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a discriminatory practice by which banks, insurance companies, etc., refuse or limit loans, mortgages, insurance, etc., within specific geographic areas, especially inner-city neighborhoods

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a setting apart or separation of people or things from others or from the main body or group

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a district, especially one forming a community within a town or city

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a region consisting of a densely populated urban core and its less-populated surrounding territories, sharing industry, infrastructure, and housing

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the basic, underlying framework or features of a system or organization

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a thickly populated, run-down, squalid part of a city, inhabited by poor people

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the sequence of competitive social actions by which a human group or social activity comes to occupy and dominate a territory, formerly dominated by another group or activity

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the practice in which real estate brokers guide prospective home buyers towards or away from certain neighborhoods based on their race

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a run-down and often overcrowded apartment house, especially in a poor section of a large city

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Mesopotamia, Nile River Valley, Indus River Valley, Huanghe and Wei River Valleys, Mesoamerica

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Dominant city in terms of its role in the global political economy (not the largest in terms of population or industrial output, but rather centers of strategic control of the world's economy

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A ranking of settlements according to their size and economic functions

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The maximum distance people are willing to travel to reach a good or service

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minimum number of people needed for a service to be worthwhile

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Squatter settlements are any collection of buildings where the people have no legal rights to the land they are built upon. The people are living there illegally and do not own the land. They provide housing for many of the world's poorest people and offer basic shelter

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employed at a job that does not fully use one's skills or abilities or employed only part-time when one is available for full-time work

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a social stratum consisting of impoverished persons with very low social status

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a shopping center

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Movement of upper- and middle-class people from urban core areas to the surrounding outskirts to escape pollution as well as deteriorating social conditions (perceived and actual)

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a district lying immediately outside a city or town, especially a smaller residential community

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A country's largest city- ranking atop the urban hierarchy- most expressive of the national culture and usually (but not always) the capital city as well

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a thickly populated area, usually smaller than a city and larger than a village, having fixed boundaries and certain local powers of government

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The external local attributes of a place; its relative location or regional position with reference to other nonlocal places

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The internal physical attributes of a place, including its absolute location, its spatial character and physical setting

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Airport or seaport that serves as the entry point to a country by being the primary arrival and departure point

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Restricted neighborhoods or subdivisions, often literally fenced in, where entry is limited to residents and their guests

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Cities with 10 million or more residents

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a commercial center where goods are received for distribution, transshipment, or repackaging

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an older part of a city, densely populated and usually deteriorating, inhabited mainly by poor, often minority, groups

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a section of a city, especially a thickly populated slum area, inhabited predominantly by members of an ethnic or other minority group, often as a result of social or economic restrictions, pressures, or hardships

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Neighborhood, typically situated in a larger metropolitan city and constructed by or comprised of a local culture, in which a local culture can practice its own customs

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a relatively large urban area situated on the outskirts of a city, typically beside a major road

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The rehabilitation of deteriorated, often abandoned, housing of low-income inner-city residents

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Social differences between men and women, rather than the anatomical, biological differences between the sexes

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Conglomeration of people and buildings clustered together to serve as a center of politics, culture, and economics

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A periodic and official count of a country's population

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The downtown heart of a central city, the CBD is marked by high land values, a concentration of business and commerce, and the clustering of the tallest buildings.

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Rapid change in the racial composition of residential blocks in American cities that occurs when real estate agents and others stir up fears of neighborhood decline after encouraging people of color to move to previously white neighborhoods

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The bid rent theory is a geographical economic theory that refers to how the price and demand for real estate change as the distance from the central business district (CBD) increases. It states that different land users will compete with one another for land close to the city centre

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A process involving the clustering or concentrating of people or activities