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The tropical climate, also known as the tropical savanna, is part of the Köppen climate classification system, which groups climates based on vegetation. Similar to the monsoon climate, the tropical climate is characterized by a wet season and a dry season.

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This site is designed for middle school and high school students. The site explains the 12 climate types found on Earth. It discusses the causes of climate and provides details such as where each climate is found, temperatures, precipitation, seasons, vegetation, and animal life.

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Low rainfall and hot summers make the Mediterranean biome a hard place for animals and plants to thrive. Mediterranean plants are often adapted to conserve water and survive summer drought. Many African animals would probably suit the Med's hot, dry summers - porcupines and fruit bats have crossed over - but are less able to cope with the cooler, wet winters.

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The semi-arid climate, also known as steppe, is the next driest climate after the desert climate. It receives slightly more rainfall than the desert climate. Steppe climate receives precipitation of between 10 and 20 inches annually, and is often considered the intermediate between the desert and humid climates. To determine whether a region is characterized by a semi-arid climate, the threshold should be first determined by multiplying average temperature throughout the year by 20 then adding 140 or 280 depending on the amount of precipitation received during the applicable year.

Types Of Semi-Arid Climates

The semi-arid climate is further divided into two categories: hot and cold semi-arid climate. The two types of semi-arid climates can be delineated from each other by use of isotherms. An isotherm is a line connecting two places with the same temperature.

Hot semi-arid climates characterize the tropics and sub-tropics located in the 20s and 30s latitudes. They are often located near the tropical savanna climate or on the fringe of sub-tropical desert climate. Hot semi-desert climate is known for hot summer and cool winter, with relatively low precipitation. Hot semi-arid areas are mainly in Africa, South Asia, and Australia. They also characterize some parts of Europe, particularly Spain, portions of North America (Mexico and Southwestern US), and parts of South America.

Cold semi-arid climate regions are found in temperate zones or on the raised portions of the subtropical zones. The regions are mainly found in continental interiors away from larger water bodies. This type of semi-arid climate is characterized by warm and dry summer with summers not as hot as the hot semi-arid climate. Cold semi-arid regions have a relatively cold winter, which may some snowfall. The cold semi-arid climate is located at a higher elevation than the hot semi-arid climates. The cold semi-arid climates are also likely to experience temperature variations between day and night. The temperature variation is not common in the hot semi-arid regions. This type of semi-arid climate is common is some areas in Asia and parts of North America but can also characterize some parts of Africa (north and South Africa) as well as Europe and parts of South America.

Vegetation and Animals

Semi-arid climate receives very minimal rainfall that can support large vegetations or forests. The regions experiencing semi-arid climate are characterized by small plants like shrubs and grasses. Some plants in the semi-arid areas may have similar adaptation to the desert plants to help them reduce water loss due to the high temperatures. Some of these plants have thorny branches or waxy cuticles which help them reduce water loss.

Just like vegetation, semi-arid areas do not host a lot of animals. Usually, only animals that are adapted to grassland ecosystem are found in the semi-arid areas, meaning only animals such as bison, antelopes, and zebras among other ungulates can be found in the region. Large predators such as lion, jackals, and wolves may also be found in the semi-arid areas depending on the continent in question and also whether the region is temperate or subtropical.

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What Are The Characteristics Of A Semi-arid Climate Pattern?

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The semi-arid climate, also known as steppe, is the next driest climate after the desert climate. It receives slightly more rainfall than the desert climate. Steppe climate receives precipitation of between 10 and 20 inches annually, and is often considered the intermediate between the desert and humid climates.

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This site is designed for middle school and high school students. The site explains the 12 climate types found on Earth. It discusses the causes of climate and provides details such as where each climate is found, temperatures, precipitation, seasons, vegetation, and animal life.

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In the semi-arid climate, summers last longer and are drier than other regions of the world save for deserts, which represent the driest places on Earth. Dew condensation at night -- along with species adaptation -- helps plants and animals thrive in semi-arid regions.

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Arid climates can be found on every continent. They range from hot and dry deserts that see almost no rain to semiarid scrub land where rain falls intermittently. Arid climates are not suitable for most life forms. Plants and animals that make their homes in arid climates have made special adaptations to the environment.

The defining characteristic of an arid climate is a lack of moisture. The soil is dry, the air is dry, and yearly precipitation is very low. A variety of factors combine to steer storms and moisture away from arid regions. In some arid climates, evaporation rates exceed precipitation, leading to a net moisture loss. In the hottest of arid climates, rain may evaporate before it can reach the ground. On the other hand, a torrential downpour may bring a short burst of life.

Arid climates such as the Sahara Desert can be hot all year round with no noticeable seasons. Or they can have hot summers and frigid winters, like the Gobi Desert in Tibet. The Gobi experiences winter temperatures well below freezing. Even the hottest deserts typically have cold nights, because there's little vegetation to retain the day's heat. A traveler exposed to a harsh, arid climate can suffer heatstroke during the day and hypothermia at night.

The leeward or downwind slopes of high mountains are often home to arid climates. When mountains receive the moisture from incoming storm systems, precipitation is abundant on the windward side, leaving the leeward slopes dry. The Gobi Desert in Tibet is a prime example of this phenomenon. The massive peaks of the Himalayas force moisture from the rising air. From the Gobi Plateau, you can see beautiful snow-capped peaks, but rarely does rain fall.

Most of the world's arid climates lie just north and south of the tropical rain forests of the equator. Mountain plateaus are another location where you might find an arid climate. The southwestern corner of the United States, for example, is quite dry and hot. While not technically desert, the continent of Antarctica qualifies as arid. Very little precipitation falls so far south, and all of the region's moisture is locked up in snow and ice.

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Arid climates can be found on every continent. They range from hot and dry deserts that see almost no rain to semiarid scrub land where rain falls intermittently. Arid climates are not suitable for most life forms. Plants and animals that make their homes in arid climates have made special adaptations to the ...

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Nearly 33% of the Earth's land is covered in Arid climate. The word If land has an Arid climate it is usually a desert. Most deserts are found along the 30 degree latitude line (north and south of the equator). This is due to the pattern of cold water currents, which force dry air over the land. Other Arid climates exist in the center of continents or in the Arid Climate Type
(all measurement in Fahrenheit and inches... sorry rest of the world)
Where is it Usually Located?
arid means dry. The two colors on the map represent warm and cold Arid climates.
rain shadow of large mountain ranges. A rain shadow is land on a side of a mountain that is very dry because the mountain forces warm air higher into the sky, which cools it and it falls as rain, but only on one side of the mountain.

What Seasons Does it Have?

Most Arid areas do not have regular seasons. For instance the Sahara Desert is always hot and dry. However, some places do have changes in temperature depending on the latitude and the surrounding climates. So, since there are temperature differences, we can say there are 2 seasons, summer and winter.

What are the Temperatures like?
Temperatures can reach as high as 130 degrees or as low as negative 30 degrees. The temperatures will depend on the latitude of the desert. The farther from the equator the colder they will be. On the map above you can see areas of cold desert (light red) and hot desert (dark red), and distance from the equator is clearly the cause.

How Much Precipitation Does it Receive?
Precipitation (or the lack of) is the main factor that defines Arid climate. To have an Arid climate, an area must receive less than 10 inches of rain per year. However, many areas of arid climate receive far less than that. Some deserts around the world don't receive 10 inches of rain in 10 years! The Atacama Desert in Chile is known as the driest place on Earth. It averages 0.04 inches of rain each year. (pictured below). Cold currents carry dry air, so these lands are blasted with dry air most of the year, which causes the low precipitation.

What Kinds of Vegetation (Plants) Does it Have?
There are a few Arid climate areas that are so dry that no plants can survive, such as Atacama Desert. However, many Arid climate areas do receive some rain (up to 10 inches a year), so you will find vegetation in most Arid areas. To survive in this climate, plants must either require very little water or be able to store water. The plants often have long roots and thorns. Some examples are scrub bushes, grasses, and cactus.

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This site is designed for middle school and high school students. The site explains the 12 climate types found on Earth. It discusses the causes of climate and provides details such as where each climate is found, temperatures, precipitation, seasons, vegetation, and animal life.

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Describes polar climates such as the polar and alpine tundras.

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Can you even begin to imagine living in a place that is so cold that you would never need flip flops or shorts, and you'd probably never eat a popsicle? In fact you'd live in thick sweaters, boots, jackets, gloves and hats! Well these places exist. Read more to find out about polar climates!

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Of the two temperate regions, temperate marine is then divided into three subclimates: marine west coast, Mediterraean, and humid subtropical. Marine west coast is the coolest temperate marine...

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Humid Continental - Climate Types for Kids

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This site is designed for middle school and high school students. The site explains the 12 climate types found on Earth. It discusses the causes of climate and provides details such as where each climate is found, temperatures, precipitation, seasons, vegetation, and animal life.

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Wladimir Köppen, a Russian-German climatologist, defined a humid continental climate to be a climatic region which is identified by large differences in seasonal temperatures. According to Köppen's definition which was given in 1900, such areas experience warm to hot summers that are often humid and cold to sometimes frigid cold winters. Besides, precipitation within such climatic regions tend to be well distributed all year round.Regarding this definition, the coldest month experiences a mean temperate of 26.6 °F while at least four months experience an average temperature of 50 °F or above. However, a region experiencing humid continental climatic must not be arid or semi-arid. According to the Köppen-Geiger-Pohl system, the humid continental climate is divided into Dfa, Dfb, Dwa and Dwb subtypes which are also called hemiboreal.

Definition Of Humid Continental Climate

The climate regime which is determined by climatological averages through a period of 30 years uses a three letter code. The first letter code always begins with the capital letter D. The letter that follows is either f: does not meet either of the alternative specifications, s: dry summer or w: dry winter. The last letter is either a: warmest month whose averages are over 71.6 °F or b: does not meet the requirement for 'a' but comprises of four months above 50 °F

Areas That Experience Humid Continental Climate

The humid continental climate is found somewhere between 30° and 60° North in the northeastern and central regions of Asia, Europe, and North America. Since the Southern Hemisphere comprises of a larger ocean area as well as the consequent greater maritime moderation, a humid continental climate is less likely to be found in this region. Therefore, the humid continental climate together with the continental subarctic climate are phenomena primarily experienced in the Northern Hemispheric regions. Humid continental climate in places such as Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, and Scandinavia are heavily influenced by maritime influences experiencing below freezing mark winters and relatively cool summers. The American Midwest and Southern Siberia experience more extreme humid continental climates comprising of colder winters and hotter summer maxima compared to the marine-based variety. In areas like Milwaukee, Wisconsin, the humid continental climate features both strong subarctic and subtropical air mass, but it primarily depends on the season. For example, frigid winters and the hot and humid summers.

Precipitation In A Humid Continental Climate

Precipitation in humid continental climatic regions is derived from either frontal cyclones or convectional showers which occur when maritime tropical air pushes northward behind the retreating polar front.Due to such connective activity, a good number of regions experience distinct summer precipitation maximum. However, it is not uncommon to find more uniform patterns. Early summer occurrences include severe cases of tornadoes and thunderstorms especially when the polar front happens to be in the Dfa region's southern margin. On the other hand, winter precipitation mostly occurs in snow form where from one to four months a continuous snow cover is established in a majority of the region especially the north. More often than not, the snow starts falling in conjunction with high winds coming from a severe frontal cyclone resulting to a blizzard.

Vegetation In A Humid Continental Climate

By definition, the type of vegetation that thrives in a humid continental climate are forests. The biomes that do well within this type of climate regime include coniferous forests, temperature deciduous, temperate woodlands, temperate evergreen forests and temperate grasslands. In wetter areas of the humid continental climatic regions vegetation such as fir, spruce, oak, and pine are present, and during autumn seasons falling foliage is noted.

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Wladimir Köppen, a Russian-German climatologist, defined a humid continental climate to be a climatic region which is identified by large differences in seasonal temperatures. According to Köppen's definition which was given in 1900, such areas experience warm to hot summers that are often humid and cold to sometimes frigid cold winters.

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This site is designed for middle school and high school students. The site explains the 12 climate types found on Earth. It discusses the causes of climate and provides details such as where each climate is found, temperatures, precipitation, seasons, vegetation, and animal life.

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Subarctic vegetation of Tombstone National Park in Yukon, Canada.

The subarctic climate also referred to as the boreal, subalpine, or subpolar climate occurs in large landmasses that beyond the moderating effects of oceans. The climate is found at latitudes of between 50° to 70°N poleward and is characterized by freezing winters, and cool but short summers.

Description

The subarctic climate experiences some of the most drastic seasonal temperature changes on the planet. During the winter temperature can drop to −40°F and rise to 86°F during the summer. Summer is short and can last for three months. For between 5-7 months the temperature falls beyond the freezing point and moisture in the soil freeze. The warmth of the summer only thaws a few feet of the frozen ice and permafrost prevails in a large areas particularity outside the southern boundary of the climatic zone.

Precipitation

Subarctic climates experience minuscule precipitation not more than 15 inches annually. Much of the precipitation occurs along the coastline during autumn while other areas experience precipitation during the warmer months. Low precipitation is experienced in more temperate regions with warmer winter and longer summers. However, subarctic climate higher altitudes of temperate regions experience higher precipitation due to the orographic lift. Mount Washington in New Hampshire experiences subarctic climate but receives an annual rainfall of about 101.91 inches. The coast of Khabarovsk Krai also receives precipitation of up to 6.9 inches in July. Labrador in eastern Canada experiences high precipitation throughout the year and can receive an annual rainfall of 51 inches due to the Icelandic Low.

Vegetation

The subarctic climatic region has a low diversity of vegetation since only limited species of plants can survive the climate. Hardy species dominate the region due to their ability to survive long winters and short summers. Conifers are the majority trees in the taiga forests that characterize the subarctic regions. Although the diversity of the vegetation is low, the number of plants is high, and the taiga forests make up the planet's largest forest biome with large sections occupying Canada and Russia. The soil fertility and weather patterns make agriculture impossible. Prevalence of lakes, swamps, and water bodies due to the departing ice sheets means plants cannot acclimatize. However, the summer permits some agriculture.

Distribution

The subarctic climate falls under the Köppen climate classification Dfc, Dwc, Dsc, Dfd, Dwd and Dsd. The Dsc subarctic climate is found in higher altitudes of the Mediterranean Basin stretching from Iran, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan Turkey, and Alaska. It is also found in parts of the United States including Eastern Oregon, Eastern Washington, Idaho. The Dfc climate is the most common of the subarctic climate. It covers Siberia, parts of Germany, Romania, Spain, France, Scotland, Canada, and Russia. It extends to Asia where it covers part of Mongolia and China.

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3. What is a Subarctic Climate?

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Subarctic climates are found in the interior regions of high latitude continents.

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The plants of the Subarctic are few and far between but there is a diversity of plants all around. For example, there is the Black and White Spruce, Subalpine Fur, Tamarck, Paper Birtch, Quakeing...

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Climate is the long-term pattern of weather in a particular area. Weather can change from hour-to-hour, day-to-day, month-to-month or even year-to-year. A region's weather patterns, usually tracked for at least 30 years, are considered its climate.

Different parts of the world have different climates. Some parts of the world are hot and rainy nearly every day. They have a tropical wet climate. Others are cold and snow-covered most of the year. They have a polar climate. Between the icy poles and the steamy tropics are many other climates that contribute to Earth's biodiversity and geologic heritage.

Climate is determined by a region's climate system. A climate system has five major components: the atmosphere, the hydrosphere, the cryosphere, the land surface, and the biosphere.

The atmosphere is the most variable part of the climate system. The composition and movement of gases surrounding the Earth can change radically, influenced by natural and man-made factors.

Changes to the hydrosphere, which include variations in temperature and salinity, occur at much slower rates than changes to the atmosphere.

The cryosphere is another generally consistent part of the climate system. Ice sheets and glaciers reflect sunlight, and the thermal conductivity of ice and permafrost profoundly influences temperature. The cryosphere also helps regulate thermohaline circulation. This "ocean conveyor belt" has an enormous influence on marine ecosystems and biodiversity.

Topography and vegetation influence climate by helping determine how the Sun's energy is used on Earth. The abundance of plants and the type of land cover (such as soil, sand, or asphalt) impacts evaporation and ambient temperature.

The biosphere, the sum total of living things on Earth, profoundly influences climate. Through photosynthesis, plants help regulate the flow of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Forests and oceans serve as "carbon sinks" that have a cooling impact on climate. Living organisms alter the landscape, through both natural growth and created structures such as burrows, dams, and mounds. These altered landscapes can influence weather patterns such as wind, erosion, and even temperature.

The most familiar features of a region's climate are probably average temperature and precipitation. Changes in day-to-day, day-to-night, and seasonal variations also help determine specific climates. For example, San Francisco, California, and Beijing, China, have similar yearly temperatures and precipitation. However, the daily and seasonal changes make San Francisco and Beijing very different. San Francisco's winters are not much cooler than its summers, while Beijing is hot in summer and cold in winter. San Francisco's summers are dry and its winters are wet. Wet and dry seasons are reversed in Beijing-it has rainy summers and dry winters.

Climate features also include windiness, humidity, cloud cover, atmospheric pressure, and fogginess. Latitude plays a huge factor in determining climate. Landscape can also help define regional climate. A region's elevation, proximity to the ocean or freshwater, and land-use patterns can all impact climate.

All climates are the product of many factors, including latitude, elevation, topography, distance from the ocean, and location on a continent. The rainy, tropical climate of West Africa, for example, is influenced by the region's location near the Equator (latitude) and its position on the western side of the continent. The area receives direct sunlight year-round, and sits at an area called the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ, pronounced "itch"), where moist trade winds meet. As a result, the region's climate is warm and rainy.

Of course, no climate is uniform. Small variations, called microclimates, exist in every climate region. Microclimates are largely influenced by topographic features such as lakes, vegetation, and cities. In large urban areas, for example, streets and buildings absorb heat from the Sun, raising the average temperature of the city higher than average temperatures of more open areas nearby. This is known as the "urban heat island effect."

Large bodies of water, such as the Great Lakes in the United States and Canada, can also have microclimates. Cities on the southern side of Lake Ontario, for example, are cloudier and receive much more snow than cities on the northern shore. This "lake effect" is a result of cold winds blowing across warmer lake water.

In 1948, American climatologist Charles Thornthwaite developed a climate classification system that scientists still use today. Thornthwaite's system relies on a region's water budget and potential evapotranspiration. Potential evapotranspiration describes the amount of water evaporated from a vegetated piece of land. Indices such as humidity and precipitation help determine a region's moisture index. The lower its moisture index value, the more arid a region's climate.

The major classifications in Thornthwaite's climate classification are microthermal, mesothermal, and megathermal.

Microthermal climates are characterized by cold winters and low potential evapotranspiration. Most geographers apply the term exclusively to the northern latitudes of North America, Europe, and Asia. A microthermal climate may include the temperate climate of Boston, Massachusetts; the coniferous forests of southern Scandinavia; and the boreal ecosystem of northern Siberia.

Mesothermal regions have moderate climates. They are not cold enough to sustain a layer of winter snow, but are also not remain warm enough to support flowering plants (and, thus, evapotranspiration) all year. Mesothermal climates include the Mediterranean Basin, most of coastal Australia, and the Pampas region of South America.

Megathermal climates are hot and humid. These regions have a high moisture index and support rich vegetation all year. Megathermal climates include the Amazon Basin; many islands in Southeast Asia, such as New Guinea and the Philippines; and the Congo Basin in Africa.

Köppen Classification System

Although many climatologists think the Thornthwaite system is an efficient, rigorous way of classifying climate, it is complex and mapping it is difficult. The system is rarely used outside scientific publishing.

The most popular system of classifying climates was proposed in 1900 by Russian-German scientist Wladimir Köppen. Köppen observed that the type of vegetation in a region depended largely on climate. Studying vegetation, temperature, and precipitation data, he and other scientists developed a system for naming climate regions.

According to the Köppen climate classification system, there are five climate groups: tropical, dry, mild, continental, and polar. These climate groups are further divided into climate types. The following list shows the climate groups and their types:

There are three climate types in the tropical group: tropical wet; tropical monsoon; and tropical wet and dry.

Tropical Wet: Rain Forests

Places with a tropical wet climate are also known as rain forests. These equatorial regions have the most predictable weather on Earth, with warm temperatures and regular rainfall. Annual rainfall exceeds 150 centimeters (59 inches), and the temperature varies more during a day than it does over a year. The coolest temperature, about 20° to 23° Celsius (68°-73° Fahrenheit), occurs just before dawn. Afternoon temperatures usually reach 30° to 33° Celsius (86°-91° Fahrenheit). Rain forests experience very little seasonal change, meaning average monthly temperatures remain fairly constant throughout the year.

Tropical wet climates exist in a band extending about 10° of latitude on either side of the Equator. This part of the globe is always under the influence of the intertropical convergence zone. The ITCZ follows a pendulum-like path during the course of a year, moving back and forth across the Equator with the seasons. It moves north during summer in the Northern Hemisphere, and south during the northern winter.

Some tropical wet climates are wet throughout the year. Others experience more rainfall during the summer or winter, but they never have especially dry seasons. The U.S. state of Hawaii; Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; and Belém, Brazil, are examples of areas with tropical wet climates.

Tropical monsoon climates are most found in southern Asia and West Africa. A monsoon is a wind system that reverses its direction every six months. Monsoons usually flow from sea to land in the summer, and from land to sea in the winter.

Summer monsoons bring large amounts of rainfall to tropical monsoon regions. People living in these regions depend on the seasonal rains to bring water to their crops. India and Bangladesh are famous for their monsoon climate patterns.

Tropical Wet and Dry: Savanna

Tropical wet and dry climates are sometimes called "savanna" climates after the grassland ecosystem defined by wet and dry periods.

Tropical wet and dry climates sit just outside the ITCZ, near the Equator. They have three seasons. One season is cool and dry-when the warm, moist ITCZ is in the opposite hemisphere. Another season is hot and dry as the ITCZ approaches. The last season is hot and wet as the ITCZ arrives and the region experiences months as a tropical wet climate.

Life in these tropical wet and dry regions depends on the wet season's rains. During years when rains are light, people and animals suffer through drought. During especially rainy years, regions may experience flooding. Havana, Cuba; Kolkata, India; and Africa's vast Serengeti Plain are in the wet and dry tropics.

Regions lying within the dry climate group occur where precipitation is low. There are two dry climate types: arid and semiarid. Most arid climates receive 10 to 30 centimeters (4 to 12 inches) of rain each year, and semiarid climates receive enough to support extensive grasslands.

Temperatures in both arid and semiarid climates show large daily and seasonal variations. The hottest spots in the world are in arid climates. The temperature in the arid North African town of El Aziza, Libya, reached 58° Celsius (136° Fahrenheit) on September 13, 1922-the highest weather temperature ever recorded.

Although rainfall is limited in all dry climates, there are a few parts of the world where it never rains. One of the driest places on Earth is the Atacama Desert of Chile, on the west coast of South America. Stretches of the Atacama have never received rain in recorded history.

Semiarid regions, such as the Australian Outback, usually receive between 25 and 50 centimeters (10-20 inches) of rainfall every year. They are often located between arid and tropical climate regions.

Arid and semiarid climates can occur where the movement of warm, moist air is blocked by mountains. Denver, Colorado, just east of the Rocky Mountains in the U.S., has this type of dry climate, known as a "rain shadow."

Regions with mild and continental climates are also called temperate regions. Both climate types have distinct cold seasons. In these parts of the world, climate is influenced mostly by latitude and a region's position on the continent.

Mediterranean climates have warm summers and short, mild, rainy winters. Mediterranean climates are found on the west coasts of continents between 30° and 40° latitude, and along the shores of the Mediterranean Sea.

Mediterranean summers feature clear skies, cool nights, and little rain. The city of Jerusalem, Israel, once had no rain in July for more than 100 years.

Humid subtropical climates are usually found on the eastern sides of continents. In cities such as Savannah, Georgia, in the U.S.; Shanghai, China; and Sydney, Australia, summers are hot and humid. Winter can be severely cold. Precipitation is spread evenly through the year and totals 76 to 165 centimeters (30-65 inches). Hurricanes and other violent storms are common in these regions.

Weather on both sides of a continent generally becomes cooler as latitude increases.

The marine west coast climate, a type of mild climate typical of cities such as Seattle, Washington, in the U.S. and Wellington, New Zealand, has a longer, cooler winter than the Mediterranean climate. Drizzle falls about two-thirds of winter days, and temperatures average about 5° Celsius (41° Fahrenheit).

Areas with continental climates have colder winters, longer-lasting snow, and shorter growing seasons. They are the transition zones between mild and polar climates. Continental climates experience extreme seasonal changes.

The range of weather in continental climate regions makes them among the most spectacular sites for weather phenomena. In autumn, for instance, vast forests put on their annual show of brilliant color before shedding their leaves as winter approaches. Thunderstorms and tornadoes, among the most powerful forces in nature, form mostly in continental climates.

There are three types of continental climate-warm summer, cool summer, and subarctic. All these climates exist only in the Northern Hemisphere. Usually, continental climates are found in the interior of continents.

Warm summer climate regions often have wet summer seasons, similar to monsoon climates. For this reason, this climate type is also called humid continental. Most of Eastern Europe, including Romania and Georgia, has warm summer climates.

Cool summer climates have winters with low temperatures and snow. Cold winds, sweeping in from the Arctic, dominate winter weather.

People living in these climates have grown accustomed to the harsh weather, but those unprepared for such cold may suffer. Many of Napoleon Bonaparte's soldiers, for example, were used to the mild Mediterranean climates of France. Thousands died in bitter cold as they retreated from Russia's cool summer climate in the winter of 1812.

North of regions with cool summer climates are regions with subarctic climates. These regions, including northern Scandinavia and Siberia, experience very long, cold winters with little precipitation. Subarctic climates are also called boreal climates or taiga.

The two polar climate types, tundra and ice cap, lie within the Arctic and Antarctic Circles near the North and South Poles.

In tundra climates, summers are short, but plants and animals are plentiful. Temperatures can average as high as 10° Celsius (50° Fahrenheit) in July. Wildflowers dot the landscape, and flocks of migratory birds feed on insects and fish. Whales feed on microscopic creatures in the region's cold, nutrient-rich waters. People have adapted to life on the tundra for thousands of years.

Few organisms survive in the ice cap climates of the Arctic and Antarctic. Temperatures rarely rise above freezing, even in summer. The ever-present ice helps keep the weather cold by reflecting most of the Sun's energy back into the atmosphere. Skies are mostly clear and precipitation is low. In fact, Antarctica, covered by an ice cap a mile thick, is one of the largest, driest deserts on Earth.

Many geographers and climatologists have modified the Köppen classification system over the years, including geographer Glen Trewartha, who added a category for high-elevation climates.

There are two high elevation climate types: upland and highland. Upland climates occur on high plateaus, or flat-topped mountains. The Patagonian Plateau, in southern South America, has an upland climate.

Highland climates occur on mountains.

Both highland and upland climates are marked by very different temperatures and levels of precipitation. Climbing a lofty mountain or reaching a plateau can be like moving toward the poles. On some mountains, such as Mount Kilimanjaro, Tanzania, the climate is tropical at the base and polar at the summit. Often, high-elevation climate differs from one side of the mountain to the other.

The enormous variety of life on Earth is largely due to the variety of climates that exist and the climate changes that have occurred in the past.

Climate has influenced the development of cultures and civilizations. People everywhere have adapted in various ways to the climates in which they live.

Clothing, for example, is influenced by climate. Indigenous Arctic cultures of Europe, Asia, and North America, for example, developed warm, durable, fur and animal-skin clothing. This clothing was necessary for survival in the icy climate near the North Pole. Many parkas worn by Arctic peoples are not only insulated, but waterproof. This combats both the frigid temperatures and precipitation found in polar climates.

Lightweight, papery tapa cloth, on the other hand, is part of many cultures in the warm, humid climates of Polynesia, in the South Pacific Ocean. Tapa cloth was traditionally made from dried leaves, coconut fibers, and breadfruit bark. Tapa cloth is delicate and loses strength when wet, which would be deadly near the poles but only inconvenient near the Equator.

Climate also influences how civilizations construct housing. For instance, the ancient Anasazi people of southern North America built apartments into tall cliffs. The sheltered, shady area kept residents cool in the hot, dry desert climate.

The yurt is a part of the identity of many cultures across the windy, semi-arid steppe of Central Asia. Yurts are a type of original "mobile home," a portable, circular dwelling made of a lattice of flexible poles and covered in felt or other fabric. Yurts protect residents from fierce winds, and their portability makes them an ideal structure for nomadic and semi-nomadic herding cultures on the grassland.

The development of agriculture was very dependent on climate. Ancient agricultural civilizations, such as those in Mesopotamia and India, flourished where the climate was mild. Communities could grow crops every season, and experiment with different types of crops, livestock, and farming techniques.

The mild, Mediterranean climate in which the Roman Empire developed, for instance, allowed farmers to cultivate crops such as wheat, olives, grapes, barley, and figs. Livestock included cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, and even honeybees.

Like the ancient Romans, ancient cultures of the Amazon basin in South America were also able to develop agricultural practices. The chief domesticated trees in the Amazon were mostly harvested for food and medicine: Brazil nuts, Inga ynga fruit (commonly known as "ice-cream beans"), Amazon tree grapes, abiu (another tropical fruit), and cacao fruits (whose seeds are known as cocoa beans).

Today, farmers are still in tune with the climate. They plant certain crops according to the expected amount of rainfall and the length of the growing season. When the weather does not follow the typical climate pattern, it can mean hard times for farmers and higher food costs for consumers.

Climate does not change from day to day like weather, but it does change over time. The study of historic climate change is called paleoclimatology.

Climate changes happen slowly over hundreds or even thousands of years. For example, periodic glacial periods have covered large portions of Earth with ice caps. Some paleoclimatology evidence shows that the Sahara Desert was once covered by ocean during a warm "wet age."

Climate change can happen for many reasons. The movement of tectonic plates, volcanic activity, and the tilt of Earth's axis all have effects on climate. For example, after the eruption of the island volcano of Krakatoa, Indonesia, in 1883, winters and even summers in Asia and Europe were colder and darker. Volcanic ash blocked the sun. Farmers had to adjust to shorter, weaker growing seasons. Climates around the world were changed for years.

The so-called "Little Ice Age" was a period of climate change extending from the 12th through the 19th centuries. The Little Ice Age was not a true glacial period, but describes colder climates around the world. In Europe, canals in Great Britain and the Netherlands were often frozen solid, allowing for ice skating. In North America, European colonists reported especially harsh winters. Even Africa experienced severe changes in temperature and precipitation. Mountain ranges in Ethiopia and Mauritania were permanently snow-capped. The bustling trade city of Timbuktu, Mali, was flooded more than a dozen times by the Niger River, a phenomenon that has not happened since.

Since the Industrial Revolution of the 19th century, human activity has begun to impact climate. The current period of climate change is sometimes called "global warming."

Global warming is often associated with a runaway "greenhouse effect." The greenhouse effect describes the process of certain gases (including carbon dioxide (CO2), methane, nitrous oxide (N2O), fluorinated gases, and ozone) trapping solar radiation in a planet's lower atmosphere. Greenhouse gases let the sun's light shine onto the Earth's surface, but they trap the heat that reflects back up into the atmosphere. In this way, they act like the glass walls of a greenhouse.

The greenhouse effect is a natural phenomenon and keeps Earth warm enough to sustain life. However, human activities that include burning fossil fuels and cutting down forests release greenhouse gases into the atmosphere at an unprecedented rate.

The current period of climate change has been documented by rising temperatures, melting glaciers, and more intense weather phenomena.

Our planet's temperature has risen about 1.1° C (2° F) since the late 19th century. Sixteen of the last 17 warmest years on record have occurred in the 21st century. According to NASA, not only was 2016 the warmest year on record, but eight of the 12 months that make up the year were the warmest on record for those respective months.

The current period of climate change is also associated with the massive retreat of glaciers, ice sheets, and sea ice. Warmer temperatures have reduced the glaciers of Montana's Glacier National Park from 150 in 1850 to just 26 today. In 2017, one of the largest icebergs ever recorded entered the ocean as a huge chunk of the Larsen C ice shelf broke off the Antarctic Peninsula. Warmer ocean temperatures and warmer ambient air temperatures likely contributed to the fracturing of the ice shelf and the massive Antarctic ice sheet associated with it. Finally, both the extent and thickness of Arctic sea ice has declined rapidly during the past several decades. The famed Northwest Passage, the treacherous route connecting the North Atlantic and North Pacific ocean basins, is now habitually free of ice and safe enough for cruise ships to navigate.

Melting glaciers and ice sheets, as well as expansion of seawater as it warms, have contributed to unprecedented sea level rise. Sea level rises at about 2.3 millimeters (.2 inch) every year, contributing to up to 900% more frequent flooding in coastal areas.

Increasing temperatures can change the climate impacts and even the classification of a region. For instance, low-lying islands may be flooded as seawater rises. The populations of island nations such as Maldives or Comoros have been forced to contemplate becoming "climate refugees"-people forced to leave their homes and migrate to a different region.

Heat in the atmosphere may increase the interaction of diverse weather systems. Unusually arid climates in a semi-arid region may prolong droughts, for instance. In regions with mild climates, the increased atmospheric moisture associated with humid climates may increase the likelihood of hurricanes and typhoons.

Climate change is also impacting organisms and species range. Organisms that have adapted to one climate may have to migrate or adapt to warmer temperatures. Manatees, for instance, are marine mammals native to tropical waters. As temperatures increase, manatees have been migrating as far north as New York City, New York. Polar bear populations, on the other hand, are venturing further south as Arctic sea ice becomes more scarce.

Climate change can be mitigated through reducing greenhouse-gas emissions. This can mean investing in new technologies, relying more on renewable energy sources, making older equipment more energy-efficient, or changing consumer behavior.

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Climate is the long-term pattern of weather in a particular area. Weather can change from hour-to-hour, day-to-day, month-to-month or even year-to-year. A region's weather patterns, usually tracked for at least 30 years, are considered its climate. Different parts of the world have different climates. Some parts of the world are hot and rainy nearly every day.

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Climate Highland: Temperature, Climograph, Climate table for Highland - Climate-Data.org

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Vegetation: The Vegetation for the Highland climate is very little but there is some. There are no trees above what they call a "Tree line". A tree line is an area where the trees stop growing...

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In earlier times the Highland region was dominated by the Gaels and their Gaelic language and culture while the lowlands were Scottish. The dividing line was everything west from the Great Glen (Inverness to Loch Linnhe and the islands) and roughly 50 miles of land east of the Great Glen. In a way this line still exists and there are still differences between Highland and Lowland culture and language although most Gaelic speakers are nowadays confined to the islands in the west with a Gaelic stronghold in the Outer Hebrides.

Highlands Regions

The Romantic and Mystical Highlands

The Highlands are often portrayed as a romantic part of Scotland. This is not at all strange given the stunning unspoilt nature with rugged mountains, deep blue lochs and empty glens where majestic Red Deer rule the hills and Eagles rule the skies. Due to the ever and fast changing weather the Highlands have a mystical touch. One moment you see the hills, the next they are gone. Sunny spells and dark shadows move over the hills and the white snow capped mountains in winter give the Highlands a sparkling touch. The Highlands, and its castles in particular, are often chosen as wedding venue due to their romantic nature.

The Dark side of the Highlands

There are also darker sides to the history of the Highlands and one of them is the "Highlands of the clans" with their chieftains, the battles, the massacre's and the bloodsheds, portrayed in history books and later turned into movies we all know such as William Wallace and Rob Roy McGregor. A good example is the massacre of Glen Coe in 1692 when the Scottish Captain Robert Campbell and his soldiers enjoyed the hospitality of the MacDonalds in Glen Coe. After orders received from the Secretary of State for Scotland, John Dalrymple of Stair, the soldiers turned against their hosts in the middle of the night, killing 37 men and more than 40 women and children and destroyed their homes.

Highland Clearances

Not long after the clan battles were over and the wars with the English were fought the Highlands became silent, and empty. Landowners found out they could make more money with sheep grazing on the hills and the population, mostly poor crofters with small patches of farmland, had to make way. These Highland Clearances as they were called, were sometimes performed with great force and resulted in mass evictions as well as mass emigrations. The people were sometimes literally driven towards the sea where they built small settlements and lived from fishing, the kelp industry and farming. Later big infrastructural works such as the Caledonian Canal provided some relief. These were hard times and many Highlanders tried their luck elsewhere and migrated to the US, Canada and Australia. Nowadays there are more descendants from the Highlanders living outside Scotland than there are inside. The results of the clearances are still visible today if you drive through the empty Glens in the Highlands and most people still live in villages and towns near the coast. The Highlands remain very scarcely populated.

The Caledonian Forest

This type of woodland, which consisted mostly of Scots pine, rowan, birch oak and Juniper, one covered huge areas in Scotland. Climatic changes caused the forest to retreat but fortunately there are quite a few remaining parts of the Caledonian Forest which are not only unique but also home to amazing wildlife such as the Capercaillie. Glen Affric is a good example of this ancient forest, so is Abernethy forest as well as the area south of Loch Maree, the Beinn Eighe Nature Reserve.

Map of the current Highland Council area

Shires, Counties and Councils

As written above, The Highlands are a region in Scotland but nowadays there is another way in which Scotland is organised and that is by councils. It took hundreds of years to transform the shires to counties and in 1975 the local government counties were abolished and were replaced by regions and districts and islands council areas. The regions and districts were themselves abolished in 1996, in favour of unitary Scottish council areas and one of these councils is Highland council, the largest in Scotland, and covers most of the land area in the Scottish Highlands. Highland council is based on the former counties of Caithness, Sutherland, Easter and Wester Ross, Inverness, Nairn, Badenoch and Strathspey, Isle of Skye and Lochaber. The total population of the Highland council is approx. 210,000 from which a third live in Inverness which is the council's capitol.

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Scottish Highlands Landscape and History - Scotland Info Guide

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In earlier times the Highland region was dominated by the Gaels and their Gaelic language and culture while the lowlands were Scottish. The dividing line was everything west from the Great Glen (Inverness to Loch Linnhe and the islands) and roughly 50 miles of land east of the Great Glen.

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Global Position: Rocky Mountain Range in North America The Andean mountain range in South America The Alps in Europe Mt. Kilimanjaro in Africa The Himalayans in Tibet Mt. Fuji in Japan What do people in the highlands wear?? Highland Climate By: Daysi Guerra Highland climates are cool to cold, found in mountains and high plateaus.

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This site is designed for middle school and high school students. The site explains the 12 climate types found on Earth. It discusses the causes of climate and provides details such as where each climate is found, temperatures, precipitation, seasons, vegetation, and animal life.

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(by Mikayla Farrand) Tropical Wet Climate Zone Sites and Sources; https://sites.google.com/site/climatetypes/tropical-wet-and-dry Animals Many of the animals that live in the tropical wet climate live in the rainforest. Not only does it provide shelter, it provides food. Some of the animals that live in the tropical wet area are; Macaws, Tree Frogs, Apes and Monkeys, and Flying Foxes.

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Tropical climates are found in areas that lie close to the equator. Here the sun shines intensely. Within tropical climates, there are three groups: tropical wet; tropical wet and dry; and tropical monsoon. Tropical wet regions, also known as rain forests, have the most predictable weather on earth. Here, everyday is pretty much the same. You can expect lots of rain, warm nights and hot days. The seasons change only slightly.

Monsoon climates have winds that reverse every six months. For example, in India the winds blow in from the sea during the summer, bringing buckets of heavy rain. The winds reverse in the winter blowing from land to sea. Winters are dry here. Many people in monsoon climates rely on the monsoons to bring water for their crops. Monsoons sometimes bring too much rain, causing flooding and mudslides.

Tropical wet and dry climates have three seasons: one season is cool and dry; another season is hot and dry; the third season is wet and hot. Some years, the rains here are light. When this happens, there is not enough food or water for animals and people.

Fun Facts About Tropical Climates for Kids

Hawaii has a tropical rainforest climate.

Monsoon climates can be found in southern Asia and West Africa.

Africa's Serengeti Plain is an example of a wet dry tropical climate.

The rain forest climate sounds ideal, but it is very humid here and there are lots of mosquitoes and bugs.

In India, the monsoon rains not only water crops, but they power electric plants. If the rains are scarce, electricity becomes expensive.

Tropical Climates Vocabulary

All About Tropical Climates Video for Kids

Watch this awesome video for kids about Tropical Climates:

Tropical Climates Q&A

Question: Are monsoons dangerous?

Answer: Sometimes they are. In the city of Mumbai, India, for example, the streets flood every year with over 1 foot of water. In 2005, a strong monsoon hit India. Mumbai got 40 inches of rain in one day. Buildings were destroyed and people drowned.

Enjoyed the Earth Science for Kids all about Tropical Climates info? Take the FREE & fun all about Tropical Climates quiz and download FREE all about Tropical Climates worksheet for kids. For lengthy info click here.

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Tropical climates are found in areas that lie close to the equator. Here the sun shines intensely. Within tropical climates, there are three groups: tropical wet; tropical wet and dry; and tropical monsoon. Tropical wet regions, also known as rain forests, have the most predictable weather on earth.

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Some of the best weather in the world is found in areas with a temperate or mild climate. These areas are usually mid-way between the equator and the poles. They're often found near a warm ocean or sea. You might have heard of a Mediterranean climate. Areas around the Mediterranean Ocean, such as Greece, southern France, Spain and the Middle East enjoy a Mediterranean climate. They have warm, dry summers and short, rainy winters.

Another type of temperate climate is the humid subtropical climate. Typically found on the east coast of a continent, this type of climate features wet, hot summers and cold winters. In the United States, Georgia has a humid subtropical climate. Hurricanes are common. These areas get moisture in both the summer and winter, averaging about 50 to 60 inches annually.

If you've ever visited San Francisco or Seattle, you've experienced a marine west coast climate. Areas with this climate have wet, rainy winters and cool summers.

Fun Facts about Temperate or Mild Climate for Kids

Gardens flourish in temperate climates. Here, you can grow lemons, oranges, olives and avocados.

If you live in a temperate climate, you probably won't need snow boots or a snow coat. You might need galoshes and a raincoat, though. Don't forget your umbrella.

San Francisco and Seattle are known for their cloudy, foggy weather.

Temperate or Mild Climate Vocabulary

All About Temperate or Mild Climate Video for Kids

Here's a great video for kids on temperate or mild climate:

A video documentary about places with temperate or mild climates.

Temperate or Mild Climate Q&A

Question: What areas of the U.S. have a temperate climate?

Answer: Areas in the Pacific Northwest, such as northern California, Washington and Oregon, have a marine west coast climate. Areas along the east coast, including Maryland, Virginia, Washington D.C., Georgia, and North and South Carolina, have a humid subtropical climate.

Enjoyed the Earth Science for Kids all about Temperate or Mild Climate info? Take the FREE & fun Temperate or Mild Climate quiz and download FREE Temperate or Mild Climate worksheet for kids. For lengthy info click here.

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Some of the best weather in the world is found in areas with a temperate or mild climate. These areas are usually mid-way between the equator and the poles. They're often found near a warm ocean or sea. You might have heard of a Mediterranean climate.

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Plant Life in the Scottish Highlands - Plants of the High Mountain Summits (continued)--The High Alpine Carpet Plants

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Plant Life in the Scottish Highlands Plants of the High Mountain Summits (continued)--The High Alpine Carpet Plants

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The temperate marine climate is a biome that occurs in the parts of the ocean that experience seasonal changes in temperature and are not as warm as the tropical oceans. They support themselves with seasonal blooms of nutrients, with plankton often serving as the basis of the entire food chain. There are a number of animal species that call this biome home, ranging from fishes to mammals to invertebrates.

A number of fish species make their home in the temperate marine ecosystem. The Atlantic hagfish, for example, lives in the North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans, and it typically feeds by using its toothlike plates on its tongue to devour the skin and intestines of its victims. The Greenland halibut, on the other hand, typically feeds on squid and crustaceans and can be found in temperate waters throughout the Northern Hemisphere, in both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

Many different species of mammals make their home in the temperate oceans and bodies of water throughout the world, including recognizable species such as dolphins and orcas. The gray whale, which can grow up to between 40 and 50 feet in length, makes its home in the northern regions of the Pacific Ocean, while the northern bottle-nosed whale lives in the deep offshore waters of the Arctic and North Atlantic Oceans.

The invertebrates, one of the most common groups of animals, are particularly prevalent in the temperate oceans. The cnidarians, for example, are a group of invertebrates that consist of more than 9,000 species, which include such well-known examples as hydroids, anemones and corals. Numerous species of crustaceans can also be found in the temperate zone, including barnacles, shrimp, crabs and lobsters. The echinoderms are also found here, and they include such well-known animal figures as the starfish, sea urchins and sand dollars. All of these animals have developed adaptations to live in their environment and protect themselves from predators: sea cucumbers, for example, can throw out their internal organs to frighten away enemies.

Birds also inhabit the temperate marine parts of the world, especially near the Arctic and the Antarctic. One of the most recognizable is the emperor penguin, the largest species of penguin, which lives on huge slabs of pack ice, never actually coming to land. Another example of a temperate bird species is the black-legged kittiwake, which dwells in the North Pacific, North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans, where it spends most of its time in the water.

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Animals That Live in Temperate Marine Climates

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The temperate marine climate is a biome that occurs in the parts of the ocean that experience seasonal changes in temperature and are not as warm as the tropical oceans. They support themselves with seasonal blooms of nutrients, with plankton often serving as the basis of the entire food chain.

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Some animals that live in this region are: wolves, rabbits, deer, elk, owls, hawks, salmon, and raccoons.The animals have adapted, over time, to the changing seasons(winter, spring,summer, and...

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Altitude sickness is the name given to the human body's physiological reactions that occur as a result of low oxygen pressure that exists at high altitudes. At higher elevations oxygen levels decrease. The problem of Acute Mountain Sickness starts when acclimatization does not keep pace with your ascent to high altitude.

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How does elevation affect temperature? Is there a simple way to estimate the summit temperature if I know the temperature at the base? Like a lot of things in meteorology, it's fair to say you can "kind of" estimate the summit temperature by recording the temperature at the mountain's base. But before we get into numbers, it's important to remember that temperature can vary for a number of different reasons: shade, sun, nearby buildings (or lack of them) and inversions (colder air sinking into valleys because it's heaver than warm air) can all influence the temperature.

These caveats aside, here's the scoop on temperature and elevation. If there's no snow (or rain) falling from the sky and you're not in a cloud, then the temperature decreases by about 5.4°F for every 1,000 feet up you go in elevation. In mathematical speak that is 9.8°C per 1,000 meters. However, if you're in a cloud, or it is snowing/raining, the temperature decreases by about 3.3°F for every 1,000 feet up you go in elevation. Thus meaning it's a change of 6°C per 1,0000 meters.

Confusing? I know. So here's a handy chart to visualize the temperature decrease with elevation:

How does elevation affect temperature?

And now for the nerdy science part. Atmospheric pressure is simply the weight of the air pushing down on you from above. As you increase in elevation, there is less air above you thus the pressure decreases. As the pressure decreases, air molecules spread out further (i.e. air expands) and the temperature decreases. If the humidity is at 100 percent (because it's snowing), the temperature decreases more slowly with height.

On-Snow Example

So let's put all this theory to the work. Say you wake up at your favorite Colorado resort and it's snowing hard. If the temperature at the base is 20°F and the summit is about 3,000 feet higher, then you could estimate the temperature at the top would be about 10°F (3,000 feet elevation change at 3.3°F per 1,000 feet equals about 10°F temperature decrease).

Or perhaps you're at the top of the mountain on a sunny but very cold day with temperatures around 5°F at the top. It's early afternoon and while it was cold when you started the day at the base, you're now thinking it would be fun to head to the bottom to have a beverage and sit in the sun. But will it be warm enough down there? Of course!

Since it's about 5,000 feet between the summit and the base of the mountain, the temperature at the base village should be about 27°F warmer than at the top (5,000 feet elevation change at 5.4°F per 1,000 feet equals about 27°F temperature increase). So the temperature at the base should be around 32°F, and in the sun after a nice day on the hill, this is the scientifically perfect temperature to enjoy an outdoor beverage.

Just remember that temperature changes 5.4°F/1,000 feet (9.8°C/1,000 meters) if it's dry and 3.3°F/1,000 feet (6°C/1,000 meters) if it's snowing.

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How does elevation affect temperature? Is there a simple way to estimate the summit temperature if I know the temperature at the base? Like a lot of things in meteorology, it's fair to say you can "kind of" estimate the summit temperature by recording the temperature at the mountain's base.