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External: wings, beaks, feathers, hindlimbs
Internal: skeleton, backbone, hallow bones (help to fly), warm blooded
Behavioral: lay eggs, some are more obvious when it comes to getting food and others are more patient, most travel in groups of threes and fours, to reproduce some have vibrant colors others have movements that they use
Habitat: some need to leave in or near the water but they also need to be surrounded by land, some need a more tropical climate, majority of birds live in moderate climate areas and move according to the different seasons and they have habitats near collections of plants

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The major differences that set the Emperor penguins apart are their black back, white stomach, orange coloring near the head, and wedge shaped tail.  The difference between the internal characteristics are that the penguins have legs and webbed feet set far back and the bones in their flippers are flat and broad.  Some behavioral differences would be that they cannot fly, they can stand upright, and they swim and feed in groups.  Habitat differences would be that they have to be near water and they are usually found in colder climates than most birds.

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The major external differences that the Toucan is set apart for is its  bright and colorful bill, its entire body is covered with black and dark blue feathers, their throats are white, their long thick tails, and their eyes are surrounded by blue orange around that.  The difference in internal characteristics are that the wings are not meant for long and continuous flight, the males are usually a little heavier than the females, their long flat feather-like tongues help them catch insects, and they have strong feet to help support them on the branches.   Some behavioral differences would be that they communicate very loudly, they are extremely social and spend most of their time in groups, they are not skilled fliers- they alternate between flaps and gliding, and they move around a lot for food.  Habitat differences would be that they are found mostly in tropical climates/areas, usually found on tops of trees in the biome of rain forests, and they usually stay in high places to avoid predators.

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The major external differences that set the pigeon apart are their plump body with a small head, thin bills, short legs, light/dark grey body, green-purple coloring on the neck, and the black colored bars on their wings.  The major internal differences are their long wing structures and their powerful flight muscles.  Their behavioral differences include their walk around with a bobbing head, they mate for life and have one partner until it dies, scavenging through the trash in cities, they accept a new mate slowly, and they have sensitivity to the physical properties surrounding them.  Habitat differences would be that they are mostly found in urban landscapes where they adapt to buildings and structures that humans build, they use things like building ledges to build their nests on, and they could also live in extremely rocky areas where they build their nests in cliffs.

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Common Name: Emperor Penguin
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Sphenisciformes
Family: Spheniscidae
Genus: Aptenodytes
Species: forsteri

Common Name: Toco Toucan
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Piciformes

Family: Ramphastidae
Genus: Ramphastos
Species: toco

Common Name: Rock Pigeon
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Columbiformes

Family: Columbidae
Genus: Columba
Species: livia

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Taxonomy shows that birds have some basic structures of their bodies and actions in common such as beaks, wings, and feathers. At the same time they are very different when it comes to looks, their needs, and where they live.  Taxonomy shows the similarities and differences through the names that they are classified under.  If an organism has the same name for one classification, they have a similar trait, and wherever they have a different name, they have a different trait.

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Compsognathus
The Sinosauropteryx evolved away from this, this one didn’t have any of the feathery like scales. The age and time period of the fossil is the late jurassic period and 140 million years old.

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Sinosauropteryx
The first dinosaur to evolve scale-like feathers.  These scales strongly resemble the feathers that birds have today.  The age of this fossil is around 126 million years and the time period is the early Cretaceous Epoch.

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Caudipteryx
This dinosaur walked on hind legs, had feathers, and a tail like a bird, vertebrae, and it was roughly the size of a peacock. The structure of this dinosaur extreme resembles a bird. The time period is around the Cretaceous Period and the age is around 125 million years.

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Dromaeosaurids
This was a feathered theropod dinosaur.  The feathers are the same as modern birds have today. This dinosaur's structure is starting to resemble a birds. The age of the fossil is 125 million years and the time period is the Cretaceous Period.

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Archaeopteryx
This was a Bird like dinosaur and it was the closest looking to an actual bird.  The dinosaur could fly and it had extremely similar structures to that of a bird.  The age of the fossil is 140 million years and the time period is the late jurassic.

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The fact that birds evolved away from dinosaurs is shown through comparing DNA. Bird DNA and Crocodile DNA was compared and it turns out that they are closer than originally thought. This just gives more evidence showing that birds did evolve from dinosaurs, even though dinosaurs were reptiles. Since birds have similar DNA to crocodiles, which are reptiles, there is more proof that they evolved from a type of dinosaur

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In the early stages of development, all birds look like the three pictured below. As time goes on, they start to change into the type of species they are. In the beginning though, they all look the same, as they develop the same basic structures that all birds have. This shows evolution since it shows that all of the birds started in the same place at one point, but then evolved into different species.

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This shows the basic structures and genetics involved in the evolution of birds and the species through time.

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Evidence of Evolution: Anatomy and Physiology

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Evidence of Evolution: Anatomy and Physiology

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The feathered theropod dinosaurs had feathers that are the same as modern birds. They both use feathers in order to stay warm and blend in with their surroundings. The Caudipteryx used their hind legs to walk, had a tail, a vertebrae, and had feathers. All of these structures are used in the same way as the modern birds. The Archaeopteryx used their wings to fly and used most of their other similar structures how modern birds use them.

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Birds went through gradual speciation. Over time they started to evolve into different species, it did not happen all at once. Since it took them a long time to create so many different species, the change was gradual. The type of evolution is divergent. All of the different species of birds came from a theropod, feathered dinosaur. The species then spread out from that one ancestor, which makes it divergent evolution.

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Descent with Modification
An example of this would be with the finches in the Galapagos.  These finches have different types of beaks that help them gather food.  These finches have a very similar genetic code, just a different beak size and shape.  This shows descent with modification since the birds came from similar finches, but the more favorable trait was passed on to the offspring.
Type of Natural Selection
Birds are more directional since certain traits are favored and rise above other traits.  For example, the small size of a bird's beak would be increased in frequency if the birds needed to get in a smaller are in order to get food.  This points that particular species in a certain directional, while changing the direction and of another species.

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One evolutionary mechanism would be isolation. The dinosaurs that the birds originate from could have gotten stuck on some kind of land area where they had no way to move. This would isolate them from the rest of the species and force them to adapt, causing them to form new types of birds. Another evolutionary mechanism would be immigration. As the seasons change in certain areas, the birds have to move in order to survive. When these birds move to different areas, it is likely that they could have crossed with another type of bird. This could lead to a new species of birds due to the cross breeding.