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In 2014 Mt Gox, a one of the largest bitcoin exchanges, was the victim of a hack that caused the loss of around 740,000 bitcoins, worth $460 million at the time and would now have been worth over $3 billion.

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In October 2016, the malware Mirai botnet had circulated which affected IOT (internet of things) devices. (i.e. digital cameras and DVR players) This malware then utilised the access to these devices in order to coordinate a DDOS attack on the servers at Dyn, a company largely responsible for the DNS internet infrastructure. This attack had shut down a plethora of websites including; Twitter the Guardian, Netflix, CNN and Reddit. This DDOS attack had seen an attack strength of 1.2Tbps with over 100,000 devices infected with the botnet malware.

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Crypto currencies are often referred to as electronic or digital currencies as they all share the same inherent qualities of encryption

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Crypto currencies are often referred to as electronic or digital currencies as they all share the same inherent qualities of encryption

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The top 10 crypto currencies as of this writing according to crypto currency chart are:
bitcoin, ethereum, litecoin etc.
A bitcoin mining service was hacked to the tune of $64 million known as Nice Hash, appears to have occurred because hackers compromised an employee’s laptop and got access to the company’s payment services.  hey gained access to one of the company’s bitcoin wallets—which included funds belonging to Nice Hash customers—and emptied it.

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Starbucks app was hacked twice in the space of a few months, hackers stole from several customers by gaining access to their credit card details. This hack occurred due to the app not having a two-factor authentication, allowing a hacker to find a persons account and pretend to be them. The hackers would then add money to the account and buy gift cards to be then sold on. Starbucks claimed there customers needed to make better passwords, however a simple fix is to just require more verification when logging into the app.

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Carphone Warehouse data breach 2015 -  DOS used as a distraction to aid data theft. IT staff occupied by fending off the DOS, giving attackers more opportunity to sneak in and out.

DOS attack on Oxford and Cambridge Unis 2012 - 20 year old individual disrupted their websites for a few days.

how to prevent -
layers of defense
practice response plan to attack
use a firewall
educate yourself, employees and higher management on threats

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Over the past few years, cryptocurrency has triggered interest regarding ‘alternative money’ among masses and has grown exponentially. Bitcoin is the most popular and the most traded cryptocurrency in the world. It is the world’s first decentralized, peer-to-peer digital currency, which has gained mixed reactions over time.

Bitcoin (BTC) Currently trading at more than $4,000, the market capitalization of the world’s first decentralized cryptocurrency is more than $67 billion.

Ethereum (ETH) Ethereum is a decentralized platform that runs smart contracts: applications that run exactly as programmed without any possibility of downtime, censorship, fraud or third party interference. Currently trading at nearly $300, market capitalization of Ethereum is almost at $28 billion USD.

Theft examples:

"Bitcoin: $64m in cryptocurrency stolen in 'sophisticated' hack, exchange says"

- NiceHash

25,000 bitcoins were stolen from their wallet after hackers compromised the Windows computer they were using. Even at the time, that sum was worth more than $500,000; it would now be worth a little less than £10m.

- Allinvain

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Phishing is a way for Cyber Criminals to steal money they do this by installing malicious software on computers or stealing personal information of your computer , it is illegal under the Data protection act& The misuse of computer act, it can be done through email websites and phone calls, the virus can easily be prevented by blocking the sender and not opening the email  The virus is designed to identify and remove anti-virus software from the PCs it infects. It also attacks personal firewall software, leaving PCs open to hacking or denial of service attacks.

An example of a fraudulent email scam is  UK Driver Vehicle Licensing Authority (DVLA). According to the message, my payment method had expired and I was invited to click on the link in the text to update my details. I checked my payment status independently with the DVLA and there were no issues. The text was enough to force me to carry out some due diligence though, and had I not worked in the security industry I may well have clicked on the link

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Phishing is a type of scam used to gain personal information for purposes of identity theft, using fraudulent e-mail messages that are disguised as emails from legitimate businesses and tricks the recipient into giving them sensitive information.

The Goner virus spread worldwide in a matter of hours causing e-mail systems to become congested and damaging unprotected systems.
The virus is designed to identify and remove anti-virus software from the PC's it infects. It also attacks personal firewall software, leaving PCs open to hacking or denial of service attacks.
The clean-up and damage costs could exceed $8.75 billion.

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Deezer - attacked June 7th and left website down for several hours. Didn't target any user information only affected availability of service. Promised to strengthen security systems and servers.
BBC -  the attack reached 602Gbps. Hacked by New World Hacking. Service was restored using the Akamai content delivery network.

How to protect against Denial of Service Attack - Notice warning signs, monitor activity (slowdown of network performance, random spikes in web traffic). Have an incident response plan using a program inclusing a DDoS Mitigation Plan. Call ISP provider and ask if they can identify attacks and re-route the traffic. Know what the threats and attacks will cause so you know what to look for. Consider yourself a target even if your organisation is small.

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The GAO stated that “the number of variants of malicious software aimed at mobile devices has reportedly risen from about 14,000 to 40,000 or about 185% in less than a year.”
More than 70 million credit and debit card accounts of customers were impacted by the breach that happened in the U.S stores of Target Corporation. This breach was as a result of compromised point-of-sale terminals which were hacked to get customer data during the busiest shopping season of the year.
Last year Starbucks app was hacked twice in a gap of few months, where in hackers stole money from several Starbucks customers by gaining access to their credit card information through the app and using the autoload function. Criminals were using Starbucks accounts to access consumers’ linked credit cards. Taking advantage of the Starbucks auto-reload function, they could steal hundreds of dollars in a matter of minutes.
If a service is exported and not protected with strong permissions, then any application can start and bind to the service. This permits leakage of information and allows an application to perform unauthorized tasks.
To guard against such eventualities, an exported service should always be protected with strong permissions. There should also be a hierarchy which restricts the amount of information that certain people can access within a business. This will restrict the amount of damage cyber crime can do to the business's information if they were to get hacked on a generic account of a worker. However the issues would become much bigger if administrator were to be hacked because they have access to every variable that could be on the whole server so if someone were to hack into that information they could do a lot of damage.

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Starbucks - Hacked twice within a few months, customers credit card details were targeted and money was stole from the accounts
Target - Similarly credit card details were targeted and money was taken from customers.

Prevention:
1. Make sure that your staff do not allow any unauthorized people in or on computers.
2. Have all computers with up-to-date protection.
3. Be ready in case a flaw does occur, install intrusion software to recognize unknown accounts.
4. Only allow certain people access to certain information.
5. Have a security expert within the business.

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Phishing is a type of cyber crime in which a target or targets are contacted by either email or telephone , by someone who is posing as a legitimate institution to lure individuals into providing personal information such as credit card credentials and other sensitive information such as passwords.

Phishing has had a huge impact upon businesses . The latest virus attack infected more emails than any other virus except for Love Bug. Many businesses have been warned to expect a surge in email viruses in the wake of the Goner Virus , which has a huge impact on many organisations around the world. The Goner Virus was described as the most virulent virus since the Love Bug had spread worldwide in the matter of hours.The emails were becoming congested and were having an overall effect upon performance and damaging unprotected systems. Experts have warned businesses to keep a look out for copycat viruses due to the Christmas period being an easy disguise for a virus to be embedded within a Christmas message.

An example of a time where phishing has impacted upon a business is the "shipping information" phishing scam, In July early last year , the internet security giant Comodo disclosed a new type of phishing scam which had a specifically been targeting small businesses , the emails were sent out to more than 3,000 businesses including the subject line "shipping information" - the email contained a noted forthcoming delivery by United Parcel Service (UPS) and had included an innocent looking package tracking link , the link had contained malware with a possible virus. This meant that once the recipient had clicked on the link a virus could be subjected onto their computer system.

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IP theft is the act of a company using another businesses ideas for profit in their own products without purchasing the patent/ without permission.
2011 - The company Apple sued Samsung for copying the IPhones Design. Samsung were found guilty for doing so and Apple was awarded $400 million.
1994 - Nike sues Adidas for making a product that is very much like their patented Fly-knit Technology.

One thing you can do to manage IP theft is to get a patent for the product, which will allow you to easily prove that someone is infringing on your IP if you choose to sue them over it.

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IP Theft is where a company steals another businesses' ideas, and inventions to use for their own products.

In 2012, Apple and Samsung sued eachother for infringing on eachother patents. It was found that Apple had violated a Samsung patent but the decision was reversed in 2016 by the Supreme Court and Apple were awarded nearly $400m.

In 2001, Adidas received a settlement from Payless Shoesource after the brand sold shoes similar to Adidas' models, but with 2 and 4 stripes. After the settlement, Payless began selling the shoes again, leading to another lawsuit where Payless had to pay Adidas over $300m.

You can manage the risk of IP theft by ensuring that your products are copyrighted, trademarked and patented. This gives a business proof that they own the intellectual property in a court, which will allow them to take legal action if the property is stolen.

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Intellectual property theft involves stealing peoples or companies of their ideas, inventions which can include everything from trade secrets and proprietary products and parts to movies, music, and software.

Ford v versata - Versata accused Ford of stealing its trade secrets to develop its own copycat technology. Ford had a licensing deal to use Versata’s software for 17 years but instead decided to try to develop and patent its own technology through theft, lies, and deception.
Apple v Samsung -   Apple filed suit against Samsung on February 8, 2012, accusing it of infringing several patents.
Businesses can manage the risk of IP theft by hiring a security services firm.

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What is Phishing
Explain the impacts Sabotage of Communications has had on businesses
http://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Why-did-the-Goner-e-mail-virus-cause-such-havoc

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Get 2 examples of DoS attacks on businesses

How do you protect against DoS attacks?

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What is it?
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-39515033
Find two cases of IP Theft and explain what has happened?
What can you do to manage the risk of IP theft?

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What the developments in online currency?
What examples of BITCOIN Theft can you find?

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Read the article
https://blog.appknox.com/top-cyber-threats-ecommerce-companies/
Explain what happened to TARGET and STARBUCKS
How do you limit the risk of Cyber Crime?