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longitude-lines that run from the North Pole to the South Pole

latitude-parallel lines around the Earth

Hemisphere-two parts Guided by the equator Northern And Southern

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upper-king gov prest scribes

middle-artsans merchants craftmen

lower-slaves

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desert cataracts delta marshes

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pharaoh
gov prest
soldiers
scribes
merchants
artsans
farmers
slaves

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embalming

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polytheism

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Egypt Map - Political Egypt map outline/blank

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polytheistic

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Papyrus – reed plant of the Nile Valley; used to make a form of paper
Hieroglyphics – system of writing made up of thousands of picture symbols developed by the ancient Egyptians
Pharaoh – all powerful king in ancient Egypt
Deity – god or goddess

Agriculture - growing crops for human use or farming

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Monotheism – the belief in one god

Torah –first 5 chapters of the Old Testament

Covenant – agreement

Prophet – person who claims to be instructed by God to share God’s word

Sabbath – weekly day of worship and rest for Jews (Saturday)

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monotheism

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“I am the Lord thy God, thou shalt not have any strange gods before Me.”

“Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain.”

“Remember to keep holy the Sabbath day.”

“Honor thy father and mother.”

“Thou shalt not kill.”

“Thou shalt not steal.”

“Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbor.”

“Thou shalt not covet thy neighbor’s wife.”

“Thou shalt not covet thy neighbor’s goods.”

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Moses grew up as an Egyptian prince, but he never forgot he was a Hebrew. One day Moses lost his temper and killed an Egyptian who had beaten a Hebrew slave to death. He had to run away to another land. God spoke to him from a burning bush and told him he must go back and free the Hebrews from slavery.

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Hieroglyph

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brahmans

kshatryas

vaisas

sudras

pariahs

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argebra
0
explaned infinity
1-9
algorithms
know gravity
atoms

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Cuneiform

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Monsoon – in South Asia, a strong wind that blows one direction in winter and the opposite direction in summer

Subcontinent – large landmass that is part of a continent but distinct from it

Sanskrit – written language developed by the Aryans

Caste – social group a person is born into and cannot change

Hinduism – system of religion that grew out of the religion of the Aryans in ancient India

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Customizable Maps of China and India

Today's GeoCurrents post offers free customizable maps of China and India. The India map, based on the country's states, lacks the union territories, which are either too small or too distantly located (the Andaman and Nicobar Islands) to make it on the map. The northern and western portions of the territory of Jammu and Kashmir that are occupied by Pakistan and China are indicated with a dashed borderline and grey shading. The China map ignores disputed territories, including Taiwan. The "province-level" divisions that the map is based on include regular provinces, autonomous areas, and direct controlled municipalities. It does not include the two special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau), largely because they are too small in area.

As in previous offerings, these maps are constructed with simple presentation software (available in both PowerPoint and Keynote formats), and hence are very easy to use and manipulate.

Customizable Maps China India (Keynote)

Customizable Maps China India (PowerPoint)

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Today's GeoCurrents post offers free customizable maps of China and India. The India map, based on the country's states, lacks the union territories, which are either too small or too distantly located (the Andaman and Nicobar Islands) to make it on the map.

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king

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little fertile land
temperatures to soar over 110 degrees
dry desert

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pharaoh

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marshy areas
flat, barren plains.
rivers which flow through the region

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the sailboat, the chariot, the wheel, and the plow

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A reli-gion, founded by the Buddha, that emphasizes physical and spiritual discipline as a means of liberation from the physical world.

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Hinduism like other faiths is appropriately referred to as a religion. In India the term dharma is preferred, which is broader than the western term religion.

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the relationship between Karma and Dharma

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the relationship between Karma and Dharma

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karma is the belief that a person's actions in life will determine their fate in the next life. With the belief in karma, Hinduism holds firmly to dharma, the moral force that orders the universe.

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Brahmi script

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warlord- military leader who runs a government

economy- organized way in which people produce, sell, and buy goods and services

reform-change, usually for the better

monastery- religious community where monks live and work

porcelain-type of ceramic ware that is made of fine clay and baked at high temperatures

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steppe
dry deserts to the north and west impassable mountains to the south.

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Scavenger Hunt on Ancient Chinese Philosophies for 6th Grade Students

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This is an image of the social classes of Early ancient China.  The establishment of these social classes is known to be cemented during the Han dynasty, a period of great distinction in China's social and political characteristics.  Understanding the social hierarchy of Ancient China helps students to see what was important during the time of Early China.  For instance, peasants are ranked before artisans and merchants because agriculture was avery coveted practice during that time.

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Paper Making
Gunpowder
Compass
Tea Production
Silk
Acupuncture
Porcelain
The Seed Drill

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hanzi

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emperors

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Polis - in Greece, a city-state and the surrounding countryside that runs like its own country

Agora- an open area that served as both a market and a meeting place

Direct Democracy-Athens government, government by the people, citizens share in running the government, each citizen has 1 vote

Representative Democracy-USA system of government, where citizens choose a smaller group to make laws and decisions for them

Myth - story describing gods, heroes, or natural events

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Hellenic polytheists

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Above is a map of the Greek Islands and the west coast of Turkey. From five major Greek Eastern Aegean and Dodecanese islands can get to the Turkish mainland via ferry, as shown by the routes on the map.

Notes on Greece-to-Turkey Ferries

Some ferries run only during the summer tourist season, while others have a drastically reduced winter season. Note also that port taxes are astronomical.

One of the big problems with chaining multiple ferry tickets (i.e Athens to Lesvos, Lesvos to Ayvalik) is that ferries might not run on days when winds are high.

Some ferry companies will reschedule automatically. You should check on this.

You can find general information on ferries from Aegean Ferry Services. Many tourists make ferry reservations on the run, stopping in a port city, going to the port or to a travel agent and booking a ferry trip. Aegean allows you to book online if you find that necessary in the heart of tourist season.

Turkey Map and Travel Planner

For more information on vacation activities on the western coast of Turkey, see our Western Turkey Map.

Turkish Ferry Port Cities

If your destination is Turkey and you like visiting ancient sites, the Samos to Kusadasi route might be your best bet, as the extraordinary sights like Ephesus, Pamukkale, and Aphrodisias are easily accessible from Kusadasi. There is lots of lodging available in Kusadasi, and nightlife is lively.

Find out more about Samos and the ferry from Kusadasi to Samos

The Kos to Bodrum route is the second-favorite route.

Bodrum, a modern resort town built on the ruins of Halicarnassus in 1402, features a 15th-century Crusader Castle (which now houses the Museum of Underwater Archaeology), an airport, lots of shopping, including a colorful market and a very lively nightlife.

Enjoy the island of Rhodes, so the third route preference might pass through it.

Fethiye is known for its beaches and yachting. The ruins of ancient Telmessos are scattered through the city. Ferries run mostly in the summer, from mid-June through August.

Marmaris is an hour away from Rhodes Town by catamaran and two hours by normal ferry. It's an attractive tourist destination with architectural charm. The little port, fine beaches, and the Medieval Castle are the main attractions here. The Marmaris tourist season opens in April and ends in the middle of October.

Find out more about Rhodes Town.

Chios to Cesme brings you to a pleasant sun and beach town with good beaches and good restaurants along the waterfront and along the main street. Cesme, Turkey is 85 km from Izmir, Turkey's third-largest city.

Find out more about Cesme-Chios Ferries.

The Lesvos (Lesbos) to Ayvalik, Turkey Ferries are more popular with Turkish tourists and those folks who like seaside resorts, but if you have a car you might think of some Turkish archaeology that's close. Within a short driving distance away from Ayvalık are some pretty well-known ancient sites: Assos and Troy are to the north, while Pergamon is to the east. Ayvalık also has two of the longest sandy beaches of Turkey.

Enjoy your island-hopping vacation between Greece and Turkey!

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Getting From Greece to Turkey on a Ferry

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Above is a map of the Greek Islands and the west coast of Turkey. From five major Greek Eastern Aegean and Dodecanese islands can get to the Turkish mainland via ferry, as shown by the routes on the map. Some ferries run only during the summer tourist season, while others have a drastically reduced winter season.

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surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea
dry summers
mild winters

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Sparta was ruled by two kings, who ruled until they died or were forced out of office. Athens was ruled by archons, who were elected annually. Thus, because both parts of Athens' government had leaders who were elected, Athens is said to have been the birthplace of democracy.

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The Delian League, founded in 478 BC,[1] was an association of Greek city-states, with the amount of members numbering between 150 to 330[2][3][4]under the leadership of Athens, whose purpose was to continue fighting the Persian Empire after the Greek victory in the Battle of Plataea at the end of the Second Persian invasion of Greece. The League's modern[5] name derives from its official meeting place, the island of Delos, where congresses were held in the temple and where the treasury stood until, in a symbolic gesture,[6] Pericles moved it to Athens in 454 BC.[7]

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Direct Democracy

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born 356 BCE, Pella, Macedonia [northwest of Thessaloníki, Greece]—died June 13, 323 BCE, Babylon [near Al-Ḥillah, Iraq]), king of Macedonia (336–323 BCE), who overthrew the Persian empire, carried Macedonian arms to India, and laid the foundations for the Hellenistic world of territorial kingdoms.

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republic- form of government in which the leader is a person elected by the citizens
patrician- wealthy landowner and member of the ruling class in ancient Rome
plebeian- member of the common people of ancient Rome
consul- one of the two top government officials in ancient Rome
veto- to reject

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Big Italy Map for free Map of Italy maps, Italy Atlas

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Big Italy Map provides a map of Italy and maps of cities and regions in Italy for use on your website or for planning your holiday to Italy. City maps include Rome, Venice, Vatican City, Naples and Trieste.

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hills
Tiber River
30 °C while at night

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Roman mythology

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A senate composed of patricians elected these consuls. At this time, lower-class citizens, or plebeians, had virtually no say in the government.

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Internal turmoil provoked in 133 BC by economic stagnation in the city of Rome , slave revolts without, and dissension in the military precipitated a period of unrelenting political upheaval known as the Roman Revolution, the Late Roman Republic , or the Fall of the Republic, 133-27 BC.

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How did their government influence our government today?

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How did their government influence our government today?

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The highest positions in the government were held by two consuls, or leaders, who ruled the Roman Republic. A senate composed of patricians elected these consuls. ... Over time, the plebeians elected their own representatives, called tribunes, who gained the power to veto measures passed by the senate.

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The Barbarian attacks on Rome partially stemmed from a mass migration caused by the Huns' invasion of Europe in the late fourth century. When these Eurasian warriors rampaged through northern Europe, they drove many Germanic tribes to the borders of the Roman Empire.Jan 14, 2014

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Arches.

Grid based cities.

Sewers and sanitation.

Roads and highways.

Aqueducts.

Roman numerals.

Surgery tools and techniques.

Julian calendar.

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Messiah-in Judaism, a deliverer sent by God

(Or a savior)

Disciple-close follower of Jesus

Resurrection-the act of rising from the dead

Apostle-early Christian leader who helped to set up churches and spread the message of Jesus

Salvation-the act of being saved from sin and allowed to enter heaven

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salvation
treat others people like you want to be treated
give all you have to the poor
follow me to get to heaven

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a man who was a threat or a man trying to start a revolution

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According to the canonical gospels, Jesus, the Christ, was arrested and tried by the Sanhedrin, and then sentenced by Pontius Pilate to be scourged, and finally crucified by the Romans.

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The spread of Christianity was made a lot easier by the efficiency of the Roman Empire, but its principles were sometimes misunderstood and membership of the sect could be dangerous. Although Jesus had died, his message had not. Word of his teachings spread to Jewish communities across the empire.

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Code of Justinian, Latin Codex Justinianus, formally Corpus Juris Civilis (“Body of Civil Law”), the collections of laws and legal interpretations developed under the sponsorship of the Byzantine emperor Justinian I from 529 to 565 ce.Apr 12, 2018

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caravan- group of traveling merchants and animals.

oasis- green area in a desert fed by underground water.

Quran- holy book of Islam.

mosque- Muslim house of worship.

bazaar- marketplace.

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What is happening in Arabia in 750CE

The Arab buffer states of the Ghazanids and the Lakhmids both fell foul of suspicions of treachery by their respective patrons, the Byzantine and Persian emperors. This had the effect of making the borders of the two empires open to attack by nomadic Arab tribes.

Meanwhile the preaching of a prophet called Muhammad in the towns of Mecca and Medina brought about a religious revolution. It gave rise to a new religion, Islam, and led to the great Arab conquests of the mid-7th century which created a huge new empire, the Caliphate.

In the wake of these conquests, many Arabs migrated, either as individual families or as whole tribes, to the conquered lands, where they would contribute to the process of Arabization and Islamization. Arabia itself, however, lost its central political importance when Damascus, in Syria, became the seat of the Caliphate. Mecca and Medina remained the most holy cities of the Islamic world, and major centres of pilgrimage. Successive caliphs lavished new mosques and monuments on them.

Arabia soon became a haven for branches of Islam considered heretical by orthodox Muslims. The first of these were the Ibadites, who believed that the caliph should be elected. One of their leaders took control of Oman and rules there with the title of Imam.

What is happening in Arabia in 1000BCE

Up until around this date, most of Arabia has been entirely uninhabited. Nomadic groups live on the margins, where grasslands allow their herds of sheep and goats to graze, but the barren interior has not allowed any peoples to establish a foothold.

At around this time, however, the camel is domesticated. These hardy animals allow nomads to travel long distances in the desert. Trade routes across the Arabian peninsular begin to be pioneered, and oases begin to be populated. The classic "bedouin" lifestyle begins to take shape.

Perhaps related to these developments, a new civilization is emerging in south west Arabia, based on large-scale irrigation systems which bring the dry but fertile soil of the region to life.
Next map: Arabia 500 BCE
What is happening in Arabia in 500BCE

The peninsula is home to Arab nomads, living a life which would be recognizable to modern Bedouin. The exception to this is in the south, with its settled kingdoms and cities. These well-organized states, the most notable of which is the kingdom of Saba, are home to a civilization which is dependent upon large-scale irrigation to sustain its agriculture. They also benefit from the production of frankincense and myrrh, highly prized throughout the ancient world for their fragrance and preservative qualities.
Next map: Arabia 200 BCE
What is happening in Arabia in 200BCE

The kingdoms of southern Arabia have continued to flourish. The well-organized irrigation systems, crucial to the agriculture of the region and the economic well-being of the population, are kept in good repair and continue to expand. The trade in frankincense and myrrh also continues to expand. Towns have also appeared further north, along the trade routes heading north to Mesopotamia and Syria. The nomadic tribes of the desert profit from this trade through dues levied on the caravans.
Next map: Arabia 30 BCE
What is happening in Arabia in 30BCE

The kingdoms of southern Arabia continue to thrive as their cities take a central part in the expanding incense trade. Indeed, this period probably sees the height of southern Arabian prosperity in ancient times, with the irrigation systems at its most productive and the overland trade in myrrh and frankincense at its most flourishing. Greek and Roman traders are in direct contact with the producers of south Arabia, as they are with the trading cities further north, where the Nabatean kingdom rules. The material culture of the region is increasingly influenced by classical Mediterranean models, and it is at this period that the beautiful city of Petra, in modern Jordan, is adorned with its marvellous rock-carved temples, which are some of the most outstanding examples of Hellenistic architecture.

In the Arabian interior the nomadic tribes continue to profit from the trading caravans passing through their lands.

What is happening in Arabia in 200CE

During the first century CE Greek sailors pioneered the Indian Ocean trade routes, using the Monsoon winds to take their sailing ships to and from the subcontinent. Abundant archaeological evidence in India points to the extent of this trade. Unfortunately for the towns and kingdoms of southern Arabia, the Greek merchant ships could by-pass the southern Arabian kingdoms in a way that camel caravans could not, and as this maritime trade gathers pace, the slower and more expensive overland routes have declined. With the decline of the overland trade has come a decline in the fortunes of the southern Arabian kingdoms as well as the desert nomads. These latter are now occupying large areas of previously fertile farmland as the centuries-old irrigation systems become degraded. In the north, the Nabatean kingdom has been annexed to the Roman empire.
For a dynamic and informative look at the Rise of the Roman Empire, check out our iPad app here
What is happening in Arabia in 500CE

The control of the lucrative maritime trade is now in the hands of the kingdom of Axum, in modern Ethiopian, and the southern Arabian civilization has declined with the fall off in overland traffic up the peninsula. The once-extensive irrigation systems have become badly degraded, with sometimes calamitous effects: there is evidence for dam collapses and destructive floods affecting some of the most populous centres of population. Nomadic herders now graze their flocks where once was fertile agriculture.

The decline in the overland trade seems to have led to a rise in warfare between the nomadic tribes of the interior. Commerce has not completely disappeared from the peninsula, however. Some towns in western Arabia continue to be centres of trade. One such is the town of Mecca, which, with its enormous black stone, regarded with religious awe by the pagan tribes, is also a centre of pilgrimage. To the north, both large empires, Roman and Persian, pay Arab rulers - the Ghazanids for Rome and the Lakhmids for Persia - to act as buffer-states between the desert nomads and the settled areas of the empires.
Next map: Arabia 750 CE For a close-up look at the Fall of the Roman Empire, check out our iPad app here
What is happening in Arabia in 979CE

From 870, Yemen became virtually independent under a line of hereditary governors. These gave way to a succession of independent dynasties ruling in that area, often more than one at the same time and representing different sects. These only loosely acknowledged the overlordship of the caliph, if at all.

Mecca and Medina have also come under the control of local dynasts, the Alid family - whose dominance will last for a thousand years. At times they will be forced to accept the overlordship of one distant power or another, but the local affairs of these cities will be in their hands.

As for the Bedouin tribes in the interior, they have effectively resumed their age-old independence, fighting one another for control of water holes, oases and trade routes. Many have become adherence of a radical Islamic sect called the Qarmatians. These believe that all Muslims - whether nomads, merchants, farmers or officials - should live as equals, an ideology that fits well with the nomadic lifestyle. In 930 they attack Mecca itself.

What is happening in Arabia in 1215CE

The military power of the Qarmatian tribes was suppressed by local Sunni tribes in the late 11th century. The Bedouin peoples of the desert retain their de facto independence from all external authority, however.

The Ayyubids of Egypt invaded Yemen in 1173 and established their dominance there.

Oman was ruled by the Seljuqs for about a century, but has been independent since c.1154. The country is now ruled by a succession of Imams, at the head of a loose confederation of tribes. Coastal Oman has become a major centre of the Indian Ocean trade. Omani sailors and merchants routinely voyage to India and East Africa, and even as far as South East Asia. In all these places they are active in spreading their Muslim faith, which thus spreads far beyond its Middle Eastern homeland.
Next map: Arabia 1453
What is happening in Arabia in 1453CE

An Ayyubid governor of Yemen established his independence in 1229, and founded the Rasulid dynasty. The Rasulids were active patrons of Islamic art and learning, and under them Yemen became a major centre of Muslim culture. Their stable rule encouraged trade to pass through Yemen, and it prospered as a result. However, by the mid-15 th century the Rasulids have fallen into decline, and Yemen has come under the overlordship of the Mamluqs.

The decline of Yemen has led to to the resurgence of Oman as the Arabian centre of the Indian Ocean trade.

In the Hejaz, the region of Mecca and Medina, the ruling Alid family have also come under the control of the Mamluqs.
Next map: Arabia 1648
What is happening in Arabia in 1648CE

In 1517, the Ottomans had come in from the west, bringing the Hejaz, with the Holy Cities of Mecca and Medina, under their control (though leaving local rulers, such as the Ali dynasty in the Hejaz, largely free to govern as their liked). This inaugurated a period of prosperity for the Holy Cities of Mecca and Medina, protected as they were by the Ottoman empire and with imperial patronage lavished on them. Yemen also came under Ottoman rule, but the latter were driven out in 1635.

The Portuguese were active in the Gulf from the start of the 16th century, capturing Hormuz and Muscat in 1507, and Bahrain in 1521. After the Ottomans had conquered Iraq in the 1530s, they too became began operations in the Gulf. Coming into conflict with the Portuguese, they ousted from Bahrain in 1602. The Portuguese were also expelled from Muscat by a local religious movement, whose leader founded the Yarubid dynasty of Oman. The Omanis then harried Portuguese shipping and bases along the east coast of Africa, considerably weakening their power.
Next map: Arabia 1789
What is happening in Arabia in 1789CE

Oman won control of the Indian Ocean coast of East Africa as far as Zanzibar. However, internal instability led to a Persian invasion in 1737, and Omani maritime influence dwindled. The Omanis drove the Persians out again in 1749, under the leadership of Ahmad ibn Sa'id, who established the Sa'id dynasty.

The 18 th century has seen other small states appearing along the Gulf coast, often by clans moving to the coast from the interior: Kuwait (1756), which has become a thriving trading community, Qatar (1766) and Bahrain (1783). Other small Arab sheikdoms along the Gulf coast have a long tradition of piracy, and this area has became known as the "Pirate coast" to Europeans.

Other European merchants and sailors have begun operating around the coast of Arabia. The British East India Company is especially active, and has began entering into commercial treaties with coastal sheikhs.

The interior of the Arabian peninsula has seen the foundation of the Wahhabi movement, in the mid-18 th century. This sect espouses a radical conservative version of Islam. Its founder forged a close alliance with a minor chiefly family called the Sauds, and together they have won an extensive kingdom in central Arabia.
Next map: Arabia 1837
What is happening in Arabia in 1837CE

In 1806 the Wahhabi movement, headed by the Saud family, captured Mecca. This prompted Muhammed Ali, the Ottoman viceroy of Egypt, to invade the Arabian peninsula in strength. He recaptured Mecca, drove the Wahhabis back into the desert, captured their capital of Riyadh, and executed the Saudi leader. In 1824, however, another Saudi leader recaptured Riyadh and founded a new Wahhabi kingdom.

The British naval ships have clashed increasingly with Arab pirates in the Gulf. To combat this nuisance, and also to promote their commercial interests, the British extended their influence along the Gulf coast by signing treaties with the ruling sheiks, including Bahrain in 1820 and the Qawasim emirs in 1835. Meanwhile, Oman, now united and stable under its Sa'id sultans, has reasserted its control over its East African dependencies, as far south as Zanzibar.
Next map: Arabia 1871
What is happening in Arabia in 1871CE

The Saudi-led Wahhabi kingdom soon descended into chaos in fratricidal fighting within the ruling family, allowing another family, the al-Rasheeds, to rise to power. These captured the Saudi capital of Riyadh, and conquered a large in northern Arabia.

In Yemen, the British captured the port of Aden in 1839, as a base from which to protect shipping from pirates. The British have also persuaded the Ottomans and the Gulf sheikdoms to help them suppress the Indian Ocean slave trade. With a view to this, as well as to combat piracy and promote trade, the British have entered into more, and tighter, treaty relationships with the coastal sheikdoms of the Gulf. Since 1861 the sheikdom of Bahrain has been a British protectorate.

In 1856 the Omani empire was divided between two brothers, with one ruling from Zanzibar, on the East African coast, and other ruling from Oman. In Oman, the ruling family's preoccupation with maritime interests had loosened their ties with the inland tribes, and these became increasingly restive. The ruling family forged close links with the British, who have supported them in their attempts to control the interior of the country.
Next map: Arabia 1914
What is happening in Arabia in 1914CE

In northern Arabia, the al-Rasheeds became pre-occupied by a struggle with the sheikdom of Kuwait, and this allowed the Saudis to recapture their old capital, Riyadh, and much of their earlier territory.

In the 1880's, having tightened their control over Iraq, Ottoman forces conquered down into the Arabian peninsula, as far as south as Qatar. Threats to bring Kuwait under direct rule by Ottoman officials caused the small state to cultivate close ties with Britain. In 1892, a group of small emirates further south along the Gulf coast became protectorates of British, and became known as the Trucial States.

In Oman, continuing friction between the coastal ruling class and the interior tribes has been ended (for the time being) by a peace agreement, brokered by the British. This has confirmed the sultan's sovereignty over the entire country, but given the inland tribes a large measure of autonomy.

Since the opening of the Suez Canal, the British port of Aden has acquired much greater strategic importance, both as a naval base (the British navy uses it as a coaling station) and as a trading port. The British have safeguarded Aden's security through alliances with local Yemeni rulers.
Next map: Arabia 1960
What is happening in Arabia in 1960CE

With the outbreak of World War 1, Kuwait became a British protectorate, to safeguard it from an Ottoman invasion. The Hejaz drove the Ottomans out, with British support (notably under "Lawrence of Arabia"); and the Saudis fought the pro-Ottoman al-Rasheeds. In the years after the war, the Saudis occupied all of what would become Saudi Arabia. The combination of tact and toughness which Ibn Saud, the Saudi king, displayed towards both the Bedouin clans and the sophisticated urban elites of the Hejaz cities, established his enormous kingdom on firm foundations.

The region has experienced decades of peace and stability. In the 1930's the discovery of vast deposits of oil, exploited by American and British companies, brought new levels of prosperity; in some cases, sleepy little emirates became wealthy modern states in the space of one generation.

An insurrection in Oman, by the tribes of the interior (1954-60), was put down with British help.

What is happening in Arabia in 2005CE

The British staged a withdrawal from the region in the 1960's and early 70's: Kuwait (1961), Aden (1967), and Bahrain, Qatar and the Trucial States, now the United Arab Emirates (1970-1).

Revenues from the oil industry, already vast, greatly increased after 1974, when the oil-producing countries renegotiated the oil price after the West's support for Israel. The industry has brought in hundreds of thousands of workers from all over the world, but particularly from South Asia.

In Oman, the traditional hostility between interior and coast led to another revolt in the early 1960's. The sultan was able to put this down with support from his neighbours.

The region experienced a huge shock when Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1990. The Iraqis were ejected by a massive international invasion, led by the USA and Saudi Arabia, launched from bases in Saudi Arabia and the Gulf states. Despite the shock, the Iraqi invasion no more than interrupted economic progress. However, a threat to the stability of several Gulf states remains: the majority of their populations are Shi'ites, whereas their rulers are Sunnis. With the rise of a militant Shi'ite Iran after 1979 this has made this religious divide a source of anxiety.

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The Arab buffer states of the Ghazanids and the Lakhmids both fell foul of suspicions of treachery by their respective patrons, the Byzantine and Persian emperors. This had the effect of making the borders of the two empires open to attack by nomadic Arab tribes.

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The primary scriptures of Islam are the Quran, viewed by Muslims as the verbatim word of God, and the teachings and normative example (called the sunnah, composed of accounts called hadith) of Muhammad ( c. 570–8 June 632 CE).

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Muhammad. Muhammad, in full Abū al-Qāsim Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib ibn Hāshim, (born c. 570, Mecca, Arabia [now in Saudi Arabia]—died June 8, 632, Medina), the founder of Islam and the proclaimer of the Qurʾān.Apr 26, 2018

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Coffee
Clocks
Camera
Cleanliness
Universities
Flying machine
Surgical instruments
Maps
Music
Algebra

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many Azerbaijani, Pashto, Persian, Kurdish, Lurish, Urdu, Mandinka, and others.

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The spread of Islam in Africa began in the 7th to 9th century, brought to North Africa initially under the Umayyad Dynasty. Extensive trade networks throughout North and West Africa created a medium through which Islam spread peacefully, initially through the merchant class.

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Animism - belief that all natural things are alive and have their own spirit

shrine - holy place

samurai - class of warriors in feudal Japan who pledged loyalty to a noble in return for land

shogun - military general over a large area of feudal Japan

daimyo - powerful military lord over small territories in feudal Japan

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lived on volcanoes
earthquakes and volcanic eruptions are common.
Located in the Circum-Pacific "ring of fire"

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Map of Japan and travel information about Japan brought to you by Lonely Planet.

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It is believed that before Buddhism was introduced in Japan, however, Shinto was born from an existing primitive form of religion that worshipped nature. The ancient people of Japan honored sacred spirits that they recognized in nature, manifesting in mountains, rocks, rivers and trees.May 16, 2013

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Japanese Feudalism. The era of feudalism in Japan took place from the 12th through 19th centuries. During that period local rulers, either powerful families or military warlords, dominated the land, while the emperor was merely a figurehead and not a significant political presence.

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Chinese culture

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Katakana

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Cartographer: Wojciech G, Staff of 2016 (904 Hoplites)

Cartographer: Nick G, Staff of 2016 (907 Vikings)

Cartographer: Samantha F, Staff of 2016 (905 Legionaries)

Cartographer: Matthew N, Staff of 2016 (908 Mongols)

Cartographer: Clarissa C, Staff of 2016, Award Recipient (906 Mamluks)

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Cartographer: Wojciech G, Staff of 2016 (904 Hoplites) Cartographer: Nick G, Staff of 2016 (907 Vikings) Cartographer: Samantha F, Staff of 2016 (905 Legionaries) Cartographer: Matthew N, Staff of 2016 (908 Mongols) Cartographer: Clarissa C, Staff of 2016, Award Recipient (906 Mamluks)

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missionary- person who travels to carry the ideas of a religion to others

feudalism- political system based on bonds of loyalty between lords & vassals
vassal- in feudalism, a noble who held land from & served a higher-ranking lord, and in return was given protection

fief- under feudalism, the land a lord granted to a vassal in exchange for military service & loyalty

knight- in the Middle Ages, a noble warrior who fought on horseback

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Renaissance means Rebirth
Humanism- based on Greek and Roman values, a way to gain knowledge through reason not just faith
Counter-Reformation- Church Reforms
Jesuits- society of Jesus to bring back Protestants

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Feudalism was a combination of legal and military customs in medieval Europe that flourished between the 9th and 15th centuries. Broadly defined, it was a way of structuring society around relationships derived from the holding of land in exchange for service or labour.

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Charlemagne or Charles the Great, numbered Charles I, was King of the Franks from 768, King of the Lombards from 774, and Holy Roman Emperor from 800. He united much of western and central Europe during the early Middle Ages.

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During the high Middle Ages, the Roman Catholic Church became organized into an elaborate hierarchy with the pope as the head in western Europe. He establish supreme power. Many innovations took place in the creative arts during the high Middle Ages. Literacy was no longer merely requirement among the clergy.

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a medieval military expedition, one of a series made by Europeans to recover the Holy Land from the Muslims in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries.

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Location of beginning of Renaissance.. Why?

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Location of beginning of Renaissance.. Why?

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Florence Had Greek and Roman ruins as inspiration
City-state in Italy became centers for trade and banking
Florence, Milan, and Venice

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Like the term 'Renaissance', humanism, as a historical phenomenon, has been the subject of wide-ranging debate. ... Both the origins and impact of humanism on western thought and culture thus provide important opportunities to test this most fundamental of problems in Renaissance studies.

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The massive turmoil that the Reformation caused had a lasting impact on European politics. Soon after the Catholic Church deemed Martin Luther a “protestant,” Europe became divided along confessional, as well as territorial, lines. The religious turmoil of the period led to warfare within most states and between many.

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Protestant groups develop. Church leaders reformed the Catholic Church. Anti-Semitism increased and religious conflicts spread across Europe.