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This talks about how compared to the rest of the U.S, New England has some of the worst drug problems

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I didn't read the full article just looked at the graph

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For this website I used some of the facts that were scary to the public.
This site mainly was focused on the negative side of the drug epidemic. My one question would be, is crack really in our baking soda?

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There is a chart on the website that is relevant and good.

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Has a good data table for some good data.

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Use the graph! Good data

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2004 Drug Prices for Amphetamines, Cocaine, Opium and Mushrooms, per Gram, Ounce and 9 ounce - IDMU Ltd

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2004 Drug Prices for Amphetamines, Cocaine, Opium and Mushrooms, per Gram, Ounce and 9 ounce - IDMU Ltd

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2004 Drug Prices for Amphetamines, Cocaine, Opium and Mushrooms, per Gram, Ounce and 9 ounce - IDMU Ltd

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IDMU Ltd - 2004 Prices for Amphetamines, Cocaine, Opium and Mushrooms, per Gram, Ounce and 9 ounce

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The Crack Epidemic - The History of Crack Cocaine - Drug-Free World

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The Crack Epidemic - The History of Crack Cocaine - Drug-Free World

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The Crack Epidemic - The History of Crack Cocaine - Drug-Free World

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Watch Truth About Drugs Documentary Video & Learn About Substance Addiction. Get The Facts About Painkillers, Marijuana, Cocaine, Meth & Other Illegal Drugs.

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How a ‘Perfect Storm’ in New Hampshire Has Fueled an Opioid Crisis - The New York Times

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How a ‘Perfect Storm’ in New Hampshire Has Fueled an Opioid Crisis - The New York Times

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Unlike West Virginia, New Hampshire is relatively prosperous, which makes an opioid crisis here seem all the more jarring. This state has the highest median household income in the country, ranks low in unemployment and crime, and often lands at or near the top of lists of the best states in which to live.

Researchers at Dartmouth College in Hanover, N.H., have been studying the issue to try to understand why the state's opioid problem is so dire.

One big reason, they say, is the proximity to an abundant drug supply in neighboring Massachusetts, the center of drug distribution networks that traffic opioids throughout New England.

Another, they say, is New Hampshire's low per capita spending on services to help drug users break free from addiction. Nationally, the state, which has no income or sales tax, ranks at the bottom in availability of treatment programs. The fire departments' safe stations are one effort to fill that void.

The researchers also noted that the state has pockets of "economic degradation," especially in rural areas where jobs are few, and that may contribute to the problem.

Beyond that, the researchers say, doctors here have long prescribed "significantly higher rates" of opioid pain relievers, almost twice the national average. When the government cracked down on legal painkillers, New Hampshire residents were primed to seek out illegal street drugs.

"This is a kind of perfect storm," says Lisa A. Marsch, a professor of psychiatry and health policy at Dartmouth's Geisel School of Medicine and the study's principal investigator.

"We have highly available, highly potent opioids in New Hampshire," she says. "And highly limited resources to reduce the risk."

The researchers noted other factors, too:

* A shortage of workers in addiction and recovery. Northeast states have an average of 15.5 doctors per 100,000 residents who can prescribe Suboxone and other medication-assisted treatments; New Hampshire has seven.

* No needle exchanges, which can reduce the transmission of diseases like hepatitis C and save health care costs. New Hampshire finally legalized needle exchanges in June, long after many other states had done so, but did not fund them. Dartmouth medical students, using donations and grants, opened the first needle exchange last summer in a Claremont, N.H., soup kitchen, but it was shut down in October because it was too close to a school.

* "Live Free or Die." The researchers said the New Hampshire ethos of "self-sufficiency and individualism" could inhibit some residents from seeking help. And for some, they said, the state's "Live Free or Die" motto might justify risky behaviors. The state does not require drivers to wear seatbelts. It allows motorcyclists to ride without helmets. And state liquor stores are right on the major highways.

For one New Hampshire family, the opioid plays out every day, an unending cycle of worry, hope and chaos. Read their story here. Help shape our opioid coverage by taking a survey here.

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How a 'Perfect Storm' in New Hampshire Has Fueled an Opioid Crisis

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Unlike West Virginia, New Hampshire is relatively prosperous, which makes an opioid crisis here seem all the more jarring. This state has the highest median household income in the country, ranks low in unemployment and crime, and often lands at or near the top of lists of the best states in which to live.

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DEA’s opioid crackdown brings arrests of prescribers, pharmacists - The Washington Post

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DEA’s opioid crackdown brings arrests of prescribers, pharmacists - The Washington Post

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Why America’s Ongoing Heroin Epidemic May Soon Run Its Course | VICE News

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Why America’s Ongoing Heroin Epidemic May Soon Run Its Course | VICE News

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New data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) shows a staggering increase in heroin abuse in the United States - particularly among women and wealthy Americans - but some addiction experts say there is hope that the drug's popularity will soon follow the pattern of previous addiction cycles and begin to fade.

According to the CDC's new data, heroin abuse has increased 63 percent over the past decade, and the number of heroin overdoses has doubled. The demographics providing the most new users are women and people with higher incomes and private insurance. The surge in heroin addiction has received extensive media coverage - with many headlines characterizing the phenomenon as an "epidemic" - and some states have taken emergency measures, such as making the overdose prevention drug Naloxone more widely available, to address the rise in heroin-related deaths.

But while it seems there's been an unending tide of news about the the worsening situation, some drug experts say the problem will eventually run its course. The silver lining to the CDC's new data was first mentioned by Dr. Brad Lander, clinical director of addiction psychiatry at Ohio State University's Wexner Medical Center, who told HealthDay that drug epidemics "go in cycles" and the heroin epidemic "will disappear over time."

Lander told VICE News that he's been working in the field of drug addiction for 33 years, and has seen many different drugs wax and wane in popularity during that time. "This is comparable to the crack epidemic we had around 1985," Lander said. "A lot of patients at that time were coming in because of crack addiction. After there was enough public outcry, people stopped getting into it as much. Then we've seen ecstasy, then we had a big problem with bath salts, and now we've got heroin. It's a huge, massive problem, but my experience tells me over time this will go away."
Related: Police in This Massachusetts Town Have Started Helping Heroin Users Instead of Arresting Them
Lander said that heroin still seems to be spreading, though he hopes the drug is beginning to reach peak popularity. "We've got a ways to go before this bubble bursts," he said.

Cocaine and crack were frequently cited as other examples of drugs that have cycled through popular and unpopular phases, with Lander noting that heroin abuse was very low in the early 1990s when cocaine was many people's drug of choice.

"Cocaine [abuse] is certainly much lower than it has been," Theodore Cicero, an opioid researcher and psychiatry professor at Washington University in St. Louis, told VICE News. "It was the drug of choice in the '90s and was very popular. I think as there were more overdoses and people suffered more complications, there's been decrease in cocaine use occurring in country. There's been waxing and waning. Unfortunately, heroin and opioids have filled some of that void."

'It's a huge, massive problem, but my experience tells me over time this will go away.'

Addiction researchers have studied what causes drugs to spike in popularity, and what factors lead to a fade from trendiness. Jonathan Caulkins, a public policy research at Carnegie Mellon Univeristy who has worked with RAND's Drug Policy Research Center, led a study published in 2005 about the "oscillation" in drug usage in the US. His team found that "drug use varies over time in ways that have long been described in terms of 'epidemics,'" including heroin and cocaine epidemics from 1880 to 1920 that died out, remained low for 50 years, and then resurged in the late 1960s and early 1970s.
Related: The Opium and Heroin Business Is Booming in Southeast Asia's 'Golden Triangle'
Lander similarly pointed out that cocaine's popularity in the late 1800s eventually faded when people saw the negative consequences of use and the drug became socially unacceptable.

Caulkins said that the epidemic comparison is useful for thinking about how drugs become popular. "This metaphor is appropriate even though there is not literally a pathogen, as with HIV or cholera, because most initiation occurs through contact with current users, not at the urging of drug sellers," he wrote.

A drug's popularity begins to diminish when negative feedback gains the upper hand, either through word of mouth reports, bad experiences, or public attention to overdoses and other dangers. He also found that policies aimed at preventing new users and treating current users both help lessen a drug's appeal.

"As publicity of heroin overdoses and the severity of the use of heroin makes its way through word of mouth, which matters on the street, it may communicate the dangers of going in that direction," said Cicero, the Washington University professor.
Related: DEA Announces Massive NYC Heroin Bust With Suspected Ties to Sinaloa Cartel
But heroin's connection to prescription painkiller use cannot be overlooked, experts said.
Follow Colleen Curry on Twitter: Watch the VICE News documentary, Back From The Brink: Heroin's Antidote: @currycolleen
"The one thing I think that's disconcerting about opioids is that because of the increase in use that is coming from prescription opioids, they've become a lot more available than they used to be," Kimberly Kirby, an addiction psychologist at the Treatment Research Institute in Philadelphia, told VICE News. "A number of steps are now being made to try and teach people to prescribe them differently so there are not as many out there on the streets. I would guess if the availability of prescript of opioids does decrease you would see reduction in use. The scary thing is there could be a lot of deaths before that."

All three addiction specialists said that there needs to be increased attention paid to treatment, including reducing the stigma of seeking help, and also finding new medical treatments for opiate addiction. Kirby cited the development of naltrexone, which blocks a user from feeling high from opiates, as a step in the right direction.

"I think the awareness," Lander said when asked what would help curtail heroin use. "The things that matter are how dangerous do people think it is, are their friends using it, the social acceptance of it. You can educate on both of those. This is actually what happens when you use opiates for a period of time. There is social disapproval of it. It's not cool, not an okay thing to do. It's a problem and it's destructive and so on."

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centers for disease control and prevention

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Why America's Ongoing Heroin Epidemic May Soon Run Its Course | VICE News

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New data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) shows a staggering increase in heroin abuse in the United States - particularly among women and wealthy Americans - but some addiction experts say there is hope that the drug's popularity will soon follow the pattern of previous addiction cycles and begin to fade.

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1. Total Annual Drug Arrests In The United States By Offense Type

2016: The FBI estimated that there were 1,572,579 arrests for drug law violations in the US in 2016. The FBI, for the first time in many years, did not provide a breakdown of that figure by offense type.
In an analysis of a subset of the UCR's arrest data, police agencies in the US covering an estimated 2016 population of 250,017,636 people reported a total of 1,186,810 arrests for drug law violations, of which 84.7% (1,004,762) were for possession of a controlled substance. Only 15.3% (182,048) were for the sale or manufacturing of a drug.
2015: Of the 1,488,707 arrests for drug law violations in the US in 2015, 83.9% (1,249,025) were for possession of a controlled substance. Only 16.1% (239,682) were for the sale or manufacturing of a drug.
2014: Of the 1,561,231 arrests for drug law violations in the US in 2014, 83.1% (1,297,384) were for possession of a controlled substance. Only 16.9% (263,848) were for the sale or manufacturing of a drug.
2013: Of the 1,501,043 arrests for drug law violations in the US in 2013, 82.3% (1,235,358) were for possession of a controlled substance. Only 17.7% (265,685) were for the sale or manufacturing of a drug.
2012: Of the 1,552,432 arrests for drug law violations in the US in 2012, 82.2% (1,276,099) were for possession of a controlled substance. Only 17.8% (276,333) were for the sale or manufacturing of a drug.
2011: Of the 1,531,251 arrests for drug law violations in the US in 2011, 81.8% (1,252,563) were for possession of a controlled substance. Only 18.2% (278,687) were for the sale or manufacturing of a drug.
2010: Of the 1,638,846 arrests for drug law violations in the US in 2010, 81.9% (1,342,215) were for possession of a controlled substance. Only 18.1% (296,631) were for the sale or manufacture of a drug.
2007: Of the 1,841,182 arrests for drug law violations in the US in 2007, 82.5% (1,518,975) were for possession of a controlled substance. Only 17.5% (322,207) were for the sale or manufacture of a drug.

"Crime in the United States 2016 - Arrests," FBI Uniform Crime Report (Washington, DC: US Dept of Justice, September 2017), p. 2; Table 18, Estimated Number of Arrests, United States 2016; Table 21A, Arrests by Race and Ethnicity 2016; and email correspondence between the editor and Stephen G. Fischer Jr., Chief - Multimedia Productions, FBI - CJIS Division.
https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-t...
https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-t...
https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-t...
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http://drugwarfacts.org/sites/...
"Crime in the United States 2015 - Arrests," FBI Uniform Crime Report (Washington, DC: US Dept. of Justice, September 2016), p. 1, and Arrest Table: Arrests for Drug Abuse Violations.
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"Crime in the United States 2014 - Arrests," FBI Uniform Crime Report (Washington, DC: US Dept. of Justice, September 2015), p. 1.
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https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/c...
"Crime in the United States 2013 - Arrests," FBI Uniform Crime Report (Washington, DC: US Dept. of Justice, November 2014), p. 2.
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"Crime in the United States 2012 - Arrests," FBI Uniform Crime Report (Washington, DC: US Dept. of Justice, September 2013), p. 1.
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http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cj...
"Crime in the United States 2011 - Arrests," FBI Uniform Crime Report (Washington, DC: US Dept. of Justice, October 2012), p. 1.
http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cj...
Arrests for Drug Abuse Violations, 2011: http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cj...
"Crime in the United States 2010," FBI Uniform Crime Report (Washington, DC: US Dept. of Justice, September 2011), Table 29.
http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cj...
Arrests for Drug Abuse Violations, 2010: http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cj...
"2007 Crime in the United States," (Washington, DC: US Dept. of Justice, September 2008), Table 29.
http://www2.fbi.gov/ucr/cius20...
Arrests for Drug Abuse Violations, 2007: http://www2.fbi.gov/ucr/cius20...

2. Total Annual Arrests in the US by Offense Type in 2016 Compared With 1973

In 1973, there were 328,670 arrests reported by the FBI's Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) for drug law violations, out of a total 9,027,700 arrests nationwide for all offenses. Also that year, authorities reported 380,560 arrests for all violent crimes and 1,448,700 arrests for all property offenses.
In 2016, there were 1,572,579 arrests for drug law violations out of a total 10,662,252 arrests nationwide for all offenses. Also in 2016, authorities reported 515,151 arrests for all violent crimes and 1,353,283 arrests for all property offenses.

FBI Uniform Crime Reports 1973 (1973 drug arrest data supplied by the National Criminal Justice Reference Service)
Violent and Property Crime Arrest Datasheet 1970-2003, Bureau of Justice Statistics, accessed Oct. 29, 2012.
http://www.bjs.gov/content/dat...
"Crime in the United States 2016 - Arrests," FBI Uniform Crime Report (Washington, DC: US Dept of Justice, September 2017), p. 2; Table 18, Estimated Number of Arrests, United States 2016; Table 21A, Arrests by Race and Ethnicity 2016; and email correspondence between the editor and Stephen G. Fischer Jr., Chief - Multimedia Productions, FBI - CJIS Division.
https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-t...
https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-t...
https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-t...
https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-t...
http://drugwarfacts.org/sites/...

3. Annual Number of Arrests for Drug Offenses in the US By Type of Offense and Substance Type

2016: The FBI estimated that there were a total of 1,572,579 arrests for drug law violations in the US in 2016. The FBI, for the first time in many years, did not provide a breakdown of that figure by offense type or substance.
In an analysis of a subset of the UCR's arrest data, police agencies in the US covering an estimated 2016 population of 250,017,636 people reported a total of 1,186,810 arrests for drug law violations in 2016, of which 1,004,762 (84.7%) were for possession of a controlled substance. Only 182,048 (15.3%) were for the sale or manufacturing of a drug. Of the 182,048 sale/manufacture arrests that year, 64,288 (5.42% of total) were for heroin, cocaine, or their derivatives; 49,714 (4.19% of total) were for marijuana; 19,163 (1.61% of total) were for synthetic narcotics; and 48,883 (4.12%) were for other non-narcotic drugs. Of the 1,004,762 arrests for possession that year, 241,806 (20.37% of total) were for heroin, cocaine, or their derivatives; 443,454 (37.37% of total) were for marijuana; 61,183 (5.16% of total) were for synthetic narcotics; and 258,319 (21.77%) were for other non-narcotic drugs.

In 2015, the FBI reports there were a total of 1,488,707 arrests for all drug offenses, of which 239,682 were for sale or manufacture of any drug, and 1,249,025 were for possession of any drug. Of the 239,682 sale/manufacture arrests that year, 81,879 were for heroin, cocaine, and derivatives; 68,480 were for marijuana; 26,797 were for synthetic or manufactured drugs; and 62,526 were for other dangerous non-narcotic drugs. Of the 1,249,025 possession arrests that year, 296,252 were for heroin, cocaine, and derivatives; 574,641 were for marijuana; 75,924 were for synthetic or manufactured drugs; and 300,719 were for other dangerous non-narcotic drugs.

Click here to open full table showing drug arrest data from 2010-2015.

"Crime in the United States 2016 - Arrests," FBI Uniform Crime Report (Washington, DC: US Dept of Justice, September 2017), p. 2; Table 18, Estimated Number of Arrests, United States 2016; Table 21A, Arrests by Race and Ethnicity 2016; and email correspondence between the editor and Stephen G. Fischer Jr., Chief - Multimedia Productions, FBI - CJIS Division.
https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-t...
https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-t...
https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-t...
https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-t...
http://drugwarfacts.org/sites/...
"Crime in the United States 2015 - Arrests," FBI Uniform Crime Report (Washington, DC: US Dept. of Justice, September 2016), p. 1, and Arrest Table: Arrests for Drug Abuse Violations.
https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-t...
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"Crime in the United States 2014 - Arrests," FBI Uniform Crime Report (Washington, DC: US Dept. of Justice, September 2016), p. 1.
https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/c...
https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/c...
"Crime in the United States 2013 - Arrests," FBI Uniform Crime Report (Washington, DC: US Dept. of Justice, November 2014), p. 1.
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"Crime in the United States 2012 - Arrests," FBI Uniform Crime Report (Washington, DC: US Dept. of Justice, September 2013), p. 1.
http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cj...
http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cj...
"Crime in the United States 2011 - Arrests," FBI Uniform Crime Report (Washington, DC: US Dept. of Justice, October 2012), p. 1.
http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cj...
Arrests for Drug Abuse Violations: http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cj...
"Crime in the United States 2010," FBI Uniform Crime Report (Washington, DC: US Dept. of Justice, September 2011), Table 29.
http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cj...
Arrests for Drug Abuse Violations: http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cj...

4. Total Annual Arrests in the US by Year and Type of Offense

In 2015, law enforcement agencies in the US made 10,797,088 arrests for all offenses, of which 1,488,707 were drug arrests, 505,681 were for violent offenses, and 1,463,213 were for property offenses. Although the intent of a 'War on Drugs' may have been to target drug smugglers and 'King Pins,' of the 1,488,707 arrests for drug law violations in 2015, 83.9% (1,249,025) were for mere possession of a controlled substance. Only 16.1% (239,682) were for the sale or manufacturing of a drug. Further, the majority (43.2%) of drug arrests in 2015 were for marijuana -- a total of 643,121. Of those, an estimated 574,641 arrests (38.6% of all drug arrests) were for marijuana possession alone. By contrast in 2000, a total of 734,497 Americans were arrested for marijuana offenses, of which 646,042 (40.9%) were for possession alone.

Click here to open table displaying Total Annual Arrests in the US by Year and Type of Offense, 1996-2015

"Crime in the United States 2015 - Arrests," FBI Uniform Crime Report (Washington, DC: US Dept. of Justice, September 2016), p. 1, and Arrest Table: Arrests for Drug Abuse Violations.
https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-t...
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"Crime in the United States 2014 - Arrests," FBI Uniform Crime Report (Washington, DC: US Dept. of Justice, September 2015), p. 1.
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https://www.fbi.gov...
"Crime in the United States 2013 - Arrests," FBI Uniform Crime Report (Washington, DC: US Dept. of Justice, September 2014), p. 1.
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"Crime in the United States 2012 - Arrests," FBI Uniform Crime Report (Washington, DC: US Dept. of Justice, September 2013), p. 1.
http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cj...
http://www.fbi.gov...
"Crime in the United States 2011 - Arrests," FBI Uniform Crime Report (Washington, DC: US Dept. of Justice, October 2012), p. 1.
http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cj...
http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cj...
"Crime in the United States 2010," FBI Uniform Crime Report (Washington, DC: US Dept. of Justice, September 2011), Table 29.
http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cj...
http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cj...
"Crime in the United States 2009," FBI Uniform Crime Report (Washington, DC: US Dept. of Justice, September 2010), Table 29.
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"2008 Crime in the United States," FBI Uniform Crime Reports (Washington, DC: US Dept. of Justice, September 2009), Table 29.
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"2007 Crime in the United States," (Washington, DC: US Dept. of Justice, September 2008), Table 29.
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"2006 Crime in the United States," (Washington, DC: US Dept. of Justice, September 2007), Table 29.
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"Crime in the United States 2005," FBI Uniform Crime Reports (Washington, DC: US Dept. of Justice, September 2006), Table 29.
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"Crime in the United States 2004," FBI Uniform Crime Reports (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 2005) Table 29.
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"Crime in the United States 2003," FBI Uniform Crime Reports (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 2004), p. 269, Table 4.1 & and p. 270, Table 29.
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"Crime in the United States 2002," FBI Uniform Crime Reports (Washington, DC: US Dept. of Justice, 2003).
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"Crime in the United States 2001," FBI Uniform Crime Reports (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 2002), p. 232, Table 4.1 & and p. 233, Table 29.
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"Crime in the United States - 2000," FBI Uniform Crime Reports (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 2001), p. 216, Tables 29 and 4.1.
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"Crime in the United States - 1999," FBI Uniform Crime Reports (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 2000), pp. 211-212.
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"Crime in the United States - 1998," FBI Uniform Crime Reports (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1999), pp. 209-219.
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"Crime in the United States - 1997," FBI Uniform Crime Reports (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1998), p. 221, Table 4.1 & p. 222, Table 29.
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"Uniform Crime Reports for the United States 1996" Federal Bureau of Investigation (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1997), p. 213, Table 4.1 & p. 214, Table 29.
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"Crime in the United States - 1995," FBI Uniform Crime Reports (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1996), pp. 207-208.
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FBI, UCR for the US 1990 (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1991), pp. 173-174.
FBI, UCR for the US 1980 (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1981), pp. 189-191.

7. Estimated Average Police Time Taken For Each Marijuana Possession Arrest In The US

"In our ongoing research about marijuana possession arrests in New York, ¹, we have found that a basic misdemeanor arrest for marijuana possession in New York City varied from a minimum of two or three hours for one officer, to four or five hours or even longer for multiple officers. During this time the officers returned to the police station with the handcuffed arrestees and booked them; they took photographs and fingerprints, gathered other information and wrote it up. They sent the personal data to be checked against the state's criminal databases and often waited to receive the arrestees' criminal records, if the database searches found any. Arresting officers regularly took suspects to the central booking jail, were interviewed by assistant district attorneys, and appeared in court.
"For a very low and conservative estimate, we used two and a half hours as a minimum average amount of time one officer spends making a marijuana possession arrest. We multiplied 2.5 hours by the number of lowest-level marijuana possession arrests (charged under NYS Penal Law 221.10) for each year since 2002 when Mayor Bloomberg took office.
"The front cover of this report shows a graph with the number of marijuana arrests for each year from 2002 through 2012. In those eleven years the NYPD made a total of 439,056 possession-only arrests. Multiplied by two and a half hours of police time per arrest that equals 1,097,640 hours - or approximately one million hours of police officer time to make 440,000 marijuana arrests. That is the equivalent of having 31 police officers working eight hours a day, 365 days a year, for 11 years, making only marijuana possession arrests."

8. Majority of Violent Crimes in the US Are Committed By White Non-Latinx People Against Other White Non-Latinx People

"During 2012-15, U.S. residents experienced 5.8 million violent victimizations per year (table 1). About 3.7 million of these violent victimizations were committed against white victims. ³ Among white victims, a higher percentage of victimizations were committed by white offenders (57%) than offenders of any other race. White victims perceived the offender to be black in 15% of violent victimizations and Hispanic in 11%. ⁴
"Of the 850,720 victimizations committed against black victims, a higher percentage involved black offenders (63%) than offenders of any other race. Black victims perceived the offender to be white in 11% of violent victimizations and Hispanic in nearly 7%.
"Fewer than half (40%) of violent victimizations committed against a Hispanic victim were committed by a Hispanic offender. However, the percentage committed by a Hispanic offender was higher than any racial category. An equal percentage of victimizations committed against a Hispanic victim was committed by a white or black offender (20% each)."

9. Definition of 'Clearance' in Crime Statistics

"In the UCR Program, a law enforcement agency reports that an offense is cleared by arrest, or solved for crime reporting purposes, when three specific conditions have been met. The three conditions are that at least one person has been:

"* Arrested.
"* Charged with the commission of the offense.
"* Turned over to the court for prosecution (whether following arrest, courtsummons, or police notice).

"In its clearance calculations, the UCR Program counts the number of offenses that are cleared, not the number of persons arrested. The arrest of one person may clear several crimes, and the arrest of many persons may clear only one offense. In addition, some clearances that an agency records in a particular calendar year, such as 2015, may pertain to offenses that occurred in previous years.

"Cleared by exceptional means
"In certain situations, elements beyond law enforcement's control prevent the agency from arresting and formally charging the offender. When this occurs, the agency can clear the offense exceptionally. Law enforcement agencies must meet the following four conditions in order to clear an offense by exceptional means. The agency must have:

"* Identified the offender.
"* Gathered enough evidence to support an arrest, make a charge, and turn over theoffender to the court for prosecution.
"* Identified the offender's exact location so that the suspect could be taken intocustody immediately.
"* Encountered a circumstance outside the control of law enforcement thatprohibits the agency from arresting, charging, and prosecuting the offender.

"Examples of exceptional clearances include, but are not limited to, the death of the offender (e.g., suicide or justifiably killed by police or citizen); the victim's refusal to cooperate with the prosecution after the offender has been identified; or the denial of extradition because the offender committed a crime in another jurisdiction and is being prosecuted for that offense. In the UCR Program, the recovery of property alone does not clear an offense.

"Clearances involving only persons under 18 years of age
"When an offender under the age of 18 is cited to appear in juvenile court or before other juvenile authorities, the UCR Program considers the incident for which the juvenile is being held responsible to be cleared by arrest, even though a physical arrest may not have occurred. When clearances involve both juvenile and adult offenders, those incidents are classified as clearances for crimes committed by adults. Because the clearance percentages for crimes committed by juveniles include only those clearances in which no adults were involved, the figures in this publication should not be used to present a definitive picture of juvenile involvement in crime."

"Crime in the United States 2015 - Offenses Cleared," FBI Uniform Crime Report (Washington, DC: US Dept. of Justice, September 2016), pp. 1-2.
https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-t...
https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-t...
https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-t...

10. Clearance Rates for Reported Violent and Property Crimes in the US, 1996-2015

According to the FBI's Uniform Crime Report, in 2016, of the 1,183,933 violent offenses reported to police, 45.6 percent were cleared by arrest or exceptional means. Of the 7,319,177 property offenses reported to police in 2016, only 18.3 percent were cleared by arrest or exceptional means.
In 2000, of the 1,131,923 violent offenses known to police, 47.5 percent were cleared by arrest or exceptional means. Of the 8,235,013 property offenses in 2000 known to police, only 16.7 percent were cleared by arrest or exceptional means.
Click here for the complete datatable Clearance Rates for Reported Violent and Property Crimes in the US, 1996-2015.
In the UCR Program, a law enforcement agency reports that an offense is cleared by arrest, or solved for crime reporting purposes, when three specific conditions have been met. The three conditions are that at least one person has been:

Arrested.

Charged with the commission of the offense.

Turned over to the court for prosecution (whether following arrest, courtsummons, or police notice).

"Crime in the United States 2016 - Offenses Cleared," FBI Uniform Crime Report (Washington, DC: US Dept of Justice, September 2017), pp. 1-3
https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-t...
https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-t...
https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-t...
https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-t...
"Crime in the United States 2015 - Offenses Cleared," FBI Uniform Crime Report (Washington, DC: US Dept. of Justice, September 2016), pp. 1-2.
https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-t...
https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-t...
https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-t...
https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-t...
https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-t...
https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-t...
https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-t...
"Crime in the United States 2014 - Clearances," FBI Uniform Crime Report (Washington, DC: US Dept. of Justice, September 2015), p. 1.
https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/c...
https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/c...
https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/c...
"Crime In The United States, 2013 - Offenses Cleared," FBI Uniform Crime Report (Washington, DC: US Dept. of Justice, November 2014), pp. 2-3.
http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cj...
http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cj...
"Crime in the United States 2013 - Property Crime," FBI Uniform Crime Report (Washington, DC: US Dept. of Justice, November 2014), p. 1.
http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cj...
http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cj...
"Crime in the United States 2013 - Violent Crime," FBI Uniform Crime Report (Washington, DC: US Dept. of Justice, November 2014), p. 1.
http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cj...
http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cj...
"Crime in the United States 2012 - Clearances," FBI Uniform Crime Report (Washington, DC: US Dept. of Justice, September 2013), p. 1.
http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cj...
http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cj...
http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cj...
"Offenses Known to Police and Cleared by Arrest," Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics (Albany, NY: The University at Albany, 2013), Table 4.20.2011, last accessed Sept. 17, 2013.
http://www.albany.edu/sourcebo...
http://www.albany.edu/sourcebo...

11. Proportion of Reported Criminal Offenses Cleared by Arrest or Exception Means in the US, 2015

"* In the nation in 2016, 45.6 percent of violent crimes and 18.3 percent of property crimes were cleared by arrest or exceptional means.
"* When considering clearances of violent crimes, 59.4 percent of murder offenses, 53.3 percent of aggravated assault offenses, 40.9 percent of rape offenses (legacy definition), 36.5 percent of rape offenses (revised definition), and 29.6 percent of robbery offenses were cleared. (Please note, the legacy and revised UCR definitions for rape can be accessed in Offense Definitions.)
"* Among property crimes, 20.4 percent of larceny-theft offenses, 13.3 percent of motor vehicle theft offenses, and 13.1 percent of burglary offenses were cleared.
"* In 2016, 20.8 percent of arson offenses were cleared by arrest or exceptional means."

"Crime in the United States 2016 - Offenses Cleared," FBI Uniform Crime Report (Washington, DC: US Dept of Justice, September 2017), pp. 2-3
https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-t...
https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-t...
https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-t...
https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-t...

13. Impact of Arrests Rates on Injection Drug Use

"Although hard drug arrest rates were not associated with changes in the IDU rate, imprisonment might be. Arrest data may fail to capture incapacitation effects if arrests do not lead to incarceration or if sentences are brief. ⁴² Furthermore, even data on time served may not reflect the perception of punitiveness among the population hypothesized to be deterred by incarceration. ⁴³ A study of incarceration and injection among 1603 IDUs, however, found that incarceration was negatively associated with injection cessation. ⁷
"Because high arrest rates move many active IDUs from the community into the penal system, the lack of a negative relationship between arrest rates and IDU prevalence raises the question of why removal of IDUs does not reduce their number. One possible reason is that incarcerated IDUs are replaced by new IDUs. This might result if hard drug arrests or the fear of such arrests promote transitions to injecting among noninjectors. 23,25-27 Another possibility is that, in MSAs [Metropolitan Statistical Areas] where hard drug arrests have been decreasing over time, the removal of new arrestees is balanced by the return of previously arrested IDUs from jail or prison. More research is needed on this question.
"Deterrence-based approaches to reducing drug use thus appear not to reduce IDU prevalence. They may harm public health: IDUs in MSAs with higher hard drug arrest rates have been found to have higher HIV prevalence. ²¹ Furthermore, arrests for drug use disrupt the lives of drug users, their families, and their neighbors. High imprisonment rates for African American men have been suggested as a contributing factor to racial disparities in sexually transmitted infections in the United States. 44,45 Alternative approaches such as harm reduction, which prevents HIV transmission and increases referrals to treatment, may be a better foundation for policy. ⁴⁶"

14. Significant Number of US Citizens with Criminal Records

"According to a 2008 survey of states, there were 92.3 million people with criminal records on file with states, including those individuals fingerprinted for serious misdemeanors and felony arrests. U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics, Survey of State Criminal History Information Systems, 2008 (Oct. 2009), at Table 1. In some states, misdemeanor arrests for less serious crimes do not require fingerprinting, thus this figure is likely an undercount of people with criminal records. To account for individuals who may have records in multiple states and other factors, and to arrive at a conservative national estimate, the 92.3 million figure was reduced by 30 percent (64.6 million). Thus, as a percentage of the U.S. population over the age of 18 (232,458,335 in 2009 according to the U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division, available at http://www.census.gov/popest/), an estimated 27.8 percent of the U.S. adult population has a criminal record on file with states. This estimate is consistent with a Department of Justice finding that about '30 percent of the Nation's adult population' has a state rap sheet. U.S. Dept. of Justice Office of the Attorney General, The Attorney General's Report on Criminal History Background Checks
(June 2006), at 51. The rise in people with criminal records may significantly be attributed to the increased arrests associated with the 'War on Drugs.'"

17. No Relationship Between Drug Imprisonment Rates and States' Drug Problems

"One primary reason for sentencing an offender to prison is deterrence-conveying the message that losing one's freedom is not worth whatever one gains from committing a crime. If imprisonment were an effective deterrent to drug use and crime, then, all other things being equal, the extent to which a state sends drug offenders to prison should be correlated with certain drug-related problems in that state. The theory of deterrence would suggest, for instance, that states with higher rates of drug imprisonment would experience lower rates of drug use among their residents.

"To test this, Pew compared state drug imprisonment rates with three important measures of drug problems - self-reported drug use (excluding marijuana), drug arrest, and overdose death - and found no statistically significant relationship between drug imprisonment and these indicators. In other words, higher rates of drug imprisonment did not translate into lower rates of drug use, arrests, or overdose deaths.

"State pairings offer illustrative examples. For instance, Tennessee imprisons drug offenders at more than three times the rate of New Jersey, but the states' rates of self-reported drug use are virtually the same. (See Figure 3.) Conversely, Indiana and Iowa have nearly identical rates of drug imprisonment, but Indiana ranks 27th among states in self-reported drug use and 18th in overdose deaths compared with 44th and 47th, respectively, for Iowa.

"The results hold even when controlling for standard demographic variables, including the percentage of the population with bachelor's degrees, the unemployment rate, the percentage of the population that is nonwhite, and median household income."

18. Incarceration Not Effective At Reducing Drug Use Or Related Problems

"Although no amount of policy analysis can resolve disagreements about how much punishment drug offenses deserve, research does make clear that some strategies for reducing drug use and crime are more effective than others and that imprisonment ranks near the bottom of that list. And surveys have found strong public support for changing how states and the federal government respond to drug crimes.

"Putting more drug-law violators behind bars for longer periods of time has generated enormous costs for taxpayers, but it has not yielded a convincing public safety return on those investments. Instead, more imprisonment for drug offenders has meant limited funds are siphoned away from programs, practices, and policies that have been proved to reduce drug use and crime."

20. Officers Employed by DEA, FBI, and BOP

"In 2008, DOJ agencies employed about 40,000 (or 33%) of all full-time federal officers with arrest and firearm authority in the United States. The Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) was the largest DOJ employer of federal officers and the second largest employer of federal officers overall. The BOP employed nearly 17,000 correctional officers and other staff who deal directly with inmates, such as correctional counselors and captains, to maintain the security of the federal prison system. This was about 1,600 (or 11%) more officers than in 2004. In September 2008, BOP facilities had about 165,000 inmates in custody, compared to about 153,000 inmates in 2004.
"The second largest DOJ agency in 2008 was the FBI, which employed 12,760 full-time personnel with arrest and firearm authority. This was about 500 (or 4%) more officers than in 2004. Except for 230 FBI police officers, the FBI total consisted of special agents responsible for criminal investigation and enforcement.
"In addition to the BOP and the FBI, three other major law enforcement agencies operated within DOJ during 2008: The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) (4,308 officers in 2008, down 2% from 2004), the U.S. Marshals Service (3,313 officers, up 2%), and the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) (2,541 officers, up 7%)."

21. Police "Stops" in NYC

"As the NYCLU previously disclosed, the NYPD conducted nearly 700,000 stops in 2011. The total of 685,724 stops marked an increase of 84,439 (14 percent) stops from 2010. During the 10 years of the Bloomberg administration, there have been 4,356,927 stops."

Note: A "stop" is defined as "the practice of police officers stopping individuals on the street to question them."

23. Cross Border Drug Smuggling Tunnels Between Mexico and the US

"Illicit cross-border tunnels allow smugglers to move marijuana and, to a lesser extent, other drugs, weapons, currency, people, and other contraband illegally across the border. More than 170 illicit crossborder tunnels have been discovered in the United States since 1990.53 These tunnels have been found near POEs, where traffic and noise conceal tunneling activities.
"CBP and U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) have delineated four types of cross-border
tunnels. The type of tunnel constructed depends heavily on the region's soil.54
"* Rudimentary tunnels are crudely constructed and travel a short distance. Shoring, machinery, electrical power, and ventilation are not used in their construction.
"* Interconnecting tunnels link at least one purpose-built section to preexisting underground infrastructure. The purpose-built section is usually crudely constructed.
"* Sophisticated tunnels may use shoring, ventilation, electricity, railroads, or water pumps, and can move large quantities of drugs, humans, currency, or firearms across the border. They typically link to private homes or warehouses in the United States and Mexico, even over long distances.
"* A fourth type of tunnel has been identified within the past five years in which traffickers employ horizontal directional-drilling equipment to construct a small-diameter tunnel in as little as two weeks. Attempts to construct these tunnels are infrequent.
"Marijuana comprises the overwhelming majority of illicit drug seizures from tunnels. Smuggling cocaine, heroin, and methamphetamine through POEs is easier than moving marijuana due to the relatively smaller size of shipments."

26. Collateral Consequences: Drivers License Revocation As a Result of Conviction on Drug Charges

"In the Department of Transportation and Related Agencies Appropriation Act of 1992, ¹⁰⁰ Congress required the withholding of ten percent of certain federal highway funds unless a state either: 1) enacts and enforces a law revoking or suspending for at least six months the driver's license of an individual who is convicted of any drug offense; or 2) the governor submits written certification to the Secretary of the Department of Transportation that he or she opposes the revocation/suspension, and that the state legislature has adopted a resolution expressing its opposition to this law. l01 This law defines "drug offense" as any criminal offense involving the possession, distribution, manufacture, cultivation, sale, transfer, or the attempt or conspiracy to possess, distribute, manufacture, cultivate, sell, or transfer any substance (the possession of which is prohibited by the Controlled Substances Act) or the operation of a motor vehicle under the influence of such a substance. ¹⁰²
"Thus, unless states formally express their opposition to the federal law, they must suspend or revoke for at least six months the driver's license of anyone convicted of a drug offense. ¹⁰³ If they do express their opposition, they are free to limit suspension or revocation only to offenses involving driving or other more limited categories of offenses. Twenty-three states automatically suspend or revoke drivers' licenses for conviction of some or all drug offenses, in addition to driving-related offenses; ¹⁰⁴ the other twenty-seven states do not."

28. Mexican Drug Trafficking Organizations

"Today Mexico is a major producer and supplier to the U.S. market of heroin, methamphetamine, and marijuana and the major transit country for cocaine sold in the United States. According to the Department of State's 2009 International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, as much as 90% of the cocaine entering the United States now transits through Mexico. A small number of Mexican DTOs control the most significant drug distribution operations along the Southwest border. The criminal activities of these Mexican DTOs reach well beyond the towns and cities of the border, extending along drug trafficking routes into cities across the United States. The Mexican DTOs have exhibited many characteristics of organized crime such as being organized in distinct cells and controlling subordinate cells that operate throughout the United States. ¹"

Beittel, June S., "Mexico's Drug-Related Violence," Congressional Research Service (Washington, DC: Library of Congress, May 27, 2009), p. 7.
http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row...
citing: United States Department of State, Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, "International Narcotics Control Strategy Report: Volume I, Drug and Chemical Control," (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of State: March 2009), p. 414.
http://www.state.gov/documents...
and Cook, Colleen W., "Mexico's Drug Cartels," Congressional Research Service (Washington, DC: Library of Congress, October 16, 2007), p. 5.
http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row...

39. Impact Of Good Samaritan Laws On Arrests

"Ninety-three percent of police respondents had attended a serious opioid overdose (defined in the survey) in their career, with 64 % having attended one in the past year. While 77 % of officers felt it was important they were at the scene of an overdose to protect medical personnel, a minority, 34 %, indicated it was important they were present for the purpose of enforcing laws. Arrest during the last overdose officers encountered was rare, with only 1 % of overdose victims and 1 % of bystanders being arrested. In cases in which no arrest was made, 25 % reported confiscating drugs or paraphernalia.
"The majority, 62 %, indicated the law would not change their behavior at a future overdose because they would not have arrested anyone at the scene of an overdose anyway. Smaller proportions indicated they would be less likely to arrest (14 %), did not know what they would do (20 %), or would continue to arrest people at the scene of an overdose (4 %)."

40. 911 Calls, Good Samaritan Laws, And Opiate Overdoses

"Among heroin users, research indicates fear of police response as the most common barrier to not calling 911 during overdoses. 12,13 In a Baltimore study, 37 % of injection drug users who did not call 911 during an overdose endorsed concerns about police as the most important reason they did not call. ¹³ Several states have enacted laws, commonly called Good Samaritan laws, to encourage calling 911 during overdoses on controlled substances; these laws are in part modeled on college campus alcohol Good Samaritan policies. ¹⁴ Overdose Good Samaritan laws had been adopted in ten states as of the end of 2012, but they have not yet been evaluated. ¹⁵ Generally, the laws include provisions that provide immunity from criminal prosecution for drug possession to overdose victims and to those who seek medical aid. Eight states have passed laws that ease access to take-home-naloxone by allowing the prescription of naloxone (an opioid antagonist or antidote) to persons at risk for having or witnessing an overdose, enabling bystanders to quickly respond in the event of an overdose. 3,15 Previous research suggests that police are sometimes under-informed, and often ambivalent to public health laws, especially those based in a risk reduction framework. 16,17"

42. Federal Controlled Substances Act of 1970

"Enacted in 1970, the CSA [Controlled Substances Act] establishes a statutory framework through which the federal government regulates the lawful production, possession, and distribution of controlled substances. ⁷ The CSA places various plants, drugs, and chemicals (such as narcotics, stimulants, depressants, hallucinogens, and anabolic steroids) into one of five schedules based on the substance's medical use, potential for abuse, and safety or dependence liability. ⁸ Further, the act requires persons who handle controlled substances or listed chemicals (such as drug manufacturers, wholesale distributors, doctors, hospitals, pharmacies, and scientific researchers) to register with the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) in DOJ, which administers and enforces the CSA. ⁹ Registrants must maintain detailed records of their respective controlled substance inventories, as well as establish adequate security controls to minimize theft and diversion. ¹⁰"

43. Sec. 844. Penalties for simple possession of Controlled Substances in the United States

STATUTE
(a) Unlawful acts; penalties
It shall be unlawful for any person knowingly or intentionally to possess a controlled substance unless such substance was obtained directly, or pursuant to a valid prescription or order, from a practitioner, while cting in the course of his professional practice, or except as otherwise authorized by this subchapter or subchapter II of this chapter."
"Any person who violates this subsection may be sentenced to a term of imprisonment of not more than 1 year ....."
"if he commits such offense after a prior conviction under this subchapter or subchapter II of this chapter, or a prior conviction for any drug, narcotic, or chemical offense chargeable under the law of any State, has become final, he shall be sentenced to a term of imprisonment for not less than 15 days but not more than 2 years, and shall be fined a minimum of $2,500 ...."
"if he commits such offense after two or more prior convictions under this subchapter or subchapter II of this chapter, or two or more prior convictions for any drug, narcotic, or chemical offense chargeable under the law of any State, or a combination of two or more such offenses have become final, he shall be sentenced to a term of imprisonment for not less than 90 days but not more than 3 years, and shall be fined a minimum of $5,000."

46. DEA Criteria for Schedule II

"Although the petition for review was denied, it led to a revised formulation by the DEA for determining whether a drug has a 'currently accepted medical use.' The 5-part test for fulfilling the accepted medical use criteria of Schedule II is now comprised of the following:
"* the drug's chemistry must be known and reproducible;
"* there must be adequate safety studies;
"* there must be adequate and well-controlled studies proving efficacy;
"* the drug must be accepted by qualified experts; and
"* the scientific evidence must be widely available.
"A drug must meet all 5 criteria to be considered for rescheduling by the DEA.
"Even if marijuana were rescheduled under current law it could not be marketed or medically available for general prescription use unless it was reviewed and approved by FDA under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) (see below). Conceivably, a physician may be able to write a prescription for an individual patient with the cooperation of a compounding pharmacist with a schedule II license. However, the FDA treats compounded products as 'new drugs' subject to all the requirements of the FFDCA if pharmacists attempt to compound large quantities of medication."

48. The Controlled Substances Act of 1970

The Controlled Substances Act of 1970:
"(a) Establishment There are established five schedules of controlled substances, to be known as schedules I, II, III, IV, and V ...."
"(b).... The findings required for each of the schedules are as follows:
"(1) Schedule I. - (A) The drug or other substance has a high potential for abuse. (B) The drug or other substance has no currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States. (C) There is a lack of accepted safety for use of the drug or other substance under medical supervision.
"(2) Schedule II. - (A) The drug or other substance has a high potential for abuse. (B) The drug or other substance has a currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States or a currently accepted medical use with severe restrictions. (C) Abuse of the drug or other substances may lead to severe psychological or physical dependence.
"(3) Schedule III. - (A) The drug or other substance has a potential for abuse less than the drugs or other substances in schedules I and II. (B) The drug or other substance has a currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States. (C) Abuse of the drug or other substance may lead to moderate or low physical dependence or high psychologicaldependence.
"(4) Schedule IV. - (A) The drug or other substance has a low potential for abuse relative to the drugs or other substances in schedule III. (B) The drug or other substance has a currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States. (C) Abuse of the drug or other substance may lead to limited physical dependence or psychological dependence relative to the drugs or other substances in schedule III.
"(5) Schedule V. - (A) The drug or other substance has a low potential for abuse relative to the drugs or other substances in schedule IV. (B) The drug or other substance has a currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States. (C) Abuse of the drug or other substance may lead to limited physical dependence or psychological dependence relative to the drugs or other substances in schedule IV."

49. Police "Stops" Defined

"'Stops' refers to the practice of police officers stopping individuals on the street to question them. In general, police may do this to anyone at any time. But unless and until the police officer tells an individual he or she may not leave, a person stopped is free not to answer questions and to leave. As Supreme Court Justice Harlan said in his opinion in Terry [v. Ohio], ordinarily and unless there are specific facts sufficient to justify the officer's suspicion that a crime is, has been or may about to be committed, the person stopped has a right to ignore the officer's questions and walk away. But if the individual may not leave, this is called, as Justice Harlan put it, a 'forcible stop.'
"This is why, when stopped, it is always advisable to ask the police officer politely whether you are free to leave or not. If you are restrained from leaving, you should not resist. But at some point, if the stop is more than brief, you should ask whether you are being arrested. This is because more evidence is required to arrest someone than to stop them for questioning."

50. Police "Frisks" Defined

"A pat-down frisk is a limited search subject to the requirements of the Fourth Amendment. It involves a police officer patting down an individual's outer clothing, and only his outer clothing, if and only if, pursuant to a lawful forcible stop, the officer has a reasonable suspicion that the individual stopped is armed and dangerous. This is the only legal justification for a pat-down frisk.
"Reasonable suspicion of any other crime is enough to stop and question an individual, but it is not enough to frisk him. For that, reasonable suspicion that the person is armed and dangerous is required."

52. HIDTA

"The HIDTA [High Intensity Drug Trafficking Area] program, originally authorized by the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988 (P.L. 100-690), ¹⁵⁵ provides assistance to federal, state, and local law enforcement operating in areas deemed as the most-impacted by drug trafficking. Each HIDTA is governed by a separate executive board comprised of about eight federal agencies and eight state or local agencies. The program's main goals are to
"* assess regional drug threats;
"* develop strategies focusing efforts on combating drug trafficking threats;
"* create and fund initiatives to improve these strategies;
"* facilitate coordination between federal, state, and local efforts; and
"* produce efficient drug control efforts to reduce/eliminate the impact of drug trafficking. ¹⁵⁶

"The Director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP) has the authority to designate areas within the United States and its territories that are centers of illegal drug production, manufacturing, importation, or distribution as HIDTAs-of which there are currently 28."

53. Temporary Scheduling Authority of the US Attorney General and the DEA

"Because policymakers were concerned about the effects of pharmaceutically created and other modified drugs, Congress gave the Attorney General the authority to temporarily place a substance onto Schedule I of the CSA to 'avoid imminent hazards to public safety. ¹³ When determining whether there is an imminent hazard, the Attorney General (through the DEA) must consider the drug's history and current pattern of abuse; scope, duration, and significance of abuse; and risk to public health. Once scheduled through this temporary scheduling process, a substance may remain on Schedule I for one year. The Attorney General then has the authority to keep the substance on Schedule I for an additional six months before it must be removed or permanently scheduled."

54. Crime - Law - CSA - 8-31-10

"Initial schedules of controlled substances Schedules I, II, III, IV, and V shall, unless and until amended (FOOTNOTE 1) pursuant to section 811 of this title, consist of the following drugs or other substances:"

SCHEDULE I
(b): (10) Heroin
(c): (2) 5-methoxy-3,4-methylenedioxy amphetamine [MDMA]. (8) Ibogaine. (9) Lysergic acid diethylamide [LSD] . (10) Marihuana [marijuana, cannabis]. (11) Mescaline. (12) Peyote. (15) Psilocybin. (16) Psilocyn. (17) Tetrahydrocannabinols.
Sec. 3: Gamma hydroxybutyric acid (GHB)

SCHEDULE II
(a): (1) Opium and opiate, and any salt, compound, derivative, or preparation of opium or opiate. (3) Opium poppy and poppy straw. (4) coca (FOOTNOTE 3) leaves, except coca leaves and extracts of coca leaves from which cocaine, ecgonine, and derivatives of ecgonine or their salts have been removed; cocaine, its salts, optical and geometric isomers, and salts of isomers ...
(b:): (6) Fentanyl. (4) Dihydrocodeine. (11) Methadone.

SCHEDULE III
(a): (1) Amphetamine
(e): Anabolic steroids

SCHEDULE IV
(1) Barbital. (7) Meprobamate [Milltown].

SCHEDULE V
(1) Not more than 200 milligrams of codeine per 100 milliliters or per 100 grams.
(5) Not more than 100 milligrams of opium per 100 milliliters or per 100 grams.

U.S. Code. Title 21, Chapter 13 -- Drug Abuse Prevention and Control -- Section 844, Penalties for Simple Possession, pp. 385-387.
http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/...
http://mapinc.org/url/1NCZaa7Q
http://www.deadiversion.usdoj....

56. Drug Decriminalization and Violent Crime

"Generalizing from the findings on Prohibition, we can hypothesize that decriminalization would increase the use of the previously criminalized drug, but would decrease violence associated with attempts to control illicit markets and as resolutions to disputes between buyers and sellers. Moreover, because the perception of violence associated with the drug market can lead people who are not directly involved to be prepared for violent self-defense, there could be additional reductions in peripheral settings when disputes arise (see Blumstein & Cork, 1997; Sheley & Wright, 1996)."

57. Effect of Police Crackdowns

The Canadian Medical Association Journal published research on the impact of a police crackdown on a public illicit drug market in the Downtown Eastside (DTES) section of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. The researchers found that:

"We detected no reduction in druguse frequency or drug price in response to a large-scale police crackdown on drug users in Vancouver's DTES. The evidence that drugs became more difficult to obtain was consistent with reports of displacement of drug dealers and was supported by the significantly higher rates of reporting that police presence had affected where drugs were used, including changes in neighbourhood and increases in use in public places. These observations were validated by examination of needle-exchange statistics.

"Our findings are consistent with those showing that demand for illicit drugs enables the illicit drug market to adapt to and overcome enforcement-related constraints. Although evidence suggested that police presence made it more difficult to obtain drugs, this appeared to be explained by displacement of drug dealers."

58. Effect of Police Crackdowns

The Canadian Medical Association Journal published research on the impact of a police crackdown on a public illicit drug market in the Downtown Eastside (DTES) section of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. The researchers found that:
"Our results probably explain reports of increased injection drug use, drug-related crime and other public-order concerns in neighbourhoods where activities related to illicit drug use and the sex trade emerged or intensified in the wake of the crackdown. Such displacement has profound public-health implications if it "normalizes" injection drug use among previously unexposed at-risk youth. Furthermore, since difficulty in obtaining syringes has been shown to be a significant factor in promoting syringe sharing among IDUs in Vancouver, displacement away from sources of sterile syringes may increase the rates of bloodborne diseases. Escalated police presence may also explain the observed reduction in willingness to use a safer injection facility. ³³ It is unlikely that the lack of benefit of the crackdown was due to insufficient police resources. Larger crackdowns in the United States, which often involved helicopters to supplement foot and car patrols, have not had measurable benefits and have instead been associated with substantial health and social harms."

59. Law Enforcement Targeting of Racial/Ethnic Minorities

"Police departments deploy most patrol and narcotics police to certain neighborhoods, usually designated 'high crime.' These are disproportionately low-income, and disproportionately African American and Latino. It is in these neighborhoods where the police make most patrols, and where they stop and search the most vehicles and individuals, looking for 'contraband' of any type in order to make an arrest. The item that people in any neighborhood are most likely to possess, which can get them arrested, is a small amount of marijuana. In short, the arrests are ethnically- and racially-biased mainly because the police are systematically 'fishing' for arrests in only some neighborhoods, and methodically searching only some 'fish.' ⁶ This produces what has been termed 'racism without racists.'"

60. Crime - Research - 2-14-12

(Drugs and Gang Homicides) "The finding that gang homicides commonly were not precipitated by drug trade/use or other crimes in progress also is similar to previous research; however, this finding challenges public perceptions on gang homicides (5). The public often has viewed gangs, drug trade/use, crime, and homicides as interconnected factors; however, studies have shown little connection between gang homicides and drug trade/use and crime (5). Gangs and gang members are involved in a variety of high-risk behaviors that sometimes include drug and crime involvement, but gang-related homicides usually are attributed to other circumstances (6)."

63. Transnational Organized Crime

"The simple fact is that transnational organized crime is big business in an increasingly globalized economy. From China to Nigeria to Mexico, entrepreneurial criminals will navigate around laws and across borders, supplying illegal or illegally acquired goods and services to meet the demands of the highest bidders. Whether it is drugs, human kidneys, human beings, illegally harvested timber, weapons, or rhinoceros horns, as long as someone is willing to buy it, someone will be willing to sell it."

65. Transnational Organized Crime

"Transnational organized crime refers to those self-perpetuating associations of individuals who operate transnationally for the purpose of obtaining power, influence, monetary and/or commercial gains, wholly or in part by illegal means, while protecting their activities through a pattern of corruption and/or violence, or while protecting their illegal activities through a transnational organizational structure and the exploitation of transnational commerce or communication mechanisms. There is no single structure under which transnational organized criminals operate; they vary from hierarchies to clans, networks, and cells, and may evolve to other structures. The crimes they commit also vary. Transnational organized criminals act conspiratorially in their criminal activities and possess certain characteristics which may include, but are not limited to:
"* In at least part of their activities they commit violence or other acts which are likely to intimidate, or make actual or implicit threats to do so;
"* They exploit differences between countries to further their objectives, enriching their organization, expanding its power, and/or avoiding detection/apprehension;
"* They attempt to gain influence in government, politics, and commerce through corrupt as well as legitimate means;
"* They have economic gain as their primary goal, not only from patently illegal activities but also from investment in legitimate businesses; and
"* They attempt to insulate both their leadership and membership from detection, sanction, and/or prosecution through their organizational structure."

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1. Total Annual Drug Arrests In The United States By Offense Type 2016: The FBI estimated that there were 1,572,579 arrests for drug law violations in the US in 2016. The FBI, for the first time in many years, did not provide a breakdown of that figure by offense type.

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Scary Stats

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It was a recent Friday night just after 7 p.m. and the Manchester police department was responding to its 13th overdose call of the week at a local restaurant.

Metivier, the general manager, said the young man was able to recover enough to leave before the police or the ambulance could arrive. She said she'd never seen anything like it but knew how widespread drug addiction has become.

"It's all we've been hearing," she said.

Here in New Hampshire's biggest city, the police department says it has witnessed some of the worst effects of the state's drug epidemic, with 75 overdose deaths so far this year. The state's Office of the Chief Medical Examiner expects more than 400 deaths in 2015 across the state, double the number from 2013.

According to the state's bureau of Emergency Medical Services the life saving anti-overdose drug Naloxone (commonly known as Narcan) has been administered by the county in more than 2,000 incidents in 2015.

Growing addiction to opiates and opioids like heroin and fentanyl is not unique to New Hampshire, but every four years its residents have an unusual megaphone as the first-in-the-nation primary rolls around. This year they are putting the issue of addiction front and center -- whether questioning candidates about their policies at a town hall or sharing their own personal stories.

"This ranks among the most intense in terms of how much voters' feelings about a personal issue have moved upwards, have shot upwards, to the presidential level," Dante Scala, a political science professor at the University of New Hampshire told CNN.

According to an October survey from the University of New Hampshire and WMUR, a quarter of Granite Staters think drug abuse is the most important problem facing the state, the first time in eight years that a plurality think an issue is more important than jobs and the economy. The epidemic reaches across all demographics and nearly half of those surveyed say they know someone who has abused heroin.

A 2014 report from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services found that New Hampshire ranks second to last among states when it comes to access to substance abuse treatment for those who need it.

One of the first candidates to focus on the addiction crisis in New Hampshire was Republican Chris Christie, who has attended seven separate campaign stops focused on the issue. He has called for an end to the stigma surrounding addiction and said the war on drugs has been a "failure."

At a recent roundtable event at HOPE for New Hampshire Recovery in Manchester, Christie listened to Holly Cekala, director of recovery support services, speak about her own recovery.

"Every single day of my life I try to give back because I'm alive and I'm grateful. There's 23 million of me out there that are like that too. And we all vote," Cekala said.

"That's just the ones in recovery, how about the 50 million family members? We're talking about a constituency of consequence that could make or break any candidate," Cekala told CNN. "This is the first year I've seen presidential candidates come down to the front line and say, what's going on here? How can I help?"

Cekala says she has seen some politicians struggle with the language around addiction and that it infuriates her when she hears them label people by their condition, calling them "addicts", rather than saying: "These are people with substance abuse disorders, these are people with mental health issues."

"Candidates should understand, if we're the largest voting constituency and you don't know how to talk to us, you've lost us even if your policy is good," Cekala said.

Christie has firsthand experience with the language surrounding addiction and says it should be treated as a disease and not a "moral failing." A video shot by the Huffington Post at a town hall in New Hampshire shows an emotional Christie talking about his mother's death from cancer after a lifelong addiction to smoking, and a friend's death after he became addicted to painkillers following a back surgery. It has been viewed more than 8 million times on Facebook.

Christie's campaign says the New Jersey governor has long focused on addiction in his home state, but he recognized how the issue would resonate with voters and activists in the important primary state. A number of high profile endorsements have cited Christie's stance on the issue in recent weeks.

Fellow Republicans Jeb Bush, Carly Fiorina, John Kasich and Democrat Hillary Clinton have all spoken about the significance of hearing about addiction straight from New Hampshire voters and have participated in roundtables and events focused on the issue.

Jeb Bush has spoken about his daughter's struggle with addiction as well as ways he addressed the issue as Governor of Florida. Bush suggests expanding drug courts that help non-violent drug offenders find treatment and tightening border security to stop the flow of illegal drugs.

Businesswoman Carly Fiorina lost her step-daughter to alcohol and drug addiction and emphasizes prevention as well as treatment. She says that some laws aimed at stopping substance abuse can actually isolate those that need to find a way toward recovery.

Ohio Gov. John Kasich has spent considerable time addressing drug addiction in his state and tells New Hampshire audiences about his efforts to shut down pill mills, regulate how many drugs can be prescribed to patients -- many addictions start after patients are prescribed painkillers -- and educate kids about the dangers of substance abuse.

Former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, like many of the candidates, emphasizes treatment over incarceration for non-violent drug offenders. Clinton says she was surprised by how widespread the issue was when she started visiting New Hampshire and she has pushed for supporting local treatment programs.

State legislators are also taking on substance abuse. The latest state budget increased funding for tackling the problem, and a task force is deciding where to focus additional efforts.

Options include enhanced prescription drug monitoring, making Narcan more available, and increased funding for statewide drug courts and police departments.

"The drug crisis in New Hampshire didn't start yesterday. It's been a long time coming and there's no one single initiative that will solve the problem," said State Senate Majority Leader Jeb Bradley. "Its already front and center in people's minds."

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n.h. drug epidemic becomes 2016 issue - cnnpolitics

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N.H. drug epidemic becomes 2016 issue - CNNPolitics

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It was a recent Friday night just after 7 p.m. and the Manchester police department was responding to its 13th overdose call of the week at a local restaurant. Metivier, the general manager, said the young man was able to recover enough to leave before the police or the ambulance could arrive.

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New Hampshire's problem with opioid

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Statistic for opioid

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Using our free SEO "Keyword Suggest" keyword analyzer you can run the keyword analysis "Cocaine Statistics 2012" in detail. In this section you can find synonyms for the word "Cocaine Statistics 2012", similar queries, as well as a gallery of images showing the full picture of possible uses for this word (Expressions).

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Chart

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There is no doubt that Ricky Ross created a massive distribution network that poured enormous amounts of crack into Los Angeles, and elsewhere, during the mid-1980s. One of the more challenging aspects of our inquiry has been to reconcile, or choose between, conflicting accounts by Blandon and Ross.

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Links to works I cited

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Scary facts about coacaine

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Many people think they know everything there is to know about a specific drug. And to be fair, there is a lot of information out there on each and every drug circulating around. But for every piece of information known, there is probably something you didn't realize about that specific drug. Crack cocaine for example; it's been around for quite a while. There isn't anything you don't know, is there?

Did you know it is the illegal drug that has caused people to visit the emergency room in the United States? Urban areas often have emergency rooms that are over run by these patients. Some crack cocaine related cases have been premature births due to crack use, psychosis and violent behavior, traumatic injuries from incidents brought on from crack use and severe malnutrition caused from crack use.

Seizures, heart failure, stroke, dead (ischemic) bowel which requires resecting your bowels, heart failure, seizures, stroke, psychosis that won't stop and emphysema are among the few side effects that can't be predetermined in individuals. The toxicity of the drug can occur with the first use or over a long period of time. It's a crap shoot.

When smoking crack, even though it is the same drug as cocaine, the chemicals affect your brain in 10- 15 seconds. When snorting cocaine, it takes up to 10-15 minutes to feel the effects.

Crack cocaine is made from cocaine powder, along with ammonia and/or baking soda. Ammonia!

There is a clear line between crime and crack use. The murder rate and use of crack has been correlated in both the U.S. and United Kingdom.
References
N.A. "Drugs, Inc. Facts: Crack" Nationalgeographic.com (Website). (2011).

N.A. "10 Things You Didn't Know About Crack Cocaine." Dailystrength.org (Website). (2015).

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5 Scary Facts About Crack Cocaine That You Didn't Know

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Many people think they know everything there is to know about a specific drug. And to be fair, there is a lot of information out there on each and every drug circulating around. But for every piece of information known, there is probably something you didn't realize about that specific drug.