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Molecular evolution is the process of change in the sequence composition of cellular molecules such as DNA, RNA, and proteins across generations.

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The development of species will express all intermediate forms of its ancestors throughout evolution

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Inherently useless organs that don't offer anything helpful, or harmful.

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The same structure but for different uses in various species.

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The sheer luck of the changing of allele frequencies.

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Natural selection but arising through one's preference for certain characteristics. There are two types of sexual selection, Intrasexual selection and Inter-sexual selection.
Intrasexual selection is when two members of the same sex compete for dominance, where as Intersexual selection is where members of one sex are intentionally choosy with who they want to mate with.

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Divergent, Parallel and Convergent Evolution

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Divergent, Parallel and Convergent Evolution

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Divergent evolution is when two or more related species become less similar over time.
Parallel evolution is when two different species evolve similarly because of lifestyle.(Predators, environment, etc.)
Convergent evolution is when two or more organisms with different ancestors become more alike over time.

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Gene flow transfers genetic diversity among species. Migration into or out of a population can change allele frequencies. This can change contribution of genetic diversity within a species/population.

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Permanent alteration of in DNA that makes up a gene. This alteration can affect many physical characteristics of an organism, and can even make one develop certain diseases. For example: Spinal Muscular Atrophy is a genetic mutation that affects the motor nerve cells in the spinal chord, and causes weakness, and the way one eats, breathes, and even talks.

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The theory that each trait that is useful/vital to a species survival will be passed on preserved, where as the ones that are not useful will eventually die out.

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V: Variation/Mutation. The diversity of alleles, species, etc.
I: Inheritance, DNA and sexual selection. Sexual selection can translate to survival of the fittest.
S: Selection and Genetic Drift.
T: Time, gene flow/migrating

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Many philosophers believe that anyone endowed with reason is a human.
"Humanity is a discontinuous series of free men permanently isolate their subjectivity." -Husserl
“Man is nothing else than his plan, it exists only insofar as it is realized, so it is nothing but the whole”

–Heidegger
“Man is a creature of the distant” –Pascal

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Philosophy studies humanity in the round which relies on the achievements of other sciences and seeks the essential knowledge that unites humankind.

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Idealism reduces the human essence to the spiritual principle. According to Hegel, the individual realises not subjective, but objective aims; he is a part of the unity not only of the human race but of the whole universe because the essence of both the universe and man is the spirit.

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Many believe that humans are so complex that trying to understand what it means to be a human is a futile undertaking. With this line of thought, many people believe that we are simply here to live life to the fullest, and believe that what makes us human is the ability to identify what good and evil is in reference to ourselves.

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The theological views of man combines the origin, substance and end of humanity. The theological view concludes from the Bible and from the science view, that humans evolved simply by accident, as a kind of sophisticated ape. The theological view does believe that God created man, but that God was not created. God is more or less, the uncreated creator.

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The scientific view of man considers the human condition in all its purely material phenomena. It is known that humans are material beings, our five senses proving this on how we operate materially, limiting us only by time and space. Currently there is a believed progressive thought that man will one day be able to explain all of reality as a result of rapid technological advancement. The scientific definition of humans is factually correct, but compromises the base of understanding humans

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Heraclitus' famous quote states that "The sun is the width of a human foot." By the myopic proverb "Man is the measure of all things."

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The importance of the question "What is a human" was much more than what it would be today. Religion contributed as a fairly unified definition of identity. Religion played a part in morality, social behavior and even the perception of others. Humans were defined by what class they were, and this depended a lot on their religious status.

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Whether women are the equals of men has been endlessly debated; whether they have souls has been a moot point; but can it be too much to ask [for a definitive acknowledgement that at least they are animals? Members may object to the proposed Bill enacting that, in statutes respecting the suffrage,‘wherever words occur which import the masculine gender they shall be held to include women;’ but could any object to the insertion of a clause in another Act that ‘whenever the word “animal” occur it shall be held to include women?’

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Englishwoman on: What It Means To Be Human.

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Englishwoman on: What It Means To Be Human.

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In the 1800's an Englishwoman published a letter she had written, titled "Are Women Animals?" In this letter she protested against the fact that women were not treated fully as humans. This led to the great debate of whether or not women should be considered human, as the whole of humanity is often referred to as "Man," so most people took it upon themselves to exclude women at this time.

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Plato and Diogenes on: The Shortest Way to Define A Human.

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Plato and Diogenes on: The Shortest Way to Define A Human.

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In 430 B.C. Plato had thought he was incredibly clever with coming up with the term "featherless biped," as the shortest way to define a human. Diogenes decided to butt in, and he plucked an entire chicken and took it to Plato's school, gave him the chicken and said "Here is Plato's man."