has a fastest-growing economy.

Adam Ibrahim Diallo, president of the Brukinabé Milk Union said “It’s a way to look good in the European Union. They came for the business, they did not come to help producers”

What aspect of global trade in agriculture does it represent? WTO members supposedly had taken steps to reform the agricultural sector  and to address the subsidies and high trade barriers that distort agricultural trade. “The overall aim is to establish a fairer trading system that will increase market access and improve the livelihoods of farmers around the world” (WTO, 2018)

We don’t see that aim being true in Africa where the local farmers are losing their jobs because of the EU milk that is pouring in Africa.

Bibliography:
WTO (2018) Agriculture https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/agric_e/agric_e.htm

Livingstone, E. (2018) How EU milk is sinking Africa's farmers. Politico. https://www.politico.eu/article/eus-milk-scramble-for-africa/

# data[].attributes.body
Title: "Developing countries negatively affected"

Summary: Trade liberalization, its proponents promise, will bring benefits to all countries. The World Bank, for example, calculates that “full” trade liberalization could bring between $200 billion and $500 billion in additional income to developing countries. The catch-22 is that in practice the rich countries take full advantage of the openings they press on developing countries, while failing to open their own markets.

This meme represents how this has affected developing countries. Agricultural subsidies to farmers in the U.S., Europe, and Japan have risen to almost $1 billion a day–more than six times the amount these countries provide in development assistance. Together with other measures, such as tariffs and quotas, these subsidies make it difficult for developing countries to compete in rich country markets. Even more damaging, they allow agricultural exports from the rich countries to drive small farmers out of business even in their home countries. This threatens domestic food security as well as undermining export potential.

References:

Agricultural trade. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/agric_e/ag_intro01_intro_e.htm

Africa and the World Trade Organization: The Issues in Brief. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://fpif.org/africa_and_the_world_trade_organization_the_issues_in_brief/

# data[].attributes.headline
Global Trade in Agriculture: Corporate Welfare for Farmers

# data[].attributes.subject
Global Trade in Agriculture: Corporate Welfare for Farmers

# data[].attributes.body
Karen Liliana Elizondo A01190267

This meme shows how billionaries that live in Manhattan that own huge farming businesses, as well as other big agrobusinesses in the USA rest in tranquility knowing most of the benefits of the corporate welfare are for them.

Aspect of global trade?

Agricultural subsidies were put in place in the 1930s during the Great Depression, when 25 percent of Americans lived on farms. At the time, Secretary of Agriculture Henry Wallace called them "a temporary solution to deal with an emergency." Those programs are still in place today, even though less than 1 percent of Americans currently live on farms that are larger, more efficient, and more productive than ever before.

Ninety percent of all subsidies go to just five crops: corn, rice, cotton, wheat, and soybeans. Two thirds of all farm products—including perishable fruits and vegetables—receive almost no subsidies. And just 10 percent of recipients receive 75 percent of all subsidies.

U.S. farm programs cost taxpayers billions each year, significantly raise the price of commodities such as sugar, undermine world trade agreements, and contribute to the suffering of poor farmers around the world.

Farm subsidies go mainly to high-earning households. The average income of all farm households was $117,918 in 2016, which was 42 percent higher than the $83,143 average of all U.S. households. Politicians often claim that farm aid helps alleviate rural poverty. But farm aid goes to farm owners, and they have relatively high incomes.

When countries subsidize farm production and doing so boosts commodity exports, it undermines foreign producers and distorts global trade patterns. Most high-income nations subsidize their farmers, yet those nations often complain about subsidies in other countries undermining their own farmers. The solution is for all nations to slash farm subsidies, which would save taxpayers money and allow the most efficient producers to supply global markets.

One particular concern is that farm subsidies and trade protections in high-income countries — such as the United States — harm lower-income countries and undermine their efforts at economic reform. Global stability is enhanced when poor countries adopt markets and achieve growth through trading. But U.S. and European farm subsidies and agricultural import barriers undermine progress on free trade.

ReasonTV. (2009). Agricultural subsidies. Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TeAYuLB8VTg

WTO. (2018). Agriculture, Fairer markets for farmers. Retrieved from: https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/agrm3_e.htm

Edwards, C. (2018). Agricultural Subsidies. Retrieved from: https://www.downsizinggovernment.org/agriculture/subsidies

# data[].attributes.body
“False Progress Penguin”

Traditionally, governments have used a variety of policy instruments in order to gain advantages over other players in the international arena. Such is the case of subsidies, which is the concept that refers to support provided by the government in a certain sector or industry. In Agriculture, subsidies can either be financial or direct input subsidies, it can come as tax cuts, low-to-no interest rate loans, cheaper land acquisition, or the provision of inputs such as fertilizers or other necessary elements for agricultural practice. When the WTO passed the Agriculture Agreement as a result of the Uruguay rounds in 1995, the main objective was to equalize trade opportunities and create a fair environment for international imports and exports of agro-products. This treaty, of course, set about cutting tariffs, eliminating quotas and lowering subsidies for first world economies, while allowing a certain amount of exemptions for developing ones. Nonetheless, given the nature of International Relations, not all countries followed suit, still implementing domestic farming subsidies in order to (try to) be one step ahead of everyone else.

This is what the “False Progress Penguin” refers to. The original meme, “Socially awkward penguin” refers to something “good” (red part) and something “bad” (blue part) happening at a time. Therefore, the Agreement on Agriculture can be interpreted as a “good” thing, while domestic government subsidies are understood as the “bad” thing.

References:

World Trade Organization. (2006). World Trade Report - The Economics of Subsidies. Geneva: World Trade Organization.

World Trade Organization. (2018). Agriculture: fairer markets for farmers. Retrieved from World Trade Organization: https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/agrm3_e.htm

# data[].attributes.body
"Not everything is lost"

This meme describes the clause of special treatment located in the Annex 5 of the Agreement on Agriculture settled by the WTO.

in this one it describes that 4 countries can just under specific conditions mantain a non- tariff border measures on certain products during a period of tarrif reductions.

As you can be one of the countries that applies specal treatment, you can also look for more areas of opportunities like Japan, since 1999 they stop practicing this clause of the agreement.

# data[].attributes.body
"Once again in Africa"

Even though European countries are devoted to enhancing development in Africa and are working in reducing poverty levels, their own Multinationals and their surpluses are much more important. Despite the speech of European companies in which they are investing in “milk market” in Africa and are building and investing in this sector, they cannot deny that enterprises like Danone, Arla and FrieslandCampina are once again abusing from the growing population and demanding market from Africa and for the less competitive and developed national companies.  According to information of the German Watch, around 20% of the EU milk surplus travel to the southern area of the Sahel zone in form of milk-powder and it is replacing local dairy products due to the lower price than the local one. In Cameroon, a local farmer sells one liter of milk in 37 cents and the German milk is in 22 cents. Also, is important to noticed that milk products are only taxed at 5%, then even though there exist a “barrier” subsidies by the European countries are higher and could pay without any problem such tariffs in Africa. Lastly, is relevant to noticed that despite European companies are investing in Africa the major earnings are still in their pockets, African people need to be trained in order to work in the enterprises and it represents a cost to the company. Continuous migration is just one evidence that the investment is not really working for Africans, is required that foreign companies boost a spill-over to improve the local companies and enhance their quality of life.

LIVINGSTONE, E. (04 de 2018). How EU milk is sinking Africa’s farmers.Recuperado el 10 de 2018, de Politico: https://www.politico.eu/article/eus-milk-scramble-for-africa/

Barbière, C. (03 de 2018). How EU powdered milk threatens African production.Recuperado el 10 de 2018, de Euractiv: https://www.euractiv.com/section/development-policy/news/how-eu-powdered-milk-threatens-african-production/

Klant. (02 de 2017). A European Milk Fairytale or how the EU is Destroying African Markets.Recuperado el 10 de 2018, de Eyes on Europe : http://eyes-on-europe.eu/a-european-milk-fairytale-or-how-the-eu-is-destroying-african-markets/

# data[].attributes.body
CASSANDRA CAMARA
a01329161
TITLE: lack of short-term memory of the governments.

It is incredible that since the 80s it has been promoted the neoliberalism as the best economic model, which one of the main importat principle is the non-intervention of the State in the trade sector. But, since that moment the practice has been so incongruous because about the Agricultural sector was the most affected badly. Farmers were represented a huge amount of the population but because of the subsidies imposed, farmers had to look for better opportunities in the urban area because the subsidize given was not enough to solve the expenses of the production. It was more expensive produce than the sale. So t was not benificial for farmers. It started the monopolies and the unfair competitiveness, so they had to quit the business and start to look for a job in another place living its fams.
World Trade Organization, (n.d.). Agriculture. WTO. Retrieved from https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/agric_e/agric_e.htm
ReasonTV. (2009) Agricultural Subsidies: Corporate Welfare fro Farmers. Youtube. Retreived from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TeAYuLB8VTg

# data[].attributes.headline
Global trade in Agriculture: Meme Activity.                      Ana Karen Villalobos Alvarado.      A00949061                       Meme title: Really?                                                                      In a summary, describe the importance of each image included in your meme.Multibillion-euro dairy multinationals are exploiting rock-bottom European milk prices to expand aggressively into West Africa. Over five years, they have nearly tripled their exports to the region, shipping milk powder produced by heavily subsidized European farmers to be transformed into liquid milk for the region’s booming middle class.What aspect of the world trade in agriculture does it represent?Low import protection as Economic partnership Agreement ( EPA) is taking place with the EU and Economic community of west African states (ECOWAS) getting zero tariffs for bulks of milk powder in with in 2015 was of 5%. The EU protects its agriculture with its policies in which it establishes that first its farmers obtain a reasonable profit which allows them to live with dignity. Now the problem is that the local farmers don’t have the prices the other have because for them is still more expensive because they don’t have the technology and been in poor countries is what gets consumers, so now the local farmers are complaining to the governments about how the EU companies are leaving them without jobs in the farming sectors of diary so it would be interesting to see what goes next because for big companies in EU it’s been a perfect hit to export to West Africa.References:cecile barberie. (2018). how EU powered milk threatens African production. 2018, de eurativ Sitio web: https://www.euractiv.com/section/development-policy/news/how-eu-powdered-milk-threatens-african-production/

# data[].attributes.subject
Global trade in Agriculture: Meme Activity.                      Ana Karen Villalobos Alvarado.      A00949061                       Meme title: Really?                                                                      In a summary, describe the importance of each image included in your meme.Multibillion-euro dairy multinationals are exploiting rock-bottom European milk prices to expand aggressively into West Africa. Over five years, they have nearly tripled their exports to the region, shipping milk powder produced by heavily subsidized European farmers to be transformed into liquid milk for the region’s booming middle class.What aspect of the world trade in agriculture does it represent?Low import protection as Economic partnership Agreement ( EPA) is taking place with the EU and Economic community of west African states (ECOWAS) getting zero tariffs for bulks of milk powder in with in 2015 was of 5%. The EU protects its agriculture with its policies in which it establishes that first its farmers obtain a reasonable profit which allows them to live with dignity. Now the problem is that the local farmers don’t have the prices the other have because for them is still more expensive because they don’t have the technology and been in poor countries is what gets consumers, so now the local farmers are complaining to the governments about how the EU companies are leaving them without jobs in the farming sectors of diary so it would be interesting to see what goes next because for big companies in EU it’s been a perfect hit to export to West Africa.References:cecile barberie. (2018). how EU powered milk threatens African production. 2018, de eurativ Sitio web: https://www.euractiv.com/section/development-policy/news/how-eu-powdered-milk-threatens-african-production/

# data[].attributes.body
IMPORT TARIFFS

Importance of meme:

I think that the agricultural subsidies are making the farmers more depending on the government, instead of making them more productive,  and for products whose non-tariff restrictions have been converted to tariffs, governments are allowed to take special emergency actions (“special safeguards”) in order to prevent swiftly falling prices or surges in imports from hurting their farmers. But the agreement specifies when and how those emergency actions can be introduced (for example, they cannot be used on imports within a tariff-quota).

What aspect of global trade in agriculture does it represent? Provide data, statistics, analysis that demonstrate the relevance of that meme for the global debate on trade in agriculture?

https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/agrm3_e.htm

# data[].attributes.headline
JACQUELINE MAGALLANES IBARRA - A01049760      The global state of agriculture

# data[].attributes.subject
JACQUELINE MAGALLANES IBARRA - A01049760      The global state of agriculture

# data[].attributes.body
As it is well know, in the farmers' market not everyone benefits in the same way since the agreement does not favor everyone. The meme alludes to this problematic.

The World Trade Organization  (2018), has been dealing with one of the main emerging challenge for the and examines the nexus between food, agriculture, and natural resources. WTO was made to facilitate their more active engagement in international trade including agrifood trade and the membership assumes that the participants comply with unified trade rules and apply transparent instruments to regulate trade flows thereby ensuring stability and transparency of trade but member countries, are often having different opinions concerning specific rules applied by one or another party, and seeking a way to settle their disputes. For the 32 WTO member countries with the largest total value of agricultural trade , the % applied tariff on agricultural imports is about 20 %, compared with an average bound rate of about 46 percent.
The world agricultural trade has expanded over the past several decades and many aspects of this trade are still having very restrictive policies, even though progress has been made in reducing or eliminating many barriers they are still working on that and Trade Liberalization Has Partially Cleared a Path for More Agricultural Trade.

Josling, T. (2018). New Trade Issues In Food, Agriculture, And Natural Resources . October 14, 2018, de Oxford Sitio web: http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199586103.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199586103-e-30

Zahniser,S. (2018). World Agricultural Trade Experiences Sizable Growth but Still Faces Barriers. October 14, 2018, de USDA Sitio web: https://www.ers.usda.gov/amber-waves/2018/januaryfebruary/world-agricultural-trade-experiences-sizable-growth-but-still-faces-barriers/

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Imgflip Pro GIF Maker Meme Generator Blank Meme Templates Pie Chart Maker Demotivational Maker Image Cropper About Privacy Terms API Slack App Request Image Removal

# data[].attributes.body
Ana Estefania García Caldera
A01233161
LDN
Attractive title: Do we want more tariffs and fees? No thanks!
Summary:
Importance of each image included in the meme
WTO Members have taken steps to reform the agriculture sector and address subsidies and major trade barriers that distort agricultural trade in agricultural products. The overall objective is to establish a more equitable trading system that increases access to markets and improves the livelihoods of farmers around the world. (WTO, s / f)
What this meme represents is that what the WTO agreement on agriculture wants to achieve is that there are no longer quotas and tariffs among the products in order to maximize market access and improve the livelihoods of farmers throughout the world. the world. (WTO, s / f)
That's why I represent it with this meme, where there are two buttons to select:
1. Where more quotas and tariffs are requested.
2. Where there are only fees to regulate the rules between agreements.
And already at the bottom there is a person who is sweating because he does not know which button to select.
And the title of my meme is: Do we want more tariffs and fees ?, No thanks!
What aspect of world trade in agriculture does it represent? Provide data, statistics, analysis that demonstrate the relevance of this meme for the global debate on trade in agriculture.
The WTO Agreement on Agriculture, entered into force in 1995, represents a significant advance in the reform of trade in agricultural products and in the establishment of a more equitable and competitive system. (WTO, s / f)
The WTO Agreement on Agriculture establishes a framework for the long-term reform of trade in agricultural products and national policies in this area, in order to achieve more fair competition and less distortions in the sector. (WTO, s / f)
Access to the market: 'only rates', please
The new rule for access to the market in agricultural products is "only tariffs". Prior to the Uruguay Round, some agricultural imports were restricted by quotas and other non-tariff measures. These have been replaced by tariffs that provide more or less equivalent levels of protection; If the previous policy meant that domestic prices were 75% higher than world prices, then the new rate could be around 75%. (The conversion of quotas and other types of measures to tariffs in this way was called "tariffication"). (WTO, s / f)
References:
WTO (s / f). Farming. October 16. 2018, World Trade Organization Website: https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_s/agric_s/agric_s.htm
WTO (s / f). Agriculture: fairer markets for farmers. October 16, 2018, World Trade Organization Website: https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_s/agric_s/agric_s.htm

# data[].attributes.body
Title: African Milk is European

Europe is selling milk in huge quantities to the African market, destroying local milk producers, giving the best prices to expand an aggressive way, that wants to reach all classes and even more to the middle class of the region.

Europe had a sinking of the production of their milk and where actually having problems selling their production, they look to West Africa and after revising the market found out the local farmers couldn’t produce the demand they were having so the companies starting exporting the milk to West Africa going from 12900 metric tons to 36700 metric tons in the last year, it’s also truth the west Africa market is growing fast having an average between countries of 7%. Now the problem is that the local farmers don’t have the prices the other have because for them is still more expensive because they don’t have the technology and been in poor countries is what gets consumers, so now the local farmers are complaining to the governments about how the EU companies are leaving them without jobs in the farming sectors of diary so it would be interesting to see what goes next because for big companies in EU it’s been a perfect hit to export to West Africa.
Reference:
cecile barberie. (2018). how EU powered milk threatens African production. 2018, de eurativ Sitio web: https://www.euractiv.com/section/development-policy/news/how-eu-powdered-milk-threatens-african-production/

# data[].attributes.body
Stop it EU!

What happened between EU and Africa it’s just a sign representing that the EU dairy companies where in need of looking for new markets and just turn their attention to the African market.

Since the end of milk quotas, but also with the decline of milk consumption in Europe, the sector is looking for new opportunities in Asia and also in Africa. Between 2011 and 2016, milk powder exports from the EU to West Africa jumped from 12,900 metric tons to 36,700 tons — most of it flowing to plants in Senegal, Ivory Coast, Ghana and Nigeria, which re-export the product to their neighboring countries (Livingstone, 2018).

On the trade chapter, the agreements negotiated between the EU and the various African regions provide the liberalization of African markets against free access to the European Market. Once implemented, the agreement negotiated between the EU and the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), of which Burkina Faso is a member, should bring down the remaining trade barriers still protecting the local milk production. (Barbière, 2018)

Barbière, C. (2018). How EU powdered milk threatens African production. Retrieved from: https://www.euractiv.com/section/development-policy/news/how-eu-powdered-milk-threatens-african-production/

Livingstone, E. (2018). How EU milk is sinking Africa’s farmers. Retrieved from: https://www.politico.eu/article/eus-milk-scramble-for-africa/

# data[].attributes.headline
María del Carmen Sánchez Jácome A01329077

# data[].attributes.subject
María del Carmen Sánchez Jácome A01329077

# data[].attributes.body
SUBSIDIES ON EXPORTS WILL BE REDUCED

According to the WTO, “the core of the reform programme on export subsidies are the commitments to reduce subsidized export quantities, and the amount of money spent subsidizing exports. The Agriculture Agreement also looks at anti-circumvention questions.”

However, there is still the possibility of obtaining subsidies from the government, only that according to the WTO, “the right to use export subsidies is now limited to four situations: (i) export subsidies subject to product-specific reduction commitments within the limits specified in the schedule of the WTO Member concerned; (ii) any excess of budgetary outlays for export subsidies or subsidized export volume over the limits specified in the schedule which is covered by the “downstream flexibility” provision of Article 9.2(b) of the Agreement on Agriculture; (iii) export subsidies consistent with the special and differential treatment provision for developing country Members (Article 9.4 of the Agreement); and (iv) export subsidies other than those subject to reduction commitments provided that they are in conformity with the anti-circumvention disciplines of Article 10 of the Agreement on Agriculture. In all other cases, the use of export subsidies for agricultural products is prohibited (Articles 3.3, 8 and 10 of the Agreement).”

Rates of cut

“Developed country Members are required to reduce, in equal annual steps over a period of 6 years, the base-period volume of subsidized exports by 21 per cent and the corresponding budgetary outlays for export subsidies by 36 per cent. In the case of developing country Members, the required cuts are 14 per cent over 10 years with respect to volumes, and 24 per cent over the same period with respect to budgetary outlays.

Developing countries may, during the implementation period, make use of a special and differential treatment provision of the Agreement (Article 9.4) which allows them to grant marketing cost subsidies and internal transport subsidies, provided that these are not applied in a manner that would circumvent export subsidy reduction commitments.

All in all, 25 Members (counting the EC as one) have export subsidy reduction commitments specified in their schedules, with a total of 428 individual reduction commitments.”

The importance of knowing about this issue lies in the fact that they could increase costs for producers and prices for consumers, decreasing the competitiveness of some and giving way to competition, because they will no longer have an advantage over those producers who did not have subsidies.

Bibliography

Staff. (2018). Export competition/subsidies. October, 2018, de World Trade Organization Sitio web: https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/agric_e/ag_intro04_export_e.htm

# data[].attributes.body
In a brief summary, describe the importance of each image included in your meme:

The WTO are cutting the money in subsides and developing countries used to subsidies reducing the exports and any extra costs. The subsides have affected the agricultural trade.

What aspect of global trade in agriculture does it represent? Provide data, statistics, analysis that demonstrate the relevance of that meme for the global debate on trade in agriculture?

The WTO negotiations began in 2000 with the Doha Ministerial conference, later the WTO agreed to eliminate the agricultural exports in which it was the most important reform of international trade. The article 20 of the WTO recognizes that the long-term objective is to support the agriculture on the future process.

Bibliography:

WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/agric_e/negoti_e.htm

# data[].attributes.body
Eliminate agricultural export subsidies

In a brief summary, describe the importance of each image included in your meme.

WTO members adopted a historic decision to eliminate agricultural export subsidies and to set disciplines on export measures with equivalent effect. Under this decision, export subsidies will be eliminated by developed countries immediately, except for a handful of agriculture products, while developing countries have longer periods to do so.

What aspect of global trade in agriculture does it represent?

WTO members representing major exporters of agriculture products agreed on 16 December on the timetable for implementing a landmark deal to eliminate tariffs on 201 information valued at over $1.3 trillion per year.

Negotiations on the expanded were conducted by 53 WTO members, including both developed and developing countries, which account for approximately 90 per cent of world trade in these products. However, all WTO members will benefit from the agreement, as they will all enjoy duty-free market access to the markets of the members eliminating tariffs on these products.

References:

Hoekman, B., Ng, F., & Olarreaga, M. (2017). Agricultural tariffs or subsidies: which are more important for developing economies?. The World Bank Economic Review, 18(2), 175-204.

Anderson, K., & Martin, W. (Eds.). (2017). Agricultural trade reform and the Doha Development Agenda. The World Bank.

# data[].attributes.body
In a brief summary, describe the importance of each image included in your meme:

This meme explains that USA is affecting directly to the one of most important production of agricultural crops that is corn.

What aspect of global trade in agriculture does it represent? Provide data, statistics, analysis that demonstrate the relevance of that meme for the global debate on trade in agriculture?

Mexico ranks as the third largest agricultural export market for the United States. Mexico and Canada represent nearly one third of total U.S agricultural exports. Mexico lost over 900,000 farming jobs in the first decade of NAFTA. Today, U.S is the world’s number one producer and export of corn so Mexican local producers of corn fear the market will tend to disappear and jobs will be lost.

Bibliography:

It has been a one-sided deal from the beginning of NAFTA with massive numbers of jobs, & Companies lost," Trump tweeted on Jan. 26. (n.d.). Mexican farmer's daughter: NAFTA destroyed us. Retrieved from https://money.cnn.com/2017/02/09/news/economy/nafta-farming-mexico-us-corn-jobs/index.html

# data[].attributes.body
Previously, the GAT established that agricultural products would have both tariff and non-tariff barriers; thus affecting the entry of various products to international markets. For some products, tariffs were the most common protection, while access to markets always involved non-tariff barriers. The Uruguay Round sought to remove these barriers. This is why the "tariffication" was carried out; which was a measure to replace non-tariff barriers.

Also, a ”schedule of tariff concessions" was carried out covering all agricultural products. The developed members agreed to reduce tariffs up to 36% in all of these; In addition to this measure, members are required to maintain access to import opportunities, which should be less than 5% of the local consumption of the product.

Article 4.2 of the agreement prohibits the use of non-tariff barriers for agricultural products, including restrictions on volume, the minimum import price, among others. Also, an agreement was made in which certain countries were authorized to apply this type of barrier in certain products during the reduction of tariffs. The products were rice in Japan, Korea and the Philippines, and cheese and sheepmeat in the case of Israel.

# data[].attributes.body
Eat Mexican Corn

During the last months, President Donald Trump has been proposing the application of tariffs to products and services in which Mexico is a production leader. It seems that now the United States wants to specialize in everything that Mexico is good and blooming.

Of course, this is not a new thing, even now in trump times either, since it is enough to look back and remember the famous tuna case. Now automotive manufacturing and corn production as well as avocado and many other products where Mexico is a leader, we could even think about denomination of origin, because the corn that is seed and harvested in the United States tastes very different from that produces Mexico (and do not talk about “tortillas gringas”).

That is why the subsidies stopped being only an aid for the farmers of each country, if not that they have begun to be a barrier to international trade in terms of competitiveness and balance.

The problem of both countries (Mexico and the U.S) is that instead of competing to produce a great good or service, they should specialize in what each one is really good. For instance, United States could continue the production of sweet corn (the yellow corn) and Mexico, producing the typical corn with all its variety of colors, in fact, Mexico is the top buyer in the sweet corn that the United States produces.

The important thing is to avoid this bad competition under subsidies and concentrate on what they have been doing in terms of trade, otherwise, we would speak in Mexico of specializing in the production of hamburgers and hot dogs.

Mexico/United states: Mexico not to buy US corn in response to trump protectionism. (2017, Feb 16). Asia News Monitor Retrieved from http://0search.proquest.com.millenium.itesm.mx/docview/1868418610?accountid=11643

# data[].attributes.body
A01187568

Gettin' cool in agriculture

This meme shows that many of the people think that it is risky to invest in the agriculture market because of the problem that had occurred but recently there was the Agriculture Agreement in which a fair competition is dictated in which all the markets of agriculture would have their chance of success.

What aspect of global trade in agriculture does it represent? Provide data, statistics, analysis that demonstrate the relevance of that meme for the global debate on trade in agriculture.

The negotiations have resulted in four main portions of the Agreement; the Agreement on Agriculture itself; the concessions and commitments Members are to undertake on market access, domestic support and export subsidies; the Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures; and the Ministerial Decision concerning Least-Developed and Net Food-Importing Developing countries.

In the area of market access, non-tariff border measures are replaced by tariffs that provide substantially the same level of protection. Tariffs resulting from this “tariffication” process, as well as other tariffs on agricultural products, are to be reduced by an average 36 per cent in the case of developed countries and 24 per cent in the case of developing countries, with minimum reductions for each tariff line being required. Reductions are to be undertaken over six years in the case of developed countries and over ten years in the case of developing countries. Least-developed countries are not required to reduce their tariffs.

References:
WTO. (2018). Legal texts: the WTO agreements. 16/10/18, de World Trade Organization Sitio web: https://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/ursum_e.htm#aAgreement

# data[].attributes.body
Martin Pérez Patiño
A01066225

A brief summary

Previously, the GATT contained some gaps. These loopholes only encouraged overproduction, restricting imports or leading to export subsidies and dumping at low prices on world markets. In the meme I compare the before and the after the meeting in Uruguay, where new rules were established. Previously, some agricultural imports were restricted by quotas and other non-tariff measures. Currently, with the new rules in the agriculture agreement for access to the market in agricultural products is "tariffs only" that provide higher levels of protection.

What aspect of global trade in agriculture does it represent? Provide data, statistics, analysis that demonstrate the relevance of that meme for the global debate on trade in agriculture.

In the new GATT policy, it was agreed that developed countries would reduce tariffs by an average of 36%, for 6 years, developing countries 24% in 10 years, and less developed countries do not have to reduce their tariffs. This was an important step to have order in the market, fair competition and a less distorted sector.

Agriculture: Fairer markets for farmers. Retrieved July 9, 2018, from https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/agrm3_e.htm

# data[].attributes.body
A00815969

Tittle:Reduction in subsidized exports
In a WTO agreement, members are required to cut both the amount of money they spend on export subsidies and the quantities of exports that receive subsidies. The developed countries agreed to reduce the value of export subsidies by 36% and reduce the amounts of subsidized exports by 21% during the six years while the least developed countries do not need to make any cuts.
During the six-year implementation period, developing countries were allowed, under certain conditions, to use subsidies to reduce export marketing and transportation costs.
Under the Agreement on Agriculture, WTO members have to reduce their subsidized exports. The problem is that some of the importing countries depend on cheap and subsidized food supplies from major nations. They may need temporary assistance to make the necessary adjustments to deal with imports of higher prices and export. In addition, objectives and certain measures are established for the provision of food aid and aid for agricultural development. It also refers to the possibility of assistance from the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank to finance commercial imports of food.

Reference
World Trade Organization. (2018).

Agriculture: fairer markets for farmers . Retrieved from:https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/agrm3_e.htm

# data[].attributes.body
A01380943
Title: The big scam

In a brief summary, describe the importance of each image included in your meme:

Currently US brokers buy Mexican lime for 75 cents and resell them to the European Union for 2.4 dollars.
This meme represents the abuse of US brokers because they are the ones that are gaining and the ones that have the major incomes instead of being the Mexicans.

- What aspect of global trade in agriculture does it represent? Provide data, statistics, analysis that demonstrate the relevance of that meme for the global debate on trade in agriculture.

According to the most recent information from the USDA, Mexico is the main producer and exporter of lime in all the world.
Recently there was a disputer between the organized crime and the agricultures because there where ilegal transit blocks that prohibit the free transit around the country leading a shortage of lime, due to this, there were less lime to export because the current supply was not enough to fulfill national demand

In 1984 there was a conflict between US and Mexico due to some situations of the lime but nevertheless due than Mexico wasn't part of the GATT by that time no injury determination was required.

References:

-Fresh plaza. (2017). Mexico is the leading lemon and lime producer and exporter. 2018, de Fresh plaza Sitio web: http://www.freshplaza.com/article/2173943/mexico-is-the-leading-lemon-and-lime-producer-and-exporter/

-United States international trade commission. (1989). Conditions of Competition Between U.S. and Mexican Lime in the United States market. 2018, de United States international trade commission

# data[].attributes.body
A01066251

Meme tittle: Who has the POWER?

This meme represents the preferential behavior that have the GATT members.  GATT members have decided to promoted the primary sector when the rural industry has preference over the another country through preferential tariff.
The main issue is the proportion of the sector that is beneficiary of the new regulation where each government have to support the primary sector and provide the right context to increase the productors exports.

For example: U.S. farmers, food processors and grain traders have spent months trying to prevent trade relationships from falling apart if the North American Free Trade Agreement implodes. They are trying to protect more than $19 billion in sales to Mexican buyers of everything from corn and soybeans to dairy and poultry.

Bibliography

WTO. (2018). Agriculture: fairer markets for farmers. Octubre 16, 2018, de WTO Sitio web: https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/agrm3_e.htm

# data[].attributes.body
A01380830
Tittle: Everyone wants Avocado

In a brief summary, describe the importance of each image included in your meme

For this activity I decided to chosse Avocado because now a days is an agriculture product very important for the world. Thats why I decided to use an image of Oprah because she always give to people what they want and what they need.

Avocado has in recent years become one of the world’s trendiest fruits and a favourite ‘superfood’. And the rage does not seem to slow down. Its versatility means that it can be used for breakfast, brunch, lunch, dinner and desert – or as a snack on its own. It is the sixth most imported fruit in the world, after bananas, grapes, apples, oranges and almonds. (ITC news,2018)

What aspect of global trade in agriculture does it represent?
Avocados are an exotic fruit and they have quickly become one of the most traded in the world. In recent years, avocados have gained large popularity worldwide and captivated important market shares in Europe and North America. Originally from the region of southern Mexico and Central America, avocados are today cultivated in tropical and semi-tropical climates throughout North and South America as well as the Mediterranean. Today, avocados are traded both as a fresh product as well as dried and processed.

Also this product is important for mexicans because it is estimated in 2018 that the avocado production is more than 2million tons, 1.17 millions are for export, thats why mexican avocado has the first place in the world rate.

The WTO helps Mexican exports of avocado againts other countries, like the problem that Mexico has with Costa Rica in where Costa Rica stop the imports of the product, so there where Measures of the WTO in the internal regulations.

References:
na. (2018). Avocado: global trade’s golden fruit. 2018, de ITC Sitio web: http://www.intracen.org/news/Avocado-global-trades-golden-fruit/

Glenn Ojeda. (2017). Global Agribusiness and Avocado Markets. 2018, de FarmFolio Sitio web: https://farmfolio.net/articles/economics-agribusiness-pyrenees/

na. (2017). Mexico Turns to World Trade Organization on Avocado Dispute With Costa Rica. 2018, de The costa rica star Sitio web: https://news.co.cr/mexico-turns-world-trade-organization-avocado-dispute-costa-rica/57677/

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
See all the wonderful things Horacio has made

# data[].attributes.body
A01242892

Meme title: Subsidies VS market

The importance of this meme is to show how the farmers are benefited by the subsidies granted by the government. However, this affects the behavior of the global market of this branch of identical or similar goods because they give a competitive advantage to those farmers benefited by this subsidy.

The GATT applies to agricultural sector, giving farmers the opportunity to import or export their products non-tariff quotas. But applying a subsidy to their products is an unfair market action, because it leads to produce at a lower cost and get major benefits from this.
President Trump's budget would slash several programs at the U.S. Department of Agriculture — including crop insurance — that farmers say have been a lifeline in recent years. About $28 billion is on the chopping block from crop insurance alone.
The president's budget calls for capping crop insurance subsidies at $40,000 per farmer, saving $16.2 billion over a decade. The administration argues that farmers don't need an incentive to participate in crop insurance, because it's already an integral part of their business models.  The White House budget also calls for eliminating subsidies to farmers with revenue of more than $500,000 a year. The current limit is $900,000, Smith said. If enacted, the proposal would save $653 million over 10 years. Young said farm revenue is down about 50 percent from 2014 because of lower commodity prices. (CNBC, 2017)

Bibliography:

James K.. (2017). Trump budget proposal has many US farmers reeling. 2018, de CNBC Sitio web: https://www.cnbc.com/2017/06/01/farm-subsidies-trump-budget-cuts-has-agriculture-industry-worried.html

USDA. (2018). Farm Production Expenditures 2017 Summary. 2018, de USDA Sitio web: http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/usda/current/FarmProdEx/FarmProdEx-08-02-2018.pdf

# data[].attributes.body
Tittle: Importers and exporters all over the world

The meme means that you can import or export whatever, since in this world you can freely do that, besides complying with the rules of foreign trade, WTO, etc.

All countries have the advantage of exporting or importing products. But it is not very easy since they must meet certain standards of quality, safety and health of the product and this does not depend on the producers, but on the countries that import this agricultural product.
The WTO has a section that reaffirms the right to establish its own health and safety standards for every exporting farmer.
One of the most important products for export / import is avocado, since this product has an export of 3,414,363 USD in the year 2017 to the whole world. In addition this product has a high demand abroad.

References

OMC. (2018). Resumen. 2018, de OMC Sitio web: https://www.wto.org/spanish/tratop_s/agric_s/ag_intro07_summary_s.htm

WTO. (2018). Agriculture: fairer markets for farmers. 2018, de WTO Sitio web: https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/agrm3_e.htm

TRADE MAP. (2017). Bilateral trade between Mexico and United States of America Product: 0804 Dates, figs, pineapples, avocados, guavas, mangoes and mangosteens, fresh or dried. 2018, de TRADE MAP Sitio web: https://www.trademap.org/Bilateral_TS.aspx?nvpm=1|484||842||0804|||4|1|1|2|2|1|1|1|1

# data[].attributes.body
A01196486
Tittle:  Expanding Integration

The CAP was created by the European Comission, in theory, the level of integration of the European Union includes the creation of common policies. Therefore, my meme shows some of the stages of the CAP and it's implications.

"Farmers represent 3% of the EU’s population. They generate (together with the agri-food business) roughly 6% of the Union’s GDP. Yet they receive 30% of the EU’s total budget through CAP handouts. Europe’s taxpayers hand over €58 billion in subsidies to this tiny, unproductive minority. In times of economic hardship that just doesn’t make sense. CAP artificially shields farmers from healthy competition, hindering the evolution of more modern, more efficient agriculture."(Debate Europe) This affects the global economy since developing countries, which GDP is usally made for agriculture, can not growth due to developed countries trade barriers in this sector

Debating Europe. (n.d.). Arguments for and against the Common Agricultural Policy - Debating Europe. Retrieved from https://www.debatingeurope.eu/focus/arguments-for-and-against-the-common-agricultural-policy/#.W8aEkxP0nOQ

European Comission. (2018, February 10). The common agricultural policy at a glance. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/info/food-farming-fisheries/key-policies/common-agricultural-policy/cap-glance_en

# data[].attributes.body
A00757861
Title: Are you kidding me?

In a brief summary, describe the importance of each image included in your meme:

This meme explains how something that has always been a tradition in Mexico is affecting us. Corn is by far the most important agricultural crop in Mexico, from the point of view of food, industry, politics and society.

Corn is not only food, it also serves to produce many things, more than we imagine, is an essential ingredient of about four thousand products that we know, which are based on the by-products of corn, for example syrup, oil, flour or starch, to mention just a few.

What aspect of global trade in agriculture does it represent?

In Mexico there is an annual average of 23.5 million tons of corn in an area of ​​7.5 million hectare
s. Two varieties of corn are produced mainly: white and yellow. White corn is produced exclusively for human consumption, by virtue of its high nutritional content. On the other hand, yellow corn is used for industrial processing and animal feed. Mexico is the sixth producer of corn in the world, but it is also an important consumer of it.

In Mexico there are two types of corn production: the commercial system and the self-consumption system. The first is oriented towards the market, since production is aimed at the intensive use of resources for the benefit of producers and the second is based mainly on the intensive use of family labor.

References
John Deere (2017) https://www.deere.com.mx/es/nuestra-compa%C3%B1%C3%ADa/medios-y-noticias/nuestras-novedades/2016/junio/consumomaiz-mexicano.html

# data[].attributes.body
A01421843
Title: You gotta be kidding me!

-In a brief summary, describe the importance of each image included in your meme.

During Trump's administration, the US decided to begin a Trade War with China, since the country had been experiencing rapid economic growth and was emerging as a geopolitical global power, which obviously threatened the United States power and influence in the World.

This trade war aims to weaken the Chinese economy and even though it "may harm the two main players, there are opportunities for other countries at the same time" (Awan, 2018), for example, Pakistan. "Chinese imports from the US are mostly agricultural products. Pakistan is a natural agricultural country. Its climate and hard-working workforce are a blessing for the nation" (Awan, 2018).

The meme portrays the decision to continue trade relations or deals with countries that seek to weaken or control other, instead of looking for other valuable and even better trade partners. "Pakistan’s agriculture sector has potential to grow, and China may be a good market" (Awan, 2018).

- What aspect of global trade in agriculture does it represent? Provide data, statistics, analysis that demonstrate the relevance of that meme for the global debate on trade in agriculture.

A report from the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences assures that these bilateral tariffs imposed by both, China and the US, will “reduce the value of U.S farm exports to China by about 40%” (Shuping, 2018). For example, “U.S. soybean, cotton, beef and cereal shipments to China may each drop by 50 percent in value” (Shuping, 2018).  The US is the second largest market for agricultural products worth about $20 billion in products in 2017.  (FCA, 2018). Thus, “the agricultural community continues to express significant concerns over potential trade policy changes that could dampen U.S. agricultural exports or weaken ties with major U.S. markets” (FCA, 2018).

References

Awan, Z. (2018, August 10). How Pakistan could gain from US-China trade war. Retrieved October 16, 2018, from http://www.atimes.com/how-pakistan-could-gain-from-us-china-trade-war/

Shuping, N. (2018, June 27). China-U.S. Trade Tariffs May Cut U.S. Farm Exports by 40%. Retrieved October 16, 2018, from https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-06-27/china-u-s-trade-tariffs-seen-cutting-u-s-farm-exports-by-40

USDA. (n.d.). China. Retrieved October 16, 2018, from https://www.fas.usda.gov/regions/china

Farm Credit Administration. (2018, March 26). Major U.S. Agricultural Export Markets: China, Canada, and Mexico. Retrieved October 16, 2018, from https://www.fca.gov/template-fca/download/MajorUSAgriculturalExportMarkets.pdf

# data[].attributes.body
Tittle: Starbucks not for mexicans

In a brief summary, describe the importance of each image included in your meme:
Investment from Starbucks in Mexico is not trascendental, US companies invest money just for explote the mexican farm. Mexican farmers don't get any sostenible benefit, instead they affect the agriculture.

What aspect of global trade in agriculture does it represent?
Investment from US companies in the mexican coffee industry doesn't represent a win-win relation for the involved participants. USA companies only go and work with mexican farmers for take advantage of their resources and get the most of the benefits for them. It doesn't represent a relation in which both parties have a good future panorama.

References
Not retrieved. (2009). Coffee industry between Mexico and USA. United States.

# data[].attributes.body
A01262239
Tittle: Mexican Chascas

In a brief summary, describe the importance of each image included in your meme:
Mexico is on track to buy more Brazilian corn in 2018, which would hurt a U.S. agricultural sector already struggling with low grains prices and the rising competitive threat from South America.

U.S. farmers, food processors and grain traders have spent months trying to prevent trade relationships from falling apart if the North American Free Trade Agreement implodes. They are trying to protect more than $19 billion in sales to Mexican buyers of everything from corn and soybeans to dairy and poultry.

Bibliography
https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/11/nafta-us-grown-corn-threatens-mexican-crop-heritage-171118090404515.html
https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/11/nafta-us-grown-corn-threatens-mexican-crop-heritage-171118090404515.html

# data[].attributes.body
A01270900
Global Trade in Agriculture

Tittle: Let's make a vegan brunch!

In a brief summary, describe the importance of each image included in your meme:
Subsidies from US farmers doesn't permit the fair competition of Global Agriculture Industry and the pression exerted on organisms being ignored.

What aspect of global trade in agriculture does it represent?
There is no a real need to maintain farm subsidies in US, which represent not only a waste of money for American economy, but also a lack on fair global farming competition. As shown in the video "Agricultural Subsidies: Corporate Welfare for Farmers" less than 1% of Americans lives from farms, around 10% of the recipients received around 73% of farm subsidies.

References
tv. (2009, January 27). Agricultural Subsidies: Corporate Welfare for Farmers. Retrieved July 10, 2018, from Agricultural Subsidies: Corporate Welfare for Farmers

# data[].attributes.body
In a brief summary, describe the importance of each image included in your meme:

# data[].attributes.body
A01233664
Global Trade in Agriculture

Summary:
The Mexican farmers are concern that the maize produced in Mexico ir going to disappear. This is because young people are less interest in the products of Mexican maize or maize it self. We also have to mention that the American maize has taken a big percentage of Mexican maize market. Farmers are concern and expect that the government can help them soon.
The meme is about a meeting where the Mexican politicians are trying to figure out how to help the Mexican farmers about this topic. The one in charge are asking for options and the first person says "increase production" the second person says "increase taxes" and the their person says "We could actually renegotiate the agriculture sector in the NAFTA". The one in charge throws him out of the building.

What aspect of global trade in agriculture does it represent? Provide data, statistics, analysis that demonstrate the relevance of that meme for the global debate on trade in agriculture?

According to the National Growing Corn Association, the United States is the country that exports more maize in the world, and also Mexico is one of the countries that imports maize in the world. This second fact is an amazing fact because Mexico is a maize producer and it has actually very good maize.

References:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TeAYuLB8VTg
http://www.worldofcorn.com/#world-corn-exports-imports

# data[].attributes.body
A01234146

And none for Egypt, bye!

Just this past Sunday, the Ministry of Agriculture in Egypt completely banned the export of tomatoes, because of an infection of thousands of acres with yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV). there had been previously a suspicion of some tomatoes being infected but the results came through just recently. The infected crops were planted on around 10,000 acres across many rural areas. The cost of cultivating one acre of tomato was estimated at LE 50,000 ($2,795).

What aspect of global trade in agriculture does it represent?
It represents food quality and safety standards, and also a loss of trade opportunities and income for Egypt. Why? Because Egypt cultivates a total of 500,000 acres of tomatoes annually. Around 20 tons of tomatoes are produced on one acre, according to Alaa al-Bahrawy, the Head of Vegetables Department at the state-owned Central Administration of Horticulture. Egypt’s tomato exports in the first quarter of 2018 amounted to $13.5 million, compared to $6.6 million in the same period of 2017, according to Egypt’s Foreign Trade’s annual bulletin. Additionally, Egypt wants to export tomatoes to Canadian markets as part of its plan to increase vegetable export outlets.

References.
Egypt stops tomato exports due to TYLCV. (2018). Retrieved from  http://www.freshplaza.com/article/9032161/egypt-stops-tomato-exports-due-to-tylcv/

# data[].attributes.body
A01114273
Global Trade in Agriculture

Include a catchy title: “Better Change to Pears”

In a brief summary, describe the importance of each image included in your meme:

o  Boo Crying: Represents Mexican apple consumers having to pay more for their apples, since Mexico imposed a big tariff to the US in terms of agricultural trade, with a trade of $250 million dollars annually in this product having to go down due the tax.

o  Apples: Represent the apples.

What aspect of global trade in agriculture does it represent? Provide data, statistics, analysis   that demonstrate the relevance of that meme for the global debate on trade in agriculture:

Trade wars regarding agricultural products; in 2018 the U.S. started to use tariffs as a weapon to protect manufacturing jobs and to force a re-negotiation of trade pacts around the world. The response from the world was to do the same, increasing their tariffs on U.S, exports as well as shifts in buying habits. While many parts of the U.S. economy will be impacted, U.S. agriculture has received the most attention as a potential target for retaliation. Brazil and Argentina will be the largest beneficiaries of trade retaliation against the US-initiated trade war since they are in the best position to increase exports to China.

Mosley, P. (2018). Trade War Repercussions for U.S. Agriculture. Oct/18, de CME Group Sitio web: https://www.cmegroup.com/education/featured-reports/trade-war-repercussions-for-us-agriculture.html

# data[].attributes.body
A01233665

Title: The Mexican Maize in trouble!!!

In a brief summary, describe the importance of each image included in your meme:

Mexican farmers fear that their corn will disappear from the market, this is because the maize of the United States is much cheaper in the Mexican market since the maize that is exported from the United States is subsidized by the government.

What aspect of global trade in agriculture does it represent? Provide data, statistics, analysis that demonstrate the relevance of that meme for the global debate on trade in agriculture?
Corn in Mexico is a very important part of agriculture, the government should not allow it to be in danger of disappearing. According to the National Corn Grower Association, the United States is the main exporter of maize with 32% worldwide and Mexico is the main importer of corn with 10.9%.

References:
Al Jazeera English. (2017, November 18). NAFTA: US-grown corn threatens Mexican crop heritage. Retrieved July 10, 2018, from NAFTA: US-grown corn threatens Mexican crop heritage

(Links to an external site.)

National Corn Grower Association. World Corn Exports/Imports 2017-2018. Retrieved from:

http://www.worldofcorn.com/#world-corn-exports-imports

# data[].attributes.body
A00815961
Global trade in agriculture

Title:
Ireland will give 350,000 euros to promote the participation of developing countries in world trade, resources will have different purposes, one of which is to support countries to comply with international standards of food safety, animal and plant health.

The ambassador of Ireland to the WTO says that it is necessary for the developed countries to help the poorest countries to raise their standard of living and generate growth.

2) What aspect of global trade in agriculture does it represent?

The WTO represented in the global review of 2017, that the donations that they generate allow a sustainable development in the countries of development, in particular to LCDs.

References
W. T. (2017, July 27). Ireland gives EUR 350,000 to promote participation of developing countries in world trade. Retrieved October 16, 2018, from https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/pres17_e/pr799_e.htm

# data[].attributes.body
A01325381
Global trade in agriculture
African daily industry
Title: EU got' em
1) In a brief summary, describe the importance of each image included in your meme.
The meme represents an image of the famous crocodile hunter Steve Irwin holding a small crocodile easily, with Steve having a big smile, basically the EU MNC's taking advantage and dumping the market in west Africa would be Steve Irwin, while the small beast would be the West African dairy companies. Because it is easy for MNC's like Danone to control local enterprises, just like it is easy for Steve to control a small reptile.
2) What aspect of global trade in agriculture does it represent?
The image represents the ongoing problem in West Africa with EU Multinationals, the case describes the issue between MNCs and the local enterprises, from 2012 to 2016 three MNC's which are Aria, Danone, and Friesland Campina have established in more than 4 West African countries, and open more than 13 production or delivery plants. Filling the market with their product from 2006 to 2016 the MNC's have padded from 12.9 kt to 36.7 kt this is 36,700 tons, which represent much more of what the local produces have been able to sell.
The problem scales because of the big difference between western subsidized farmers and the support from the EU. "FAO said that the region’s 5 percent external dairy tariff is “weak in comparison with the subsidies for Western countries’ producers"  .The European Union adds that the amount of product covers the demand requested by the market, which the other side denies.

Mischke, J., Morin, R., Bayer, L., Wax, E., Restuccia, A., Toosi, N., . . . Telefónica S.A. (2018, April 18). How EU milk is sinking Africa's farmers. Retrieved October 16, 2018, from https://www.politico.eu/article/eus-milk-scramble-for-africa/

# data[].attributes.body
a01325409

Title: Tariff bounds.

Summary.

Tarrifs only is the new way that nations has in order to get access in market and it is a method to protect the agriculture sector  since the Uruguay Round in 1995.

What aspect of global trade in agriculture does it represent?

This meme represents the implementation of the “only tariffs” rule which has the goal of protect the agriculture industry by eliminate the quota and other non-tariff measures.

The newly committed tariffs and tariff quotas, covering all agricultural products, took effect in 1995. Uruguay Round participants agreed that developed countries would cut the tariffs (the higher out-of-quota rates in the case of tariff-quotas) by an average of 36%, in equal steps over six years. Developing countries would make 24% cuts over 10 years. (WTO, 2018)

Bibliography.

WTO. (2018). Agriculture: fairer markets for farmers. Octubre 16, 2018, de WTO Sitio web: https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e
/agrm3_e.htm

# data[].attributes.body
A00513135
Route: African Milk
1) This meme shows the importance of  taking care of the local West African Milk producers, before the EU takes advantage.

2) West Africa, with its growing population and demand for dairy, it's the perfect destination for EU multinationals that want to increase their sale no matter what, and with the following statistics we can see how aggressive they're doing this move.
Milk powder exports from the EU to West Africa :
2011 = 12,900 metric tons
2016 = 36,700 tons
Most of it flowing to plants in Senegal, Ivory Coast, Ghana and Nigeria, which re-export the product to their neighboring countries.

British households pay an extra £832 a year in grocery bills due to the huge EU subsidy system that is also depriving tens of thousands of African farmers of their livelihoods, a charity warns.

References:
Politico (2018). EU milk scramble for africa. Recovered from:
https://www.politico.eu/article/eus-milk-scramble-for-africa/

https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/politics/eu-subsidies-deny-africas-farmers-of-their-livelihood-478419.html

# data[].attributes.body
A01234088

This meme is about the
U.S. Corn Exports to Mexico and the North American Free Trade Agreement
The significant growth of U.S. corn exports to Mexico following the implementation of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) provides an appealing case study to demonstrate how multiple, interacting factors, including tariff reductions from free trade agreements (FTAs) affect trade flows. The literature identifies a number of factors which likely contributed to the growth in U.S. corn exports to Mexico between 1990 and 2008. These factors are summarized into three categories and discussed

–

–

–

–

changes to Mexican trade policy (including NAFTA), changes to domestic corn policy (both Mexican and U.S.), and macroeconomic and structural changes and shocks in Mexico.

# data[].attributes.body
A01192906

Global Trade in Agriculture: Meme Activity

VIP ACCESS: TARIFFS ONLY PLEASE!

1.     In a brief summary, describe the importance of each image included in your meme.

I included an image of a man, letting only VIP people going in. I decided to describe the replacement of quotas and non-tariff measures that were imposed on agricultural imports before the Uruguay Round, by tariffs. The meme is describing how now, only tariffs are allowed, discarding previous measures out.

2.     What aspect of global trade in agriculture does it represent? Provide data, statistics, analysis that demonstrate the relevance of that meme for the global debate on trade in agriculture.

The aspect of global trade in agriculture that it represents is changing the way the government protects their agriculture products, by eliminating subsidies, but imposing tariffs.

“The original GATT did apply to agricultural trade, but it contained loopholes. For example, it allowed countries to use some non-tariff measures such as import quotas, and to subsidize. Agricultural trade became highly distorted, especially with the use of export subsidies which would not normally have been allowed for industrial products. The Uruguay Round produced the first multilateral agreement dedicated to the sector. It was a significant first step towards order, fair competition and a less distorted sector.” (WTO, 2018)

The rule “Tariffs Only” was imposed, “if the previous policy meant domestic prices were 75% higher than world prices, then the new tariff could be around 75%. (Converting the quotas and other types of measures to tariffs in this way was called (“tariffication”.)” (WTO, 2018) “The newly committed tariffs and tariff quotas, covering all agricultural products, took effect in 1995. Uruguay Round participants agreed that developed countries would cut the tariffs (the higher out-of-quota rates in the case of tariff-quotas) by an average of 36%, in equal steps over six years. Developing countries would make 24% cuts over 10 years. Several developing countries also used the option of offering ceiling tariff rates in cases where duties were not "bound"(i.e. committed under GATT or WTO regulations) before the Uruguay Round. Least-developed countries do not have to cut their tariffs.” (WTO, 2018)

Bibliography

WTO. (2018). Agriculture: fairer markets for farmers. Octubre 16, 2018, de WTO Sitio web: https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/agrm3_e.htm

# data[].attributes.body
Alma Aída Mejía Escamilla
A01271560

1.- Summary

The image refers to "how sad" it is when a country has everything to export some product, however, by health and safety standards that do not depend on it directly, can not do so and this has no solution, since It is in its right as long as it is sustained.

2.- Aspect of global trade in agriculture

The WTO creates a section that reaffirms the right to establish its own standards of health and safety, provided they are scientifically justified and do not hinder arbitrary or unjustified trade.

References:
OMC. (2018). Agricultura. Recovered from https://www.wto.org/spanish/tratop_s/agric_s/ag_intro07_summary_s.htm

# data[].attributes.headline
Global Trade in Agriculture: Meme Activity

# data[].attributes.subject
Global Trade in Agriculture: Meme Activity

# data[].attributes.body
Africa open your eyes please!!

Isabella Alvarez

A01242217

In a brief summary, describe the importance of each image included in your meme.

This meme represents the disappointment of the damage The European Union is causing to West Africa by exporting all its milk for its convenience by seeing that Africa is a place that will fall into its abuse.

What aspect of global trade in agriculture does it represent? Provide data, statistics, analysis that demonstrate the relevance of that meme for the global debate on trade in agriculture.

The EU milk is causing bad effects and pouring in Africa, they want to expand all over West Africa and export all the milk they overproduce and sell it in parts of low resources within Africa “abusing” of them because they see Africa is a good market for them to sell all their milk because of the price, the commerce and the necessity they have.

“West Africa, with its growing population and demand for dairy, was an obvious destination. Between 2011 and 2016, milk powder exports from the EU to West Africa jumped from 12,900 metric tons to 36,700 tons- most of it flowing to plats in Senegal, Ivory Coast, Ghana and Nigeria, which re- export the product to their neighboring countries.” (POLITICO)

Emmet Livingstone . (2018). How EU milk is sinking Africa’s farmers. 2018, de POLITICO Sitio web: https://www.politico.eu/article/eus-milk-scramble-for-africa/

# data[].attributes.body
Diana Laura Flores Contreras
A01066153

Meme title: The most beautiful market

In a brief summary, describe the importance of each image included in your meme

Europe is selling milk in huge quantities to the African market, destroying local milk producers, giving the best prices to expand an aggressive way, that wants to reach all classes and even more to the middle class of the region.

What aspect of the world trade in agriculture does it represent?

It was imported to Africa from Europe in 2017, $ 1,371 in the category of milk and cream concentrated cream with the addition of sugar or another sweetener, in total Africa I import in 2017 in the same item 2,696 dollars

Sources:
Trade Map (2018) . List of products imported by the Central African Republic

# data[].attributes.body
Eileen Salinas A01175977

Meme title: Africa consumption without any Africa production.

There is dumping of European milk on the African market, European milk is sold at unbeatable prices in the country which the competition of the locals is in risk. They are killing off local agriculture with overabundant stocks of the European Market production.

- What aspect of global trade in agriculture does it represent?

During 2011 and 2016, milk exports have increased from 12,900 metric tons to 36,700 tons going to plants in Senegal, Ivory Coast, Ghana and Nigeria.  The West African farmers are having a hard time to compete in the market. Even though they have never fully met demand. "Agricultural trade analyst Paul Goodison said that EU dairies ventured into West Africa in anticipation of a post-quota price slump, hoping to capture this growth market."

Bibliography:

Mischke, J., Morin, R., Bayer, L., Wax, E., Restuccia, A., Toosi, N., . . . Telefónica S.A. (2018, April 18). How EU milk is sinking Africa's farmers. Retrieved from https://www.politico.eu/article/eus-milk-scramble-for-africa/

# data[].attributes.body
Sophia Lopez Martinez A00818328

Meme Title: Corn Battle

1.    In a brief summary, describe the importance of each image included in your meme.

In this fifth round of talks in NAFTA renegotiations, one of the big issues on the table is corn. It is Mexico's top agricultural import from the U.S. But some say American varieties exports are damaging Mexico's corn sector. Mexicans are concerned that cheap US imports are destroying Mexico's cultural relationship with its traditional maize varieties.

2.    What aspect of global trade in agriculture does it represent? Provide data, statistics, analysis that demonstrate the relevance of that meme for the global debate on trade in agriculture.

Younger Mexicans are less interested in consuming traditional varieties of Mexican corn and new generations of farmers are less interested in planting them opting for simpler more profitable varieties instead, Mexicans are confident that they are going to crop and remove the need to import any from abroad. It’s also a culture problem that’s why people see the necessity of end this threats, so in this case they need not only help from the agreement, but also help from the WTO agriculture agreement, so that this issue doesn’t get any worse. “These are specialized varieties of corn but have developed over thousands of years they each have their own history, color, flavor, smell, they have nothing to do with what’s grown in the U.S. or elsewhere in the world" (Mier, R. Activist). The future negotiations of NAFTA may in fact represent the best hope for the future of Mexican corn.

Mexico boosted U.S. imports by 6.6 percent, according to U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) data. Mexico buys far more corn from the United States than Brazil, taking 14.7 million tonnes in 2017, according to U.S. government data.

Mexico is on track to buy more Brazilian corn in 2018, which would hurt a U.S. agricultural sector already struggling with low grains prices and the rising competitive threat from South America (Barrera, A. 2018).

In other side, mexican’s are looking for other alternatives like negotiation with Brazil, “Mexican buyers imported ten times more corn from Brazil last year amid concern that NAFTA renegotiations could disrupt their U.S. supplies, according to government data and top grains merchants” (Barrera, A. 2018).

References:

Al Jazeera. (2017, November 18). NAFTA: US-grown corn threatens Mexican crop heritage. Retrieved October 16, 2018, fromhttps://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/11/nafta-us-grown-corn-threatens-mexican-crop-heritage-171118090404515.html

Huffstutter, P. (2018, February 22). Exclusive: As Trump trashes NAFTA, Mexico turns to Brazilian corn. Retrieved October 16, 2018, from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-trump-effect-corn-exclusive/exclusive-as-trump-trashes-nafta-mexico-turns-to-brazilian-corn-idUSKCN1G61J4

# data[].attributes.headline
Global Trade in Agriculture: Meme Activity

# data[].attributes.subject
Global Trade in Agriculture: Meme Activity

# data[].attributes.body
By: Karla Alejandra Terrazas Díaz, A01049597, Campus Cd. Juárez.

Meme tittle: A decision that suits well.

Summary: The Committee of Agriculture decided to reform the agricultural sector, establishing a new trading system in which it was decided to remove subsidy measures to farmers at the time of exporting their products. It was a difficult measure to take since many farmers were upset at the change, since they would earn less because the products would be cheaper for the rest of the world. "Export subsidies (direct payments, export loans, tax benefits) are distorting market prices leading to higher-than-market prices and surplus production in exporting countries and lower prices and less production in importing countries. benefit from low food prices." (Strubenhoff, H., 2016) The reason why this meme has  an image about a man all sweaty is because it was a though decision, and maybe a decision that the comittee knew was going to cause problems.

Aspect of global trade in agriculture:  World markets for dairy are more affected by export subsidies because the EU the world largest agricultural market and the largest subsidizer  has high subsidy rate for dairy (30 %) and has substantial export market shares for these products.

Kerkelä, L., Niemi, J., Lehtonen, H. (unknown). Trade and welfare implications of the export subsidy abolition. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228628520_Trade_and_welfare_implications_of_the_export_subsidy_abolition

Strubenhoff, H. (2016). The WTO’s decision to end agricultural export subsidies is good news for farmers and consumers. february 8, 2016, from Brookings. Retrieved from: https://www.brookings.edu/blog/future-development/2016/02/08/the-wtos-decision-to-end-agricultural-export-subsidies-is-good-news-for-farmers-and-consumers/

# data[].attributes.headline
Global Trade in Agriculture: Meme Activity

# data[].attributes.subject
Global Trade in Agriculture: Meme Activity

# data[].attributes.body
Martha Paulina Sánchez Valdez - A01232309

Meme Titile: "Better to harm the population than to retract from his mistakes"

In a brief summary, describe the importance of each image included in your meme:

This meme makes reference to the news of September 28 announced by the WTO news page. This describes the 12 billion dollar agricultural aid package announced by the United States. This program was implemented by the government to help farmers caught up in an escalating trade war (WTO, 2018). The aid seeks to help farmers facing tariffs in China, Mexico and other countries that imposed taxes on US products as a result of tariffs imposed on steel and aluminum imported into the United States(Paletta & Dewey, 2018). This aid does not need congressional approval and assumes that it will include direct payments to farmers and efforts to promote US goods abroad. It is necessary to mention that this was the first time that the program financing, created after the Great Depression, was used to compensate farmers for the losses suffered due to trade (Davis & Swanson, 2018).Many lawmakers, including several Republicans, argue that Trump's trade confrontation policy is hurting American farmers and that he should abandon his trade war and help farmers regain more access to foreign markets, instead of offering them government payments, and that the program only seeks to compensate farmers for how much they would lose as a result of the trade war (Bjerga, 2018). The measure caused a quick condemnation of many groups of farmers who worry about a cascade of unintended consequences that could be beginning.

What aspect of global trade in agriculture does it represent?
The meme deals with the large amount of money that American farmers are losing or because of the trade war between the United States and other countries. The problem is that the European Union, Canada, Mexico, China and other countries have responded to Trump's tariffs on steel, aluminum and $ 34 billion in Chinese products by imposing their own taxes(Davis & Swanson, 2018) . A study by a group of farmers estimates that corn, wheat and soybean farmers in the United States have already lost more than $ 13 billion of what the administration proposes to provide as a result of the trade war (Paletta & Dewey, 2018). Soybeans, pork, sugar, orange juice, cherries and other American products now face tariffs in foreign markets that make their products less desirable. This initiative was an unequivocal signal that the president has no plans to raise his tariffs in the short term(Bjerga, 2018).

(Paletta & Dewey, 2018)
Paletta, D., & Dewey, C. (2018). White House readies plan for $12 billion in emergency aid to farmers caught in Trump’s escalating trade war. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/white-house-readies-plan-for-12-billion-in-emergency-aid-to-farmers-caught-in-trumps-escalating-trade-war/2018/07/24/7bec9af4-8f4d-11e8-b769-e3fff17f0689_story.html?noredirect=on&utm_term=.9a56d8fb9715
(WTO, 2018)
WTO. (2018). Members conclude first review of Nairobi Decision on export competition, seek details on US farm aid package. Retrieved from https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news18_e/agri_25sep18_e.htm
(Davis & Swanson, 2018)
Davis, J., & Swanson, A. (2018). To Ease Pain of Trump’s Trade War: $12 Billion in Aid for Farmers. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/24/us/politics/farmers-aid-trade-war.html
(Bjerga, 2018)
Bjerga, A. (2018). Republicans Pan Trump’s $12 Billion Farm Aid Plan. Retrieved from https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-07-24/trump-administration-said-to-ready-plan-for-trade-struck-farmers

# data[].attributes.body
Meme Title : Not all that glitters is gold
Linda Arlhet Cruz Morales A01325525

In a brief summary, describe the importance of each image included in your meme.
In my meme there are 3 pictures where the image of the fat  man represents the EU And the thin man who has the money bags are what provide the milk powder and likewise it is shown to the African producers and a sad cow that you are distressed because the local production of Africa which is affected by agricultural policies which were developed in Brussels because they offer many financial incentives to their farmers which creates a high inequality of competition against African milk producers.
What aspect of the world trade in agriculture does it represent?
According to the federation of the African dairy industry has a contribution of 4% of GDP of the countries of the region. Where Africa has become a relevant internationalization market for the world dairy sector due to the high consumption of the population, this is why the EU decides to cover the African dairy market because it was overproduced and prevented them from falling. Post-quota prices decide to get involved in the African market, according to agricultural business analyst Paul Goodison, where they decided to give a local aid approach to local African producers as well as help them encourage development although the reality was that they did not They wanted to have a price increase, where they are winning the African market because of their low prices in milk since the cost of skimmed milk powder per barrel dropped from about € 3.30 per kilo in early 2014 to about € 1.70 per kilogram. same time in 2016, for example, before sliding to € 1.30 in March. As another of the advantages in favor of the EU milk issuers are the agricultural policies elaborated in Brussels since those of EU have greater financial incentives than the African producers this could have a change if an import quota is stipulated for to be able to have some control of the import and not protect the producers.

Sources
Politico. (2018). Illustration by Eiko Ojala for POLITICO How EU milk is sinking Africa’s farmers. 16/10/2018, de Politico Sitio web: https://www.politico.eu/article/eus-milk-scramble-for-africa/
FENIl. (2018). The staple food to strengthen health in Africa. 16/10/2018, de FENI Sitio web: http://fenil.org/alimento-basico-fortalecer-la-salud-africa/

# data[].attributes.body
Global trade in Agriculture: Meme Activity.
Global trade in Agriculture: Meme Activity.
Diego Meza Juárez - A01381092 Campus Saltillo.

Meme Title: "Thanks for the Help"

In a brief summary, describe the importance of each image included in your meme.
This meme makes reference to what Adama Diallo, President of Burkina Faso´s milk producers claimed about the reason European producers exports milk to Africa mentioning that  “They came for the business — they did not come to help producers.” 

What aspect of global trade in agriculture does it represent?


References:
* 

thumb_up
0
thumb_down
0
- In a brief summary
 - In a brief summary, describe the importance of each image included in your meme.

During Trumps administration, the US decided to begin s Trade War with China, since the country had been experiencing rapid economic growth and was emerging as a geopolitical global power, which obviously threatened the United States power and influence in the World. 
This trade war aims to weaken the Chinese economy and even though it "may harm the two main players, there are opportunities for other countries at the same time" (Awan, 2018),for example, Pakistan. "Chinese imports from the US are mostly agricultural produce. Pakistan is a natural agricultural country. Its climate and hard-working workforce are a blessing for the nation" (Awan, 2018). 

The meme portrays the decision to continue trade relations or deals with countries that one seeks to weaken or control them, that some countries often make instead if lookihbofher valuable and even better trade partners. "Pakistan’s agriculture sector has potential to grow, and China may be a good market" (Awan, 2018)

Awan, Z. (2018, August 10). How Pakistan could gain from US-China trade war. Retrieved October 16, 2018, from http://www.atimes.com/how-pakistan-could-gain-from-us-china-trade-war/

- What aspect of global trade in agriculture does it represent? Provide data, statistics, analysis that demonstrate the relevance of that meme for the global debate on trade in agriculture.
thumb_up
0
thumb_down
0
Guac will be extra
Guac will be extra
Andrea Haydee Rodríguez Corona 
A01230892

The importance of each image included in your meme:

Mexico's avocado importers are being threatened by drug cartels and are imposed quotas which has lead to an increase on the price of the avocado.  "The practice quickly became profitable for cartels, who charged upwards of $100 per hectare and 10 cents per pounds of avocado sold" (Foxnews, 2017). Mexico imports on average the 82% of the avocado consumed on the US. Even though this has happened Mexico's exports have continue to rise because the consume of avocado isn't stopping but rising. 

 What aspect of global trade in agriculture does it represent?
Mexico's exports to world:
2015: 1,999,955 USD
2016: 2,536,550 USD
2017:  3,414,363 USD

Mexico's exports to USA:
2015: 1,619,142 USD
2016: 1,958,222 USD
2017:  2,618,939 USD

The average sales price on the year 2018 according to the Hass Avocado Board is of $1.047 USD

The main importer of avocado is the USA with $1.96 billion dollars. As for main exporter is Mexico with $2.36 billion dollars. (OEC, 2018).

References:
Fox News. (03 de November de 2017). Mexican Cartels Extorting Avocado Producers-Raises-Price of Guacamole, Report Says. Obtenido de Fox News: https://www.foxnews.com/world/mexican-cartels-extorting-avocado-producers-raises-price-of-guacamole-report-says

Hass Avocado Board. (2018). Retail Volume & Avocado Price for 2018. Obtenido de Hass Avocado Board: https://www.hassavocadoboard.com/retail/volume-and-price-data

OEC. (2018). Avocado. Obtenido de OEC: https://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/profile/hs92/080440/

Trade Map. (s.f.). Trade Map. Obtenido de https://www.trademap.org/Bilateral_TS.aspx?nvpm=1|484||842||0804|||4|1|1|2|2|1|1|1|1

 

thumb_up
0
thumb_down
0
Global Trade in Agriculture: Meme Activity
Global Trade in Agriculture: Meme Activity
Claudia Yareli Galindo Arismendi - A01066509

Meme Titile: "First quality, before quantity."

In a brief summary, describe the importance of each image included in your meme:

In my meme I intend to show that Canadian citizens prefer to consume their milk, to support their own economy, even though the prices of Canadian milk are higher than those of the United States.

Therefore, eliminating the supply management system would be  damaging to Canadian dairy producers and consumers, because there would be overproduction, which would cause small farms to close. On the other hand, if the "new companies" could not satisfy the internal or external demand, they would mainly affect the Canadians, due to the lack of supply, even if the small farms stopped producing their milk of the highest quality, the consumers only They would have the option of consuming cheap and low quality milk. lower.

What aspect of global trade in agriculture does it represent? 
The Canadian dairy industry is recognized worldwide, due to the high quality of its products, through strict sanitary and productive controls. Canada has 453 milk processing plants, which generate more than 250,000 jobs. In 2011, it exported genetic material to more than 100 countries, for a total value of 121.5 million dollars.
This is why Canadians impose trade barriers on the dairy industry, through high quotas on imports to their country, although after the renegotiations of NAFTA, limited market access will be given in some categories. So the primary objective of Canada is to avoid unfair competition and impose its own tariffs to continue the good management of the industry. This is because Canadian producers are not economically prepared or have sufficient production capacity against large US companies.
For this, Canada uses a supply management system that is in charge of controlling the amount of milk that each Canadian farmer can produce, protecting producers from the ups and downs in the price.Where the US attacks Canada claiming that they are dumping, however, the problems of the United States are due to poor sales planning, that is, in recent years it has had an excess of milk production, so it looks for markets to export it and as Canada does not give him easy access, US gets angry and makes false accusations.


References
Infolactea. (2015, July 14). El Organizado y Eficiente Sector Lechero de Canadá. Retrieved from Infolactea.com: http://infolactea.com/otros/el-organizado-y-eficiente-sector-lechero-de-canada/ 

Morales, R. (2018, August 29). Canadá inicia su propia defensa contra EU. Retrieved from El Economista: https://www.eleconomista.com.mx/empresas/Canada-inicia-su-propia-defensa-contra-EU-20180829-0023.html

s.a. (2014, July 8). Industria láctea canadiense . Retrieved from memudoacanada: http://memudoacanada.com/industri_lactea_canada/
thumb_up
0
thumb_down
0
Hypocrisy
Hypocrisy
Valeria Guillén Campos A01422594 Campus Cuernavaca

 -In a brief summary, describe the importance of each image included in your meme.
 
“In February of 2017, President Trump told an audience at the Conservative Political Action Conference in Maryland that NAFTA is `one of the worst deals ever made by any country having to do with economic development. It’s economic undevelopment as far as our country is concerned.’” (Alexander, 2018) Nonetheless, Trump has never really acknowledged how much NAFTA has disrupted Mexican agriculture and paved the way for the United States’ inmigration debate.
 
The meme mocks how Trump always blames Mexico and NAFTA for the United States’ problems without really taking into account how the U.S. has affected Mexico since the agreement took place.  

 - What aspect of global trade in agriculture does it represent? Provide data, statistics, analysis that demonstrate the relevance of that meme for the global debate on trade in agriculture.
 
While NAFTA was being negotiated, 3 million Mexican farmers were cultivating corn. Mexico’s border were opened 10 years ahead of schedule, which allowed cheaper produce (particularly corn and beans) from the U.S. and Canadá. “During the first decade of the agreement, U.S. corn exports to Mexico quadrupled, while the price of domestically-grow corn in Mexico crashed by nearly 70 percent.”(Alexander, 2018)
 
Therefore, Mexican corn producers were hit the hardest, since “small, poor farmers who produced for the local markets were forced to compete with cheaper imports. For those that did not lose their jobs, monthly income for self-employed farmers fell from 1959 pesos a month in 1991 to 228 pesos a month in 2003.” (Women’s Edge Coalition, N.D.) About 2 million farm workers abandoned the Mexican countryside for the big cities. However, half a million Mexicans migrated to the U.S. “contributing to  75% increase in illegal inmigration from Mexico in the five years after NAFTA took effect.” (Alexander, 2018)
 
“In 2017, agriculture accounted for roughly 8 percent of the total goods and services the U.S. imported from ($243 billion) and exported to ($314 billion) Mexico.”  (Alexander, 2018) Mexico stocks the fresh produce sections of the U.S. grocery stores, while U.S. farmers send 6 million tons of subsidized corn back to Mexico every year.
 
 
Alexander, R. . (2018). Want to understand the border crisis? Look to American corn policy. October 16th, 2018, de The New Food Economy Sitio web: https://newfoodeconomy.org/border-crisis-immigration-mexican-corn-nafta/
 
 
Women's Coalition Edge. (N.D.). NAFTA and the FTAA: Impact on Mexico’s Agriculture Sector. October 16th, 2018, de Women's Edge Coalition Sitio web: https://www.iatp.org/sites/default/files/NAFTA_and_the_FTAA_Impact_on_Mexicos_Agricultu.pdf
 
 
thumb_up
0
thumb_down
0
Hunger games
Hunger games
Diana García Rojas E. A00226891
Campus Mty

- The importance of each image included in your meme.
There is only one image that represents the surprise of the different actors in wheat market due to the production diminution and the new participant countries as Russia.

 - What aspect of global trade in agriculture does it represent? 
The U.S. Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) monthly supply-and-demand outlook cut projected global wheat stocks in 2018/19, partly due to reduced production estimates for major exporters Russia and Australia (Reuters, 2018)

Prices of European Wheat hit gains pressured by a lack of demand for European supplies and reports of a record wheat harvest in Argentina. The Latin American country is competing with European wheat on many international markets. Low level of Seine, lack of rainfall and a very low Rhine levels that are blocking shipments from eastern France towards northern Europe, are factors which contribute with the falling. European Union official data showed EU soft wheat exports so far in 2018/19 were running 23 percent below last season’s pace at 4.8 million tonnes (Reuters, 2018) Global wheat prices may hit the $300/MT mark, according to analysts, driven by several factors such as the cost of global prices, cost of freight, peso-dollar exchange rate, logistics and labor cost.

 
References:

Reuters (2018) “EU wheat falls on poor demand, high global supplies” retrieved on October 16th from: https://af.reuters.com/article/commoditiesNews/idAFL8N1WC5AE 

Walsh, S (2018) “Grain price: This month’s USDA supply and demand estimates are out” retrieved on October 16th from: https://www.agriland.ie/farming-news/grain-price-this-months-usda-supply-and-demand-estimates-are-out/ 

thumb_up
0
thumb_down
0
Global Trade in AgricultureHumberto Rivera Blanes A01325339“Squeezing milk out of Africa”
Global Trade in AgricultureHumberto Rivera Blanes A01325339“Squeezing milk out of Africa”
In a brief summary, describe the importance of each image included in your meme:
It represents the unfair competition among the European Union and West Africa, local producers struggle to compete not being able to covered the local demand meanwhile the EU takes advantage putting at risk farms having to receive less pay for their products which does not allow them to keep afloat their business 

What aspect of global trade in agriculture does it represent? Provide data 

Low import protection as Economic partnership Agreement ( EPA) is taking place with the EU and Economic community of west African states (ECOWAS) getting zero tariffs for bulks of milk powder in with in 2015 was of 5%. The EU protects its agriculture with its policies in which it establishes that first its farmers obtain a reasonable profit which allows them to live with dignity, to keep the rural economy alive promoting jobs that now in Africa they do not care and they are making the rural economy of africa go away 
Livestock is one of the primary sources of income in west Africa it represents the 10-15 % of the total GDP in which a main reason to have livestock are suited for milk,  According to the OECD it estimates that 70% of that pastoral are to produce milk and 60% for cattle meat production. In the last 15 years dairy imports have tripled imported in bulk and then repacked in smaller quantities the imports represents 45-96% of the demand in Africa. It has a huge impact on African economy because European companies make  that they are helping the community buying and creating jobs that are not true 


References:
European Comission. (s.f). The common agricultural policy at a glance. Retrived 15,October 2018, de European comission Website: https://ec.europa.eu/info/food-farming-fisheries/key-policies/common-agricultural-policy/cap-glance_en

Livingstone, (2018, April 18). How EU milk is sinking Africa's farmers. Retrieved 15, October 2018 Website: https://www.politico.eu/article/eus-milk-scramble-for-africa/

Tuuli Orasmaa, Guillaume Duteurtre, Christian Corniaux,. (2016). The end of EU Milk Quotas- Implications in west Africa. Retrived 15, October, 2018, de Cirad Website: https://agritrop.cirad.fr/584599/1/The_end_of_EU_milk_quotas_2016.pdf
thumb_up
0
thumb_down
0
The Struggle
The Struggle
Miriam Peña Acevedo 
A01064835

- In a brief summary, describe the importance of each image included in your meme.
This meme is composed of two images. the first one describe two pressable buttons and the second one a character identified as the "West African's booming middle class".
This meme was realize to pinpoint a important and unseen point about the actual milk situation in West Africa nowadays. I believe that the diabolization of the companies trying to make business there is the loophole of the Africans governement trying to avoid the hurting fact that their countries aren't developed enough to afford and subsist with only local products: It is vulgarly called a "first-world problem".

- What aspect of world trade in agriculture does it represent?
Where everybody is trying to blame the E.U multi-national companies to enter the West African market, i think we should refocus on the people who are actually contributing the most to those companies they like to blame: the "West African's booming middle class".
If nobody was buying the controversial E.U powder milk from those company, they will logically withdraw from the market. It's common sense and basic economics: If a company is facing a non-profitable market, they have two possibilities: Adapt or withdraw to avoid bankruptcy. In this case, the adaptation would be for those companies to commercialize local milk instead of E.U milk (Adaptation that is already realized by some companies like Arla, Danone and FrieslandCampina).

References
Ojala, E. (2018). 
How EU milk is sinking Africa’s farmers. Politico. Retrieved from https://www.politico.eu/article/eus-milk-scramble-for-africa/

thumb_up
0
thumb_down
0
“Global Trade in Agriculture”Meme tittle: Corn in HD
“Global Trade in Agriculture”Meme tittle: Corn in HD

Mara Karime Romero Resendiz.     A01274399

- In a brief summary, describe the importance of each image included in your meme.
Because the corn consumed in Mexico is increasingly more important than the US because the producers do not have enough support for the government and its quality is lower compared to the US that manages high quality (the origin of the meme´s name) and support from their government.
 
- What aspect of world trade in agriculture does it represent?
In NAFTA, this situation represents a reason to raise restrictions on imports to boost domestic production or to be limited

To see the stadistic that supports this, please go to:
Flores E. (2018). “¿Por qué, si es taan mexicano, se compra el maíz extranjero? Los productores tienen una idea.” Retrieved on October 15th, 2018 from web site: http://www.sinembargo.mx/27-02-2018/3390983

thumb_up
0
thumb_down
0
Global Trade in Agriculture: The "Benevolent" EU
Global Trade in Agriculture: The "Benevolent" EU
Vianey López Hernández A01329969
Campus Puebla 

-In a brief summary, describe the importance of each image included in your meme.
This meme is based on the unequal competition between the EU and West Africa related to milk sales. In 2015, the EU faced major milk surplus concerns and decided to enter a growing market (Africa). The EU has been contributing to the agricultural trade distortion by subsidizing the milk industry and selling it at a very cheap price in the african market. The EU is trying to distract african milk producers by making them believe that they are bringing jobs and production back to the continent, as they are promoting FDI and expanding their milk industries into Africa. For instance, "Arla Foods  established a plant in Ivory Coast designed to handle its milk powder in 2013, for example. In 2015, it opened more facilities in Nigeria and Senegal. Danone made an even more muscular entrance in 2013 when it bought a 49 percent stake in Fan Milk, with plants in six West African countries. "  (Livingstone, E., 2018) But the reality is that they are hurting their economy by taking a great part of their income. 

- What aspect of global trade in agriculture does it represent? 
Farming is unlike any other business. Nowadays, despite the importance of food production, farmers’ income is significantly lower compared to non-agricultural income (by around 40%). By subsidizing agriculture the EU "seeks" to protect food security, provide an  income support and promote rural development. (European Commission, S.F.)   However, I believe that the real problem is the over production or surplus on agricultural products that push the EU to find new growing markets to export their products. This affects global trade agriculture by EU's unfair policies and subsidies that harm developing nations, specially a really poor sector of the population just to make some money. 
Between 2011 and 2016, milk powder exports from the EU to West Africa jumped from 12,900 metric tons to 36,700 tons — most of it flowing to plants in Senegal, Ivory Coast, Ghana and Nigeria, which re-export the product to their neighboring countries. (Livingstone, E., 2018) 
Although the EU claims to be promoting the economic development of the region, it is impossible for local producers to compete against european milk producers. For example,  in Cameroon, a local farmer sells its milk for 37 cents, while a German farmer sells it for 22 cents per liter. A German yoghurt costs about 33 cents in Cameroon’s supermarkets, cheaper than Cameroonian yoghurt (Camille Nessel, 2017). 

Above all, the african market is a really promising one not only for Europe but for the rest of the world. The World Bank estimates that the Ghanaian and Ivorian economies will grow by 8.3 percent and 7.2 percent respectively this year, for example. (Livingstone, E., 2018) Some analysts have claimed that due to this growth many nations, other than Europe, would be doing the same. This has become a major concern in the global market as, once a again, a developing nation is being hurt by a developed one promoting inequality and unfair trade practices. 

References:
Camille Nessel. (2017). 
A European Milk Fairytale or how the EU is Destroying African Markets. Retrieved October 15th, 2018. From Eyes on Europe: http://eyes-on-europe.eu/a-european-milk-fairytale-or-how-the-eu-is-destroying-african-markets/

European Commission. (S.F.) 
The common agricultural policy at a glance. Retrieved October 15th, 2018. From European Commission: https://ec.europa.eu/info/food-farming-fisheries/key-policies/common-agricultural-policy/cap-glance_en

Livingstone, E. (2018, April 18). How EU milk is sinking Africa's farmers. Retrieved October 15, 2018, from https://www.politico.eu/article/eus-milk-scramble-for-africa/
thumb_up
0
thumb_down
0
Global Trade in Agriculture Melissa Lozano A01233558"You get what you deserve"
Global Trade in Agriculture Melissa Lozano A01233558"You get what you deserve"
Importance of each image included in your meme.
This meme represents the incongruity of the United States as it complains about the access to Canada’s dairy industry and the United States does the same with its sugar industry.
The penguin's body is divided in two, its upper part is opposite to its lower part because it represents a plot twist. 

- What aspect of global trade in agriculture does it represent? Provide data, statistics, analysis that demonstrate the relevance of that meme for the global debate on trade in agriculture.
Sugar is the prime example of a highly protected industry in the United States. People can think that Canada was the only NAFTA country clinging to controversial agricultural protections but is not.

According to (Powell, 2018) U.S. sugar producers received the third highest share of “trade distorting” government aid in the world between 2015 and 2017.American protections on sugar imports have been around at least as long as supply management. 

The program managed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, includes a system of “marketing allotments” that limit the amount of sugar that can be sold in the U.S. market to 85 %of projected domestic consumption. Then its divided up among states and producers, while the remaining 15%  of consumption is assigned via a quota to imports. It is important to mention that all imports exceeding the quota face an impose of 15.36 U.S. cents per pound of raw cane sugar and 16.21 cents per pound of refined sugar (Powell, 2018).

As a final result, “is domestic sugar prices that are typically twice those of the world sugar market,” said Colin Grabow (cited in Powell, 2018)  trade policy analyst at the libertarian-leaning Cato Institute, who has accused the U.S. government of leading a “nationwide sugar cartel.”

A 2013 study by Beghin (cited in Powell) found that elevated U.S. sugar prices add approximately US$10 to the average American consumer’s food bill each year  impacts too modest to encourage public outrage. Now, what if we multiply that by the number of consumers in the U.S?  It will be about US$3 billion going into the pockets of sugar producers and away from consumers,”. 

Nevertheless, the American Sugar Alliance (cited in Powell, 2018) believes trade protections are a necessary “buffer to a distorted world sugar market where countries subsidize and dump their surplus for whatever price it’ll bring,” said Jack Roney, a spokesperson for the organization.

Because all of this, the Canadian industry has its own complaints,  because the U.S. has gradually afforded greater access to Mexican producers of sugar and sugar containing products while maintaining strict limitations on Canada.Prior to the US quotas, Canadian cane sugar exports to the U.S. averaged approximately 100,000 tonnes annually Today, Canada’s exports are limited to 10,300 tonnes of refined beet sugar while cane sugar no longer meets U.S. rules of origin criteria.

The U.S. policy limits only sugar sales, not production. According to this, Marsden said (cited in Powell, 2018) that Canada remains vulnerable to dumping.



References:
Powell, N. (17 de September de 2018). Financial Post. Recuperado el 15 de October de 2018, de Financial Post: https://business.financialpost.com/commodities/agriculture/forget-canadas-dairy-producers-the-u-s-sugar-cartel-has-an-even-sweeter-deal-from-its-government


thumb_up
0
thumb_down
0
The EU "exploits" milk in West Africa
The EU "exploits" milk in West Africa
Gabriela Mayrl
A00819562
This meme represents how the word "exploit" has two connotations when talking about how the EU has been exploiting the milk industry and it has exploited on West Africa's face. The man in the meme is West Africa covered with powdered milk that local producers cannot compete with. 

The EU saw West Africa as a great market opportunity to export their overproduction of milk since the region was not able to produce enough to meet the local demand and due to their growing population their demand kept on growing. According to Politico.eu, milk exports have tripled in the last 5 years since EU farmers receive subsidies and overproduce because milk quotas were lifted on 2015. 
Such "exploitation" from the EU milk exporters has thrown a bomb to the milk market in West Africa that is about to explote and put in danger many local producers. 

Ojala, E. (2018). 
How EU milk is sinking Africa’s farmers. Politico. Retrieved on October 15th, 2018 from https://www.politico.eu/article/eus-milk-scramble-for-africa/
thumb_up
0
thumb_down
0
Jennifer Luna 513920
Jennifer Luna 513920
Canada has been shocking the world with its expansion and diversification in trade with many emerging markets. Only Yesterday the Canadian government announced a new market access for live cattle to the Philippines. "Canada is building strong markets around the world which will benefit our farmers and food processors. These recent market access gains are setting the stage for deeper bilateral economic relations between Canada and the ASEAN region, and will contribute to our government's goal of reaching $75 billion in agri-food exports by 2025." (Jim Carr, Minister of international trade diversification)
Just in 2017 canada exported over $325 million of agriculture products and is ASEAN's sixth-largest trading partner.
Resources:
Agriculture and agri food can cada. (2018) 
https://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/government-of-canada-secures-new-access-in-key-asean-markets-697609621.html

thumb_up
0
thumb_down
0
Milking Africa
Milking Africa
Brian Allen Rivera Moya A01334006

In a brief summary, describe the importance of each image included in your meme: This meme represents the European Union that supposedly cares about the development of Africa but at the same time is harming its growth and almost destroying the local market for African milk producers. They said that entering the African market would mean that they would help the local producers but they do not see it that way and little by little they have ended up with the producers.
What aspect of global trade in agriculture does it represent? The European Union, being increasingly pressured by the agricultural policies elaborated in Brussels, gives many financial incentives to its farmers, creating even greater inequality of competition against African milk producers.
West Africa contains countries that according to the World Bank will grow between 7.2% to 8.3% (World Bank) This means that it is an attractive point of sale for European milk multinationals, in fact between 2011 and 2016 exports of milk powder from the EU to West Africa increased from 12,900 tons to 36,700 tons.
This issue is relevant in global trade in agriculture, it shows us how an economic power like the European Union is, tries to take advantage of some developing countries, where several of them are immersed in extreme poverty and are finishing little by little with the milk industry of the place.

References: 
Livingstone, E. (2018, April 18). How EU milk is sinking Africa's farmers. Retrieved October 15, 2018, from https://www.politico.eu/article/eus-milk-scramble-for-africa/
thumb_up
0
thumb_down
0
When they say "I want corn" but mexican corn is better from nowhere elseGabriela Goretti Amaya Rodriguez A00368035
When they say "I want corn" but mexican corn is better from nowhere elseGabriela Goretti Amaya Rodriguez A00368035
This meme is based on the U.S  corn by production is transgenic-based and it represents a commercial interest, for Mexico it represents a cultural and how in the two decades since  NAFTA came into force, U.S. corn exports to Mexico had the greatest absolute increase.
What aspect of global trade in agriculture does it represent?
Corn is an extremely important agricultural product in Mexico and US In the US corn is a huge crop, with annual sales around $17 billion, or 9% of the value of all agricultural output (NASS 2000). 
In mexico  roughly 3 million people are employed in the cultivation of corn. 
The United States and Mexico are significant global corn producers and consumers. The United States is the world’s largest producer and exporter of corn. In 2016/17, it accounted for 37 percent of global production by volumen the volume of U.S. corn production grew by over 70 percent to 385 million metric tons (mt) in 2016/17. Mexico is also the sixth largest corn producer, with 3 percent of global production in 2016/17. 

 References:
Ahmed, L. (May de 2018). www.usitc.gov. Recuperado el 15 de October de 2018, de www.usitc.gov: https://www.usitc.gov/publications/332/working_papers/ahmed.htm

Frank Ackerman, T. A. (June de 2003). Medford MA 02155, USA http://www.ase.tufts.edu. Recuperado el October de 2018, de http://www.ase.tufts.edu/gdae/Pubs/wp/03-06-NAFTACorn.PDF

thumb_up
0
thumb_down
0
Africa looks great
Africa looks great
Angélica Esmeralda Vázquez
A01186726

With the disappearance of quotas for dairy products, the European Union, especially the Nordic countries, decided to increase their normal production of dairy products, causing an excess of production and considered that Africa is a good market, creating strategic alliances with Africans producers and distributors.

What aspect of global trade in agriculture does it represent?
The European Union could generate an annual increase in the production of 9,000 million liters of milk, mainly in Denmark, France, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Holland and Germany. For 67% of this increase (more than 6,000 million liters) we would have to look for markets outside the European Union, which is why they selected West Africa as their target. For this it is important to consider the effect it could have on the industry in Africa and take the necessary measures or regulations.  (Livingston, 2018)

Livingstone, E. (2018, April 18). How EU milk is sinking Africa's farmers. Retrieved July 10, 2018, from https://www.politico.eu/article/eus-milk-scramble-for-africa/


thumb_up
0
thumb_down
0
EU milk is sinking Africa’s farmers
 EU milk is sinking Africa’s farmers
Marlon Gabriel Trujillo Muñoz
A01262230

This meme represents the disastrous effects that is causing the EU to export milk to West Africa, this is because poor countries pay the price of agricultural policies of the EU, that all this begins in 2015 the struggle began to intensify, when the EU abolished their milk quotas this forced them to seek new markets to get rid of their excess production. 

 - What aspect of global trade in agriculture does it represent? . 

West Africa, with its growing population and demand for dairy, was an obvious destination. Between 2011 and 2016, milk powder exports from the EU to West Africa jumped from 12,900 metric tons to 36,700 tons — most of it flowing to plants in Senegal, Ivory Coast, Ghana and Nigeria, which re-export the product to their neighboring countries. 
All this is happening, and West African farmers are struggling to compete with the current situation in West Africa following the export of EU milk at very cheap prices. 

The local production never satisfied the demand, for this reason as it is mentioned previously 12,900 metric tons were imported and when passing the years by the problem that had EU with the over production and to the elimination of support quotas, it is exported almost triple of those that were exported, previously, putting in risk and problems local farmers of West Africa. 
In some regions of West Africa farmers are already giving up, it is explained that some farmers previously received 300 liters and that with the current situation they only receive 200 liters. the problem is aggravating the security situation in the Sahel. "The children of the shepherds become jihadists, not out of conviction, but because there is no work. 

he World Bank estimates that the Ghanaian and Ivorian economies will grow by 8.3 percent and 7.2 percent respectively this year, for example. 
Arla Foods — a Danish dairy cooperative with €10 billion in annual revenue — established a plant in Ivory Coast designed to handle its milk powder in 2013. 
Danone made an even more muscular entrance in 2013 when it bought a 49 percent stake in Fan Milk, with plants in six West African countries. 
The cost of skim milk powder fell from about €3.30 per kilo at the beginning of 2014 to about €1.70 at the same time in 2016, for example, before sliding to €1.30 in March. 

thumb_up
0
thumb_down
0
When they say there are other options but you do not take them ...
When they say there are other options but you do not take them ...
Alejandra Alonso González. 
A01323900

This meme is based on the decision of the Agriculture Committee, on eliminating the export subsidies that farmers received, in order to implement other forms of aid for them, but shows the little acceptance that farmers have towards this Measure, despite knowing that it is a measure that will bring them better benefits.
Agricultural export subsidies in developed countries have limited the entry into their markets of goods from developing economies, so eliminating subsidies is a measure of aid.
There is a global need for countries to be able to find a balance in the food security of each one, but always with the clear objective of developing trade with all its partners.
In global trade negotiations will see $15 billion worth of agricultural export subsidies abolished around the world (WTO,2015)
According to Forbes That's $15 billion that will be saved by taxpayers. Or, to make the same statement in another way, that's $15 billion that politicians won't be lifting from the citizenry's pockets in order to blow on an economically entirely wasteful activity.
 
References:
Strubenhoff, H. (08 de 02 de 2016). Future Development. Obtenido de Brookings: https://www.brookings.edu/blog/future-development/2016/02/08/the-wtos-decision-to-end-agricultural-export-subsidies-is-good-news-for-farmers-and-consumers/

Worstall, T. (20 de 12 de 2015). Money. Obtenido de Forbes: https://www.forbes.com/sites/timworstall/2015/12/20/wtos-doha-round-actually-manages-something-abolition-of-agricultural-export-subsidies/#1f9432ae1f7e
thumb_up
0
thumb_down
0
"Don't mess with my baby"
"Don't mess with my baby"
Carolina García Peralta
A00949129

My meme depicts how the European Commission will file a complaint against the USA for the high tariffs imposed on Spanish black olives.  

Aspect of global trade in agriculture:
According to figures released by the US Department of Customs, Spanish exports of black olives to the United States fell in August, around 70 percent.

According to the information, exports of black olives from Spain to the United States went from 3.2 million kilos in August of the previous year to 1.02 million kilos in the same month, this year, which represented 2, 2 million kilos less.

Last July, the US International Trade Commission confirmed the tariffs of 34.75 percent against black olives, considering them a threat to the Californian industry.

References:
Las exportaciones de aceituna negra a Estados Unidos se hunden un 70%. (2018). Retrieved from https://sevilla.abc.es/economia/sevi-exportaciones-aceituna-negra-estados-unidos-hunden-70-por-ciento-201810151837_noticia.html
thumb_up
0
thumb_down
0
Global Trade in Agriculture
Global Trade in Agriculture

Yocelin Desiree Rodríguez Sánchez.
A00399991

Title: Lack of national support.

According to what I read, Africa is having problems because the national production is being damaged by the milk imported from European countries, since they have strong subsidies from their government.

My meme represents the fact that African people prefer European products (milk) because they are cheaper due to the fact that EU production costs allow them to charge milk so low.

What aspect of global trade in agriculture does it represent?

Unfair competition because the products are being sold cheaper than the national product. 
What Africa should do is promote the consumption of domestic producers by giving subsidies so good that they can compete against Europeans. It is not about closing to foreign trade, but about giving nationals enough tools to be able to compete.
Africa could also apply import quotas, raise its tariffs on milk until the European Union stops sending large quantities of milk.

On the other hand, it is true that the European Union is having an overproduction . It is important that they become aware and begin to abuse new markets.

thumb_up
0
thumb_down
0
Global Trade in Agriculture
Global Trade in Agriculture
Irving Mauricio Reyes Orenday
A01262339

- Include a catchy title; "Trade Policies Can Ensure Food Security Under Climate Change"


- In a brief summary, describe the importance of each image included in your meme.
There are three aspects that are part of this situation: trade policies, the food involved, and the climate change. That's why I focused on finding a picture where there is a character protecting a second one (Trade Policies protecting Food), meanwhile there is this third character who "threatens" the second one (Climate Change trying to "threaten" Food). 


- What aspect of global trade in agriculture does it represent? 
Climate change affects agriculture and its impacts are likely to be more severe in countries of low latitudes that are already at risk of food insecurity than in countries with temperate climates. Trade in agricultural commodities can help balancing the these uneven effects. Countries can mitigate the risk of food insecurity due to temporary production shortfalls through food imports. In the longer term, they can use international trade polices to improve resilience by specializing on less vulnerable crops and thereby adjusting agricultural production to climate risks across countries.

The 2018 edition shows, among other trends, that global trade in agriculture has tripled in value between 2000 and 2016 from US$570 billion to US$1.6 trillion. Much of the expansion was driven by increasing production in China and other emerging economies and growing international trade in biofuels.


Hub, I. (2018). FAO's Agricultural Market Report Shows How Trade Policies Can Ensure Food Security Under Climate Change | News | SDG Knowledge Hub | IISD. [online] Sdg.iisd.org. Available at: http://sdg.iisd.org/news/faos-agricultural-market-report-shows-how-trade-policies-can-ensure-food-security-under-climate-change/ [Accessed 15 Oct. 2018].
thumb_up
0
thumb_down
0
Global trade in Agriculture - "Not as sure as they thought"
Global trade in Agriculture - "Not as sure as they thought"
Alejandra García 
A01022783

- Describe the importance of your meme. 


- What aspect of global trade in agriculture does it represent?





thumb_up
0
thumb_down
0
EU milk is killing Africa
EU milk is killing Africa

Irma Torres
A01400058 

- In a brief summary, describe the importance of each image included in your meme.

My meme represents the fight that EU is having with Africa because of the overproduction of milk and how they are exporting it to Occidental Africa, poor countries think that they are paying  the price for  bad EU farm policies, and of course the African milk producers are suffering these overproduction, experts warn that the recent milk flood risks are drowning the African local industry

- What aspect of global trade in agriculture does it represent? Provide data, statistics, analysis that demonstrate the relevance of that meme for the global debate on trade in agriculture.

“ Over five years, they have nearly tripled their exports to the region, shipping milk powder produced by heavily subsidized European farmers to be transformed into liquid milk for the region’s booming middle class.” 
“Between 2011 and 2016, milk powder exports from the EU to West Africa jumped from 12,900 metric tons to 36,700 tons”
The last February Phil Hogan the European Commissioner for Agriculture announced a task force for rural Africa, meant to advise governments on agricultural policy and help EU companies invest responsibly in their market .

Livingstone, E. (2018, April 18). How EU milk is sinking Africa's farmers. Retrieved July 10, 2018, from https://www.politico.eu/article/eus-milk-scramble-for-africa/ (Enlaces a un sitio externo.)
thumb_up
0
thumb_down
0
Corn in Mexico must be Mexican
Corn in Mexico must be Mexican
Pamela Ramírez Cué
A00817893

1. In a brief summary, describe the importance of each image included in your meme. The exports of corn from the U.S to Mexico grew since the establishment of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). This agreement included a significant new market-oriented provisions for the U.S-Mexico corn trade that replaced Mexico’s previous opaque import licenced system. Mexico and the U.S are both, corn consumers and producers, while the U.S production is transgenic-based and it represents a commercial interest, for Mexico it represents a cultural interest due to the fact that the corn growth is seen as a national heritage. The liberalization of trade between Mexico and the U.S and the growth corn consumption in Mexico, forced him to supplied this growth by greater imports risking Mexico’s millennial heritage and survival of Mexicans local corn producers. 

2. What aspect of global trade in agriculture does it represent? Provide data, statistics, analysis that demonstrate the relevance of that meme for the global debate on trade in agriculture. The United States and Mexico are significant global corn producers and consumers. The United States is the world’s largest producer and exporter of corn. In 2016, it accounted for 37 percent of global production by volume, followed by China (21%) and Brazil (9%). Over the past three decades, the volume of U.S. corn production grew by over 70 percent to 385 million metric tons. Mexico, a net corn importer, is the world’s second largest importer of corn behind Japan. Mexico is also the sixth largest corn producer, with 3 percent of global production in 2016/17. Over the past three decades, Mexican corn production grew by approximately 60 percent to 27 million mt in 2016, while its consumption more than doubled to reach 33.2 million mt in 2016.

Rapid growth of U.S. corn exports to Mexico coincided with NAFTA implementation, which included significant Mexican concessions for imports of U.S. corn. In the two decades since NAFTA came into force, U.S. corn exports to Mexico had the greatest absolute increase in both volume and value of any agricultural sector subject to NAFTA. Comparing average U.S. corn exports to Mexico for 1991–93 with 2011–13, the value increased from $104 million to $2.3 billion, while the volume increased from 913,000 mt to 7.9 million mt.  By 2016, U.S. exports of corn to Mexico reached 14.0 million mt.

References 
Ahmed, L. (2017). U.S. Corn Exports to Mexico and the North American Free Trade Agreement. October 15th, 2018, de l Sitio web: https://www.usitc.gov/publications/332/working_papers/ahmed.htm

thumb_up
0
thumb_down
0
When United States starts losing in the battle
When United States starts losing in the battle
Isabel Palazuelos A00818871
Describe the importance of your meme. 
United States and China have been on a ongoing battle about tariffs in their trade balance since united states claims “They've made too much money for too long. What they've done to our country is take out anywhere from USD 300 billion to USD 500 billion a year...I have great respect for China and for President Xi in particular. We'll probably make a deal, but I don't think they're ready," Trump said. Like an unhappy child United States begins to throw a tantrum when conditions are not in their favor. I think this is an important topic since this two countries are very powerful and their economies can affect other economies.
What aspect of global trade in agriculture does it represent? (provide, data, statistics, analysis...)
After President Donald Trump ordered tariffs on Chinese goods, China announced tariffs on U.S. agricultural products. Among them was a 25 percent tax on soybeans, the single most valuable U.S. farm export. U.S. growers sold $12 billion worth to China last year alone. China has reacted quickly since it’s, the world’s largest importer of soybeans, and has cut back on purchases of U.S. grain.
China is turning instead to Brazil, which has profited from Chinese demand to become an agricultural powerhouse. Brazilian soybean exports to China rose 22 percent by value between January and September of 2018, compared to the same period a year ago.
Brazilian producers are not only selling more grain, their soybeans have a higher price than beans from the United States, thanks to Chinese buyers.
Prices for U.S. soybeans have fallen to levels that American farmers say are below the cost of production. The drop has made the agricultural industry a concern for an otherwise healthy U.S. economy. Nearly 80 percent of Brazil’s soy exports are now shipped to China.
Experts say Brazil’s total soy growing area is expected to expand to a record 36.28 million hectares this season because of strong Chinese demand. 
Bibliography 
Business News Live, Share Market News - Read Latest Finance News, IPO, Mutual Funds News. (2018). Retrieved from https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/

US Trade War Helps Farmers in Brazil, but Not Iowa. (2018). Retrieved from https://learningenglish.voanews.com/a/us-trade-war-helps-farmers-in-brazil-but-not-iowa/4609461.html
thumb_up
1
thumb_down
0
Trade Policies Can Ensure Food Security Under Climate Change
Trade Policies Can Ensure Food Security Under Climate Change
Irving Mauricio Reyes Orenday
A01262339

thumb_up
0
thumb_down
0
Mexico -> U.S Agricultural Exports
Mexico -> U.S Agricultural Exports
Katia Guadalupe Jáquez Cardoza
A01233634
    
Describe the importance of your meme. 
I choose this topic because I think that it is soo good that Mexico remained the United States third largest agricultural partner in 2017. U.S. agricultural and related product exports totaled USD 18.6 billion and accounted for nearly 12.3 percent of total U.S. exports in the sector and 65 percent of Mexico total agricultural imports (Export.gov, 2017)

What aspect of global trade in agriculture does it represent? (provide, data, statistics, analysis...)
Under the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), Mexico and the United States have eliminated all tariffs and quantitative restrictions on agricultural goods and have strengthened scientific ties to eradicate diseases and pests, conduct research and enhance conservation. 
2007: $12.7 billion
2017: $18.6 billion
            
The United States enjoys a commanding market share for several sub-sectors. Below are short summaries of key subsectors of the agricultural market in Mexico. They are dairy, beef, pork, poultry, soybeans, corn, wheat, and fresh fruit including apples, pears, and grapes. 

Mexico is the top export destination for U.S. corn, wheat, and rice, as well as being an important market for U.S. sorghum—despite also being a producer of these grains. Overall, Mexican grain imports continue to increase, driven by growth in animal feed demand (particularly for corn) and increase in demand for wheat-based breads and baked goods.

Beginning in 2017, the Mexican government made a well-publicized effort to reduce dependence on U.S. imports of grains. Mexico made increased purchases of grains from other origins, and the trend of increased competition is likely to remain. However, the United States remains the primary supplier of grains to Mexico, benefiting from proximity and well-established commercial ties.

References

Exports.gov. (2017). Mexico - D Agriculture. Retrieved from: https://www.export.gov/article?id=Mexico-Agriculture 
USDA. (2017). Mexico. Retrieved from: https://www.fas.usda.gov/regions/mexico




thumb_up
0
thumb_down
0
Waiting for Canada to be fair like
Waiting for Canada to be fair like
Carla Paola García 
A00959315

Hello everyone,
For this activity I decided to use this meme background because we are constantly hearing all the unfairness from Canada in the exports and imports of goods, especially in agriculture. If it is not the dairy milk, it´s poultry, etc. Event though Canada has been a good¨friend¨ to Mexico, they deserved the renegotiations from NAFTA (now USMCA).

There are several unfairness from Canada that should be pointed out, first:
1. Poultry: Canada currently imports tariff-free eggs amounting to 2.98 percent of the Canadian production.
2. Dairy: Even though now they have an open dairy market, Canada used not to permit US exports to their country but themselves will sell in the international market with dumping criterias.
3. Under Canadian legislation, U.S. wheat automatically receives the lowest quality grade and price in Canada, while Canadian wheat commands the price accorded to its quality in the United States.
(Nickel, R. 2017).

This information clearly shows that Canada is not complying the the WTO´s Agreement on Agriculture.


References:
Nicket, R. (2017). US farm groups pile on Canada as Trump eyes trade fairness. Retrieved on October 14, 2018. ONLINE https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trade-canada-agriculture/u-s-farm-groups-pile-on-canada-as-trump-eyes-trade-fairness-idUSKBN1802PH


thumb_up
0
thumb_down
0
“Global Trade in Agriculture”. Meme Title: Decisions, Decisions
“Global Trade in Agriculture”. Meme Title: Decisions, Decisions 
Vanessa Araiza Alderete
A01049646


Describe the importance of your meme. 
Based on the growing trade war between the United States and China, the Chinese country is reordering the global grains business. Meaning that they no longer feel like buying soybeans from the US, in my meme I though it was accurate to use the famous meme of the car turning the other way around, and it explicitly responds to china, current purchasing decision.

What aspect of global trade in agriculture does it represent? (provide, data, statistics, analysis...)
In response to Trump administration tariffs on Chinese goods, Beijing this year imposed levies on U.S. agricultural products, for what its known to be a 25% tariff to soybeans, on the USA most valuable farm export. Last year alone U.S. farmers sold $12 billion to China, this is alarming the USDA’s their July WASDE report estimates an 11% drop in exports 2018/2019 marketing year. 

Because of this dispute Brazil is the underdog that is not only are selling more grain, but also their soy is becoming $2.83 per bushel more attractive than U.S. beans. Nearly 80 percent of Brazil’s soy exports are now heading to China.

The exportation of soybean has been an important contributor to the U.S. farm economy in recent years. Given the expected downturn in exports, commodity markets and farmers are left wondering how long and how severe the downturn might be. (Forbes, 2018). Reminding us   that in this trade war not only countries such as Canada with steel, or China with more than 100% import tariffs lose but also the United States economy and producers get affected. 

Bibliography:
The Gazette. (2018). Trade war delivers farm boom in Brazil, gloom in Iowa. October 14, 2018, de The Gazette Sitio web: https://www.thegazette.com/subject/news/business/trade-war-delivers-farm-boom-in-brazil-gloom-in-iowa-20181014

Widmar, D. (2018). USDA Forecast A Second Year Of-Decline For US Soybean Exports. October 14, 2018, de Forbes rbes Sitio web: https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidwidmar/2018/07/22/usda-forecast-a-second-year-of-decline-for-u-s-soybean-exports/#1ca9e79b4867


thumb_up
1
thumb_down
0
The USA talking in WTO Agriculture negotiations like…
The USA talking in WTO Agriculture negotiations like…
Jessica Mireya Alaniz A01281567          
 Agriculture Meme
This meme is based on the most recent and trending news on World Trade Organization agriculture negotiations that started on June and have been continued until this September 2018. The meetings where characterized by the topics of USA blaming India’s wrong calculations to get the “de minims” support and other countries questioning the USA need for an agricultural support package. This meme template is called “Distracted boyfriend meme” and it is was considered meme of the year in April 2017, the meaning it to joke about diverting the attention or being not loyal to something or someone.  In this case, I consider it funny and ironical the USA had a very elaborated speech against India getting the low-income nation privilege to use subsidies but was not clear or really try to avoid talking about the fact that they were asking for additional ceiling support on agricultural subsidies (ICTSD, 2018). 
This describes how in agricultural global trade there is still many subsidies and not regulated actions the WTO has not been able to manage; still after the Uruguay Round and Agreement in Agriculture, countries try to use these loopholes to keep benefiting their own agricultural sectors.  India was able to allocate green box program amounted to US$18.3 billion, while US$23.6 billion was allocated to input and investment subsidies for low-income under a clause of the Agreement on Agriculture which allows developing countries to exempt payments in this area from WTO ceilings. India was called to use that money over its policies on sugar, pulses, and skimmed milk, especially on sugar Australia calls India to collapse prices from $595 a ton two years ago to a low of just $294 a ton currently (The Australian, 2018). On the other hand, the USA says its 121 billion as “green box” payments to counter attack the high trade barriers it has been suffering due to the current trade war, are meant to cause no more than minimal trade distortion under WTO rules. 
Although countries like New Zealand also said to be concerned that the new support risks taking the United States close to its AMS limit of US$19.1 billion which will be considered highly trade-distorting under the organization’s rule(ICTSD, 2018). But overall, the WTO has only served as forum for these debates and has not taken any direct action of this accusations. 
Bibliography:
 ICTSD. (2018, June 21). US, India Spar Over Agricultural Subsidy Data at WTO Meeting. Retrieved October 1, 2018, from https://www.ictsd.org/bridges-news/bridges/news/us-india-spar-over-agricultural-subsidy-data-at-wto-meeting
 
The Australian. (2018, September 23). Birmingham threat to report Indian sugar subsidies to WTO. Retrieved October 1, 2018, from https://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/nation/birmingham-threat-to-report-indian-sugar-subsidies-to-wto/news-story/8c5456eb90991284868dc4ce8bdb89e9
thumb_up
1
thumb_down
0
Global Trade in Agriculture: European milk exports to Africa
Global Trade in Agriculture: European milk exports to Africa
A01678394 - Jacqueline Michele Grünewald 

In a brief summary, describe the importance of each image included in your meme.
 
This meme shows the effect of European milk exports to Africa and how disastrous the effects are for local herders and farmers. “European pressure on Africa’s dairy producers intensified in 2015, when the EU lifted its milk quotas. Coinciding with a Russian embargo on European food, it left the Continent awash in milk. With prices at historic lows, EU dairy companies desperately needed new markets to rid themselves of their glut.“ Since west Africa’s population is growing very fast and the demand for dairy increases tremendously, Europe found it was a great opportunity to export their dairy products. 
 
- What aspect of global trade in agriculture does it represent? Provide data, statistics, analysis that demonstrate the relevance of that meme for the global debate on trade in agriculture.
 
Over the past five years, Europe nearly tripled their exports to the region, shipping milk powder produced by heavily subsidized European farmers to be transformed into liquid milk for the region’s booming middle class. The exporting amount of milk jumped from 12,900 metric tons to 36,700 tons and most of it was exported to plants in Senegal, Ivory Coast, Ghana and Nigeria, which re-export the product to their neighboring countries. This put a lot of pressure on the local producers and they are nearly unable to compete with European products. The increase of exports are shown here:
 

see : European Milk floods West Africa -> https://www.politico.eu/article/eus-milk-scramble-for-africa/

Moreover, since global players such as Danone, Arla and FrieslandCampina set up reconstitution plats to process imported European milk, West African farmers are struggling a lot to compete. (LIVINGSTONE, 2018)
 

References

LIVINGSTONE, E. (2018, August 4). How EU milk is sinking Africa’s farmers . Retrieved from Politico : https://www.politico.eu/article/eus-milk-scramble-for-africa/
 

thumb_up
0
thumb_down
0
The Taste of Milk
The Taste of Milk
Jesús Cortina Bernal
A01232225

Greetings. For today’s activity, I decided to use the meme known as “This Is the Taste of a Liar”. The meme depicts a scene from the manga “JoJo’s Bizarre Adventure: Vento Aureo”. In the scene, an Italian gangster is able to proof that the main character has been lying by tasting his sweat. In this meme, I put the gangster, representing the WTO and similar orgs, licking the skim milk, proving that it receives subsides from EU.

For the context of the class, I decided to represent the situation in which the European dairy products are being subsidized, leading to overproduction and a potential case of dumping onto the African countries. After the EU lifted its production quotas, African countries were flooded with very cheap milk, with a price that competed easily with the African producers. While the EU argument involves the problem of nutrition in Africa and their lack of import tariffs, which are fair, the African government has its response. With the influx of European dairy products into Africa, prices are getting lower and the capacity that the African producers can cover is being taken by European companies such as Danone. For example, the price of skim milk powder fell from 3.30 euros to 1.70 euros in 20 years, and it went even further to 1.30 euros a few months after (Livingstone, 2018). Some have argued that this overproduction of dairy products, especially skim milk, is killing the local and undeveloped African industry. For instance, skim milk imports increased from 0.6 million tons to 2.1 in the period from 1996 to 2013. With the ECOWAS agreement on the horizon, there is uncertainty in the mid of the African producers (Barbière, 2018). In my opinion, this shows how subsides in agriculture can be harmful for companies in developing countries, while all the benefits are received by the multinational corporations. While the EU has a point with the tariff argument, it should be their responsibility to control the overproduction of milk. If the surplus is caused by excessive subsides, it would mean that there are unnecessary funds going to agriculture. If they manage to divert those investments, while also the African countries start to protect their industry, trade relations could ameliorate and Africa could develop better. 

 


References

Barbière, C. (2018, March 01). How EU powdered milk threatens African production. Retrieved from EURACTIV: https://www.euractiv.com/section/development-policy/news/how-eu-powdered-milk-threatens-african-production/

Livingstone, E. (2018, August 04). How EU milk is sinking Africa’s farmers. Retrieved from POLITICO: https://www.politico.eu/article/eus-milk-scramble-for-africa/

 

thumb_up
0
thumb_down
0

# data[].attributes.headline
Global trade in Agriculture: Meme Activity.

# data[].attributes.subject
Global trade in Agriculture: Meme Activity.

# data[].attributes.body
Diego Meza Juárez - A01381092 Campus Saltillo.

Meme Title: "Thanks for the Help"

In a brief summary, describe the importance of each image included in your meme.
This meme makes reference to what Adama Diallo, President of Burkina Faso´s milk producers claimed about the reason European producers exports milk to Africa mentioning that  “They came for the business — they did not come to help producers.” in response of what the European Commissioner for Agriculture Phil Hogan states about a task force that they woul send in order to advise governments on agricultural policy and of the insistence from Brussels that they are helping Africa with core issues such as poor infraestructure or patchy energy supplies.

What aspect of global trade in agriculture does it represent?
European milk is arriving to Africa in large quantities, which have disastrous effects for the local producers.

Brussels farm policies which benefit the EU because of the financial handouts to farmers which has been critisized worlwide including by the former U.N. General Secretary Kofi Annan due the damage to lozal producers of different industries; in this case,

the EU milk powder, which is liquidized in plants in Africa, is heavily subsidized and is damaging local producers.

From 2011 to 2016, milk powder exports from the EU to Africa almost tripled from 12,900 metric tons to 36,700 metric tons.
The sales revenue from this product went to 87 million Euros in 2014 to 240 million Euros in 2017,  which logically, decreases in a proportional amount of the preice differences the revenue local producers gain throghout the continent. This has been due in 2015, the EU lifted milk quotas, giving them the opportunity to increase it´s exports coupled with overproduction in the continent.

In Senegal, local produced milk costs $1 whereby reconstitud imported milk costs half as much.

Despite local milk production in Africa has never met the demand of the region, experts warn that the European milk could heavily damage the local milk industry and all the people who lives from milk which according to the OECD are approximately 70% of the 65% rural population African countries.

References:
*  Livingstone, E. (2018, August 04). How EU milk is sinking Africa’s farmers. POLITICO. Retrieved October 16, 2018, from https://www.politico.eu/article/eus-milk-scramble-for-africa/

*  THE END OF EU MILK QUOTAS - IMPLICATIONS IN WEST AFRICA. (2016). Cirad. Retrieved October 16, 2018, from https://agritrop.cirad.fr/584599/1/The_end_of_EU_milk_quotas_2016.pdf.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
So you are telling me that you came to help local producers_

# data[].attributes.body
- In a brief summary, describe the importance of each image included in your meme.

During Trumps administration, the US decided to begin s Trade War with China, since the country had been experiencing rapid economic growth and was emerging as a geopolitical global power, which obviously threatened the United States power and influence in the World.
This trade war aims to weaken the Chinese economy and even though it "may harm the two main players, there are opportunities for other countries at the same time" (Awan, 2018),for example, Pakistan. "Chinese imports from the US are mostly agricultural produce. Pakistan is a natural agricultural country. Its climate and hard-working workforce are a blessing for the nation" (Awan, 2018).

The meme portrays the decision to continue trade relations or deals with countries that one seeks to weaken or control them, that some countries often make instead if lookihbofher valuable and even better trade partners. "Pakistan’s agriculture sector has potential to grow, and China may be a good market" (Awan, 2018)

Awan, Z. (2018, August 10). How Pakistan could gain from US-China trade war. Retrieved October 16, 2018, from http://www.atimes.com/how-pakistan-could-gain-from-us-china-trade-war/

- What aspect of global trade in agriculture does it represent? Provide data, statistics, analysis that demonstrate the relevance of that meme for the global debate on trade in agriculture.

# data[].attributes.body
Andrea Haydee Rodríguez Corona
A01230892

The importance of each image included in your meme:

Mexico's avocado importers are being threatened by drug cartels and are imposed quotas which has lead to an increase on the price of the avocado.  "The practice quickly became profitable for cartels, who charged upwards of $100 per hectare and 10 cents per pounds of avocado sold" (Foxnews, 2017). Mexico imports on average the 82% of the avocado consumed on the US. Even though this has happened Mexico's exports have continue to rise because the consume of avocado isn't stopping but rising.

What aspect of global trade in agriculture does it represent?
Mexico's exports to world:
2015: 1,999,955 USD
2016: 2,536,550 USD
2017:  3,414,363 USD

Mexico's exports to USA:
2015: 1,619,142 USD
2016: 1,958,222 USD
2017:  2,618,939 USD

The average sales price on the year 2018 according to the Hass Avocado Board is of $1.047 USD

The main importer of avocado is the USA with $1.96 billion dollars. As for main exporter is Mexico with $2.36 billion dollars. (OEC, 2018).

References:
Fox News. (03 de November de 2017). Mexican Cartels Extorting Avocado Producers-Raises-Price of Guacamole, Report Says. Obtenido de Fox News: https://www.foxnews.com/world/mexican-cartels-extorting-avocado-producers-raises-price-of-guacamole-report-says

Hass Avocado Board. (2018). Retail Volume & Avocado Price for 2018. Obtenido de Hass Avocado Board: https://www.hassavocadoboard.com/retail/volume-and-price-data

OEC. (2018). Avocado. Obtenido de OEC: https://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/profile/hs92/080440/

Trade Map. (s.f.). Trade Map. Obtenido de https://www.trademap.org/Bilateral_TS.aspx?nvpm=1|484||842||0804|||4|1|1|2|2|1|1|1|1

# data[].attributes.body
Valeria Guillén Campos A01422594 Campus Cuernavaca

-In a brief summary, describe the importance of each image included in your meme.

“In February of 2017, President Trump told an audience at the Conservative Political Action Conference in Maryland that NAFTA is `one of the worst deals ever made by any country having to do with economic development. It’s economic undevelopment as far as our country is concerned.’” (Alexander, 2018) Nonetheless, Trump has never really acknowledged how much NAFTA has disrupted Mexican agriculture and paved the way for the United States’ inmigration debate.

The meme mocks how Trump always blames Mexico and NAFTA for the United States’ problems without really taking into account how the U.S. has affected Mexico since the agreement took place.

- What aspect of global trade in agriculture does it represent? Provide data, statistics, analysis that demonstrate the relevance of that meme for the global debate on trade in agriculture.

While NAFTA was being negotiated, 3 million Mexican farmers were cultivating corn. Mexico’s border were opened 10 years ahead of schedule, which allowed cheaper produce (particularly corn and beans) from the U.S. and Canadá. “During the first decade of the agreement, U.S. corn exports to Mexico quadrupled, while the price of domestically-grow corn in Mexico crashed by nearly 70 percent.”(Alexander, 2018)

Therefore, Mexican corn producers were hit the hardest, since “small, poor farmers who produced for the local markets were forced to compete with cheaper imports. For those that did not lose their jobs, monthly income for self-employed farmers fell from 1959 pesos a month in 1991 to 228 pesos a month in 2003.” (Women’s Edge Coalition, N.D.) About 2 million farm workers abandoned the Mexican countryside for the big cities. However, half a million Mexicans migrated to the U.S. “contributing to  75% increase in illegal inmigration from Mexico in the five years after NAFTA took effect.” (Alexander, 2018)

“In 2017, agriculture accounted for roughly 8 percent of the total goods and services the U.S. imported from ($243 billion) and exported to ($314 billion) Mexico.”  (Alexander, 2018) Mexico stocks the fresh produce sections of the U.S. grocery stores, while U.S. farmers send 6 million tons of subsidized corn back to Mexico every year.

Alexander, R. . (2018). Want to understand the border crisis? Look to American corn policy. October 16th, 2018, de The New Food Economy Sitio web: https://newfoodeconomy.org/border-crisis-immigration-mexican-corn-nafta/

Women's Coalition Edge. (N.D.). NAFTA and the FTAA: Impact on Mexico’s Agriculture Sector. October 16th, 2018, de Women's Edge Coalition Sitio web: https://www.iatp.org/sites/default/files/NAFTA_and_the_FTAA_Impact_on_Mexicos_Agricultu.pdf

# data[].attributes.body
Diana García Rojas E. A00226891
Campus Mty

- The importance of each image included in your meme.

There is only one image that represents the surprise of the different actors in wheat market due to the production diminution and the new participant countries as Russia.

- What aspect of global trade in agriculture does it represent?

The U.S. Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) monthly supply-and-demand outlook cut projected global wheat stocks in 2018/19, partly due to reduced production estimates for major exporters Russia and Australia (Reuters, 2018)

Prices of European Wheat hit gains pressured by a lack of demand for European supplies and reports of a record wheat harvest in Argentina. The Latin American country is competing with European wheat on many international markets. Low level of Seine, lack of rainfall and a very low Rhine levels that are blocking shipments from eastern France towards northern Europe, are factors which contribute with the falling. European Union official data showed EU soft wheat exports so far in 2018/19 were running 23 percent below last season’s pace at 4.8 million tonnes (Reuters, 2018) Global wheat prices may hit the $300/MT mark, according to analysts, driven by several factors such as the cost of global prices, cost of freight, peso-dollar exchange rate, logistics and labor cost.

References:

Reuters (2018) “EU wheat falls on poor demand, high global supplies” retrieved on October 16 th from: https://af.reuters.com/article/commoditiesNews/idAFL8N1WC5AE

Walsh, S (2018) “Grain price: This month’s USDA supply and demand estimates are out” retrieved on October 16 th from: https://www.agriland.ie/farming-news/grain-price-this-months-usda-supply-and-demand-estimates-are-out/

# data[].attributes.headline
Global Trade in Agriculture: Meme Activity

# data[].attributes.subject
Global Trade in Agriculture: Meme Activity

# data[].attributes.body
Claudia Yareli Galindo Arismendi - A01066509

Meme Titile: "First quality, before quantity."

In a brief summary, describe the importance of each image included in your meme:

In my meme I intend to show that Canadian citizens prefer to consume their milk, to support their own economy, even though the prices of Canadian milk are higher than those of the United States.

Therefore, eliminating the supply management system would be  damaging to Canadian dairy producers and consumers, because there would be overproduction, which would cause small farms to close. On the other hand, if the "new companies" could not satisfy the internal or external demand, they would mainly affect the Canadians, due to the lack of supply, even if the small farms stopped producing their milk of the highest quality, the consumers only They would have the option of consuming cheap and low quality milk. lower.

What aspect of global trade in agriculture does it represent?
The Canadian dairy industry is recognized worldwide, due to the high quality of its products, through strict sanitary and productive controls. Canada has 453 milk processing plants, which generate more than 250,000 jobs. In 2011, it exported genetic material to more than 100 countries, for a total value of 121.5 million dollars.
This is why Canadians impose trade barriers on the dairy industry, through high quotas on imports to their country, although after the renegotiations of NAFTA, limited market access will be given in some categories. So the primary objective of Canada is to avoid unfair competition and impose its own tariffs to continue the good management of the industry. This is because Canadian producers are not economically prepared or have sufficient production capacity against large US companies.
For this, Canada uses a supply management system that is in charge of controlling the amount of milk that each Canadian farmer can produce, protecting producers from the ups and downs in the price.Where the US attacks Canada claiming that they are dumping, however, the problems of the United States are due to poor sales planning, that is, in recent years it has had an excess of milk production, so it looks for markets to export it and as Canada does not give him easy access, US gets angry and makes false accusations.

References
Infolactea. (2015, July 14). El Organizado y Eficiente Sector Lechero de Canadá. Retrieved from Infolactea.com: http://infolactea.com/otros/el-organizado-y-eficiente-sector-lechero-de-canada/

Morales, R. (2018, August 29). Canadá inicia su propia defensa contra EU. Retrieved from El Economista: https://www.eleconomista.com.mx/empresas/Canada-inicia-su-propia-defensa-contra-EU-20180829-0023.html

s.a. (2014, July 8). Industria láctea canadiense . Retrieved from memudoacanada: http://memudoacanada.com/industri_lactea_canada/

# data[].attributes.headline
Global Trade in AgricultureHumberto Rivera Blanes A01325339“Squeezing milk out of Africa”

# data[].attributes.subject
Global Trade in AgricultureHumberto Rivera Blanes A01325339“Squeezing milk out of Africa”

# data[].attributes.body
In a brief summary, describe the importance of each image included in your meme:
It represents the unfair competition among the European Union and West Africa, local producers struggle to compete not being able to covered the local demand meanwhile the EU takes advantage putting at risk farms having to receive less pay for their products which does not allow them to keep afloat their business

What aspect of global trade in agriculture does it represent? Provide data

Low import protection as Economic partnership Agreement ( EPA) is taking place with the EU and Economic community of west African states (ECOWAS) getting zero tariffs for bulks of milk powder in with in 2015 was of 5%. The EU protects its agriculture with its policies in which it establishes that first its farmers obtain a reasonable profit which allows them to live with dignity, to keep the rural economy alive promoting jobs that now in Africa they do not care and they are making the rural economy of africa go away
Livestock is one of the primary sources of income in west Africa it represents the 10-15 % of the total GDP in which a main reason to have livestock are suited for milk,  According to the OECD it estimates that 70% of that pastoral are to produce milk and 60% for cattle meat production. In the last 15 years dairy imports have tripled imported in bulk and then repacked in smaller quantities the imports represents 45-96% of the demand in Africa. It has a huge impact on African economy because European companies make  that they are helping the community buying and creating jobs that are not true

References:
European Comission. (s.f). The common agricultural policy at a glance. Retrived 15,October 2018, de European comission Website: https://ec.europa.eu/info/food-farming-fisheries/key-policies/common-agricultural-policy/cap-glance_en

Livingstone, (2018, April 18). How EU milk is sinking Africa's farmers. Retrieved 15, October 2018 Website: https://www.politico.eu/article/eus-milk-scramble-for-africa/

Tuuli Orasmaa, Guillaume Duteurtre, Christian Corniaux,. (2016). The end of EU Milk Quotas- Implications in west Africa. Retrived 15, October, 2018, de Cirad Website: https://agritrop.cirad.fr/584599/1/The_end_of_EU_milk_quotas_2016.pdf

# data[].attributes.body
Miriam Peña Acevedo
A01064835

- In a brief summary, describe the importance of each image included in your meme.
This meme is composed of two images. the first one describe two pressable buttons and the second one a character identified as the "West African's booming middle class".
This meme was realize to pinpoint a important and unseen point about the actual milk situation in West Africa nowadays. I believe that the diabolization of the companies trying to make business there is the loophole of the Africans governement trying to avoid the hurting fact that their countries aren't developed enough to afford and subsist with only local products: It is vulgarly called a "first-world problem".

- What aspect of world trade in agriculture does it represent?
Where everybody is trying to blame the E.U multi-national companies to enter the West African market, i think we should refocus on the people who are actually contributing the most to those companies they like to blame: the "West African's booming middle class".
If nobody was buying the controversial E.U powder milk from those company, they will logically withdraw from the market. It's common sense and basic economics: If a company is facing a non-profitable market, they have two possibilities: Adapt or withdraw to avoid bankruptcy. In this case, the adaptation would be for those companies to commercialize local milk instead of E.U milk (Adaptation that is already realized by some companies like Arla, Danone and FrieslandCampina).

References
Ojala, E. (2018).

How EU milk is sinking Africa’s farmers. Politico. Retrieved from https://www.politico.eu/article/eus-milk-scramble-for-africa/

# data[].attributes.headline
“Global Trade in Agriculture”Meme tittle: Corn in HD

# data[].attributes.subject
“Global Trade in Agriculture”Meme tittle: Corn in HD

# data[].attributes.body
Mara Karime Romero Resendiz.     A01274399

- In a brief summary, describe the importance of each image included in your meme.

Because the corn consumed in Mexico is increasingly more important than the US because the producers do not have enough support for the government and its quality is lower compared to the US that manages high quality (the origin of the meme´s name) and support from their government.

- What aspect of world trade in agriculture does it represent?

In NAFTA, this situation represents a reason to raise restrictions on imports to boost domestic production or to be limited

To see the stadistic that supports this, please go to:
Flores E. (2018). “¿Por qué, si es taan mexicano, se compra el maíz extranjero? Los productores tienen una idea.” Retrieved on October 15th, 2018 from web site: http://www.sinembargo.mx/27-02-2018/3390983

# data[].attributes.headline
Global Trade in Agriculture: The "Benevolent" EU

# data[].attributes.subject
Global Trade in Agriculture: The "Benevolent" EU

# data[].attributes.body
Vianey López Hernández A01329969
Campus Puebla

-In a brief summary, describe the importance of each image included in your meme.
This meme is based on the unequal competition between the EU and West Africa related to milk sales. In 2015, the EU faced major milk surplus concerns and decided to enter a growing market (Africa). The EU has been contributing to the agricultural trade distortion by subsidizing the milk industry and selling it at a very cheap price in the african market. The EU is trying to distract african milk producers by making them believe that they are bringing jobs and production back to the continent, as they are promoting FDI and expanding their milk industries into Africa. For instance, "Arla Foods  established a plant in Ivory Coast designed to handle its milk powder in 2013, for example. In 2015, it opened more facilities in Nigeria and Senegal. Danone made an even more muscular entrance in 2013 when it bought a 49 percent stake in Fan Milk, with plants in six West African countries. "  (Livingstone, E., 2018) But the reality is that they are hurting their economy by taking a great part of their income.

- What aspect of global trade in agriculture does it represent?
Farming is unlike any other business. Nowadays, despite the importance of food production, farmers’ income is significantly lower compared to non-agricultural income (by around 40%). By subsidizing agriculture the EU "seeks" to protect food security, provide an  income support and promote rural development. (European Commission, S.F.)   However, I believe that the real problem is the over production or surplus on agricultural products that push the EU to find new growing markets to export their products. This affects global trade agriculture by EU's unfair policies and subsidies that harm developing nations, specially a really poor sector of the population just to make some money.
Between 2011 and 2016, milk powder exports from the EU to West Africa jumped from 12,900 metric tons to 36,700 tons — most of it flowing to plants in Senegal, Ivory Coast, Ghana and Nigeria, which re-export the product to their neighboring countries. (Livingstone, E., 2018)
Although the EU claims to be promoting the economic development of the region, it is impossible for local producers to compete against european milk producers. For example,  in Cameroon, a local farmer sells its milk for 37 cents, while a German farmer sells it for 22 cents per liter. A German yoghurt costs about 33 cents in Cameroon’s supermarkets, cheaper than Cameroonian yoghurt (Camille Nessel, 2017).

Above all, the african market is a really promising one not only for Europe but for the rest of the world. The World Bank estimates that the Ghanaian and Ivorian economies will grow by 8.3 percent and 7.2 percent respectively this year, for example. (Livingstone, E., 2018) Some analysts have claimed that due to this growth many nations, other than Europe, would be doing the same. This has become a major concern in the global market as, once a again, a developing nation is being hurt by a developed one promoting inequality and unfair trade practices.

References:
Camille Nessel. (2017).

A European Milk Fairytale or how the EU is Destroying African Markets. Retrieved October 15th, 2018. From Eyes on Europe: http://eyes-on-europe.eu/a-european-milk-fairytale-or-how-the-eu-is-destroying-african-markets/

European Commission. (S.F.)

The common agricultural policy at a glance. Retrieved October 15th, 2018. From European Commission: https://ec.europa.eu/info/food-farming-fisheries/key-policies/common-agricultural-policy/cap-glance_en

Livingstone, E. (2018, April 18). How EU milk is sinking Africa's farmers. Retrieved October 15, 2018, from https://www.politico.eu/article/eus-milk-scramble-for-africa/