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Map Key- explains the symbols on a map
Continent-a principal/ huge landmass on earth (we have 7)
Equator-imaginary line that divides thr earth

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nomad– person who regularly moves from place to place in search of food

irrigation -  method of bringing water to a field from another place to water crops

Sumer – a city in Mesopotamia

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Mespotamia got its name from its location " Land between the rivers. It was land between the Tigris & Euphrates Rivers. Mesopatami was known to have unpredictable flooding so they had very fertil soil. It was called the fertal crecant recause of the shape.

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The sumer religon was polytheistic. That means tat they belived tha there wae many gods.

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One of mespotanmia's best invention was the writing called cuniform.They also invented the sailboat, wheel, bronze, levees and number system based on 60.

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Sumers came up with their own invention for a writing system. They called it cuniform

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Their government they had kings nd government officals to help keep mesoptamia in control.

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Papyrus – reed plant of the Nile Valley; used to make a form of paper

Deity – god or goddess
Mummy – a body tightly wrapped in linen strips

Dynasty – a line of rulers from one family
Irrigation - method of bringing water to a field from another place to water crops

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Egypt was a nice place to live because it had the nile river flowing beside it. Egypt was surroundes by desert and has the longest river in the world which is 4000 miles. It had two laong strips of farmland down the river valley.

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Some of the naturl borders egypt had was deserts (Sahara is the largest of world; west of the Nile River), Cataracts (wild rapids), and delta marshes.

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Egyptians waere polytheistic they worshiped many deities or gods. They belived that pharaohs needed a body in the afterlife. They Invented embalming to preserve the body of pharaohs.After inbalkming they wold put the body into a mummy and put the body in a pymrid or tomb.

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The egyptions invented geometry to survey land. They also made up Hieroglyphics ( wrigting using picture smbols). They made paper blankets and more with paperus.

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They made up Hieroglyphics. It was a writh=ing systwem made up of picture symbols.

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At one time there were 2 kingdoms that become one. They had dynasty. It wa a line of rulers in a family. They also had theocracy- political ruler and religious ruler same person.

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Monotheism – the belief in one god

Torah –first 5 chapters of the Old Testament

Covenant – agreement
Prophet – person who claims to be instructed by God to share God’s word

Sabbath – weekly day of worship and rest for Jews (Saturday)

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It all started when aberham and his family migrated from Mesopotamia to Canaan. God promised to Aberham that Cannon was the promise land, so he went.MOses on the other hand met with god in another way. There was a bush in flames and God called to Moses and told him to tell

the pharaoh to let the Israelites go. When the Pharaoh refused to release the Israelites God sent 10 plagues upon Egypt. God partd the Sea to let the Israelites through then closed it when the pharos army tried to go across.

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They belived that there was one true god and that he and he sent moses down as a prophet.

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Monsoon – in South Asia, a strong wind that blows one direction in winter and the opposite direction in summer

Subcontinent – large landmass that is part of a continent but distinct from it

Sanskrit – written language developed by the Aryans

Caste – social group a person is born into and cannot change

Hinduism – system of religion that grew out of the religion of the Aryans in ancient India

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India is a subcontinent because it is separated from Asia.The Himalayas causeed the separation. Inda has the largest mouiantians in the world. India has 2 rivers, the Ganges River and the Indus River. They also have monsoons.

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Buddhism was Founded by Siddhartha Gautama. He saw suffering and questioned why there was suffering. They tought the eightfold path and the four nble truths.

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It os one of the oldest relighons and thew worlds third largest.They belive that all life is sacrad. To have good karma to get good dharma.

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India invented algebra,

concept & symbol for zero, and explained infinity.

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Indians wrote in Sanskrit.

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Dynasty – line of rulers from the same family

Aristocrat – noble whose wealth came from land ownership

Pictograph – a character that stands for an object
Ideograph – a character that joins two or more pictographs to represent an idea

Bureaucracy – a group of appointed officials who are responsible for different areas of government

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The chinise had the Huang He (Yellow River) and the Chang Jiang (Yangtze River). Flooding of the river brought destruction and good farming conditions to China.

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The acaiant chinise made paper, gunpowder,  compass & woodblock printing.

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Rulers were part of a dynasty. Rulers were called emperor. Tey had a bourocy. Emperors believed they received wisdom and power from the gods, spirits, and ancestors. They had th Mandate of Heaven and kings obayed by the dao.

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Polis - in Greece, a city-state and the surrounding countryside that runs like its own country

Agora- an open area that served as both a market and a meeting place

Direct Democracy-Athens government, government by the people, citizens share in running the government, each citizen has 1 vote

Representative Democracy-USA system of government, where citizens choose a smaller group to make laws and decisions for them

Myth - story describing gods, heroes, or natural events

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Athens was the second major city-state in Greece. Each city-state was a polis. They also had a Acropolis- the place to gather on top of a hill for safety

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They belived in many greek gods and goddeses that each had a power over something on the earth.

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Athens was the second major city-state in Greece

They had reading, writing, arithmetic, sports & music for boys.

Girls stayed home and did chores. While on the other hand Sparta focused on military skills to control the people they conquered.

Boys and men trained for war and were in the army for a number of years.  They would never surrender.Girls trained in sports.

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Socratic method- uses questions to lead students to discover things for themselves.

Plato-student of Socrates. In Plato’s Republic, describes the best government which is headed by philosopher-kings.

Aristotle- Plato’s student. He will write the book, Politics, and want to find the best form of government. His ideas shaped European and American government.

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Greek city-states like Athens will join the Delian League. Delian League was an alliance to defend Greek land from the Persians near them.

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They were the first try democrocy. Foreign born men, Athenian women and enslaved men could not vote or hold office. Without their ideas we would never have had a representative democracy- this is when citizens choose a small group of people to make decisions for them.

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Phillip II of Macedonia took over Greece.His son becomes king of Macedonia when his father dies. He beats the Persian empire and captures Egypt.Continued conquest in Arabia. Died in 323 B.C. after an illness.Because he controlled much of the known world, this will spread Greek language and culture.This will be called the Hellenistic Era.

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republic- form of government in which the leader is a person elected by the citizens

patrician- wealthy landowner and member of the ruling class in ancient Rome

plebeian- member of the common people of ancient Rome

consul- one of the two top government officials in ancient Rome

veto- to reject

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At the top of the boot is the Alps, mountains that separate Italy from Europe.Rome is located on the Tiber River. This was a sourse of teqavel, trade, and water sourse.

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Eastern Rome- Constantinople. Lasts for 1,000 years. Western Rome- lost to Germanic  invaders-Rome.Falls in 476 AD.Divided into German Kingdom.

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Messiah-in Judaism, a deliverer sent by God

(Or a savior)

Disciple-close follower of Jesus
Resurrection-the act of rising from the dead

Apostle-early Christian leader who helped to set up churches and spread the message of Jesus
Salvation-the act of being saved from sin and allowed to enter heaven

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caravan- group of traveling merchants and animals.

oasis- green area in a desert fed by underground water.

Quran- holy book of Islam.

mosque- Muslim house of worship.

bazaar- marketplace.

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Animism - belief that all natural things are alive and have their own spirit

shrine - holy place

samurai - class of warriors in feudal Japan who pledged loyalty to a noble in return for land
shogun - military general over a large area of feudal Japan

daimyo - powerful military lord over small territories in feudal Japan

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missionary- person who travels to carry the ideas of a religion to others

feudalism- political system based on bonds of loyalty between lords & vassals

vassal- in feudalism, a noble who held land from & served a higher-ranking lord, and in return was given protection

fief- under feudalism, the land a lord granted to a vassal in exchange for military service & loyalty
knight- in the Middle Ages, a noble warrior who fought on horseback

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Renaissance-means “rebirth” and began in Italy,rebirth of interest in art, literature, and learning.

Humanism- way of understanding the world that was based on the values of the ancient Greeks and Romans,a way to gain knowledge through reason not just faith

Reformation- a religious movement that created a new form of Christianity known as Protestantism

Indulgence - pay to get a pardon, or forgiveness, of sin

Denomination- branches of Christianity