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If I could learn all and understand it, I can make a master out of it.

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If I could learn all and understand it, I can make a master out of it.

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Evo-Devo (Despacito Biology Parody) | A Capella Science

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Plate Tectonics,  540Ma - Modern World -  Scotese Animation 022116b

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The wolves were brought in Yellowstone National Park because the increased elk population was overgrazing the deciduous, woody species such as aspen and cottonwood.

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Amazonia is a major tropical wilderness area, in the Amazon river basin. It covers 5,500,000 km2 

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Amazonia is a major tropical wilderness area, in the Amazon river basin. It covers 5,500,000 km2 

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Specialists suggest that in Amazonia there is one tenth of the world species.

Since the Amazonia is a large area and that covers nine countries, having ready list of species is not yet available.
However, here a list of 10 Animal Species Endemic to the Amazon Basin

These animals are only found in the Amazon River or one of its rain forest ecosystems.

1. Caquetá tití monkey (Western Colombia) (critically endangered)

2. hoary-throated spinetail bird (Brazil and Guyana) (critically endangered)

3. pink-throated brilliant hummingbird (Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru) (vulnerable)

4. fantastic poison frog (Northern Peru) (near-threatened)

5. Amazon river dolphin (Amazon and Orinoco river basins) (insufficient data to assign a conservation status.)

6. Amazon bamboo rat (Bolivia, Western Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru) (least concern)

7. albina Suriname toad (French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname) (least concern)

8. southern two-toed sloth (Northern Amazon Basin) (least concern)

9. black spider monkey (Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana) (vulnerable)

10. black bearded saki (Northeastern Brazil) (critically endangered).

The five families plants with more endemism are: Orchidaceae, Gesneriaceae, Melastomataceae, Bromeliaceae and Piperaceae.

Amazonia is not a hot spot of diversity, but there are 713 protected natural areas. For example, The Tambopata National Reserve in Peru has more species of birds (595) than any place of similar size on Earth. Here we see blue-and-yellow macaws, scarlet macaws, mealy amazons, and chestnut-fronted macaws.

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Scarlet, Red-and-green, and Blue-and-yellow Macaws at Rio Tambopata clay lick

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Amazonia

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Almendro Tree of Life and Great Green Macaw

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Two examples of animals with a predator-prey relationship

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Two examples of animals with a predator-prey relationship

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Jaguar (Panthera onca) and a caiman

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Jaguar Attacks Crocodile Cousin (EXCLUSIVE VIDEO)

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When a jaguar pounces, sometimes one bite is all it takes to get a meal. National Geographic has exclusive video of a jaguar taking down a caiman in Brazil's Pantanal wetlands, photos of which went viral earlier this month. Luke Dollar, a conservation scientist who helps manage National Geographic's Big Cats Initiative, explains the hunt and explosive moment of predation.

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Ant (Allomerus decemarticulatus) and insects 

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Ant (Allomerus decemarticulatus) and insects 

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Formigas Allomerus, e sua incrível camara da morte

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Vandellia cirrhosa (fish)

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Candiru are found exclusively in the upper Amazon River and Orinoco River basins in northern South America. ("Vandellia cirrhosa: Candiru", 2012; Berra, 2007; Cheng, 1986; Spotte, 2002; Uhlenbroek, 2011)

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The ecological niche of two characteristic animals:

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The ecological niche of two characteristic animals:

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I have selected Tapirus terrestris (Tapir) and Inia geoffrensis (Pink river dolphin).

Tapirus terrestris is a herbivorous, eats fleshy sprouts of aquatic plants, branches, fruits and seeds. Therefore allows the regeneration of the forests and disperser of seeds-

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Inia geoffrensis, it is a predator, entirely carnivorous. The diet consist on fish and other aquatic animals.

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Pink River Dolphins Of The Amazon Rainforest's Hunting Secret | Earth's Great Rivers |  BBC Earth

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key:
line blue: Amazonian basin
line yellow: Amazonian biome, the ecological Amazon ( 6.7 million km2 )
Taken from WWF

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Wildlife overexplotation in Peruvian Amazonia

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Wildlife overexplotation in Peruvian Amazonia

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Three of Peru's important commercial pelagic fish species—Sardinops sagax, Engraulis ringens,and Trachurus declivis—are considered to be fully-or overexploited. The same may be said for the South Pacific hake (Merluccius spp.), a demersal species. Freshwater species also show signs of overexploitation. In Loreto, the average size of freshwater catch has decreased, while the proportion of individuals below reproductive size per catch has increased (IIAP, 2009). overexploitation of other kinds of natural resources(e.g. medicinal plants) is also highly probable.
Overharvesting is also having a negative effect on Peru’s timber resources, pushing CITES-listed species towards local extinction. About 80 percentof all the commercial timber harvested, sold, and exported from Peru is illegal
(Taken from:

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Ateles chamex

(Black-faced Black Spider Monkey) Status: Endangered

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Established in 1964, the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species has evolved to become the world's most comprehensive information source on the global conservation status of animal, fungi and plant species.

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Swietenia macrophylla
(Big Leaf Mahogany) Status: Vulnerable

Here an article that shows how the logging create isolated populations of big‐leaf mahogany Swietenia macrophylla in Brazilian Amazonia constraining  polen flow.

Grogan, J; Loveless, MD (2013) FLOWERING PHENOLOGY AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR MANAGEMENT OF BIG-LEAF MAHOGANY SWIETENIA MACROPHYLLA IN BRAZILIAN AMAZONIA. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY. Vol :100 (11)

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Established in 1964, the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species has evolved to become the world's most comprehensive information source on the global conservation status of animal, fungi and plant species.

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Main animals species exploited and their habitats.

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Main animals species exploited and their habitats.

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Developing a legal regulation framework and robust management tools are critical to empower and consolidate positive examples from community-based management arrangements. Here, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2530064417300822 they discuss pragmatic approaches to effectively achieve the conservation of viable populations of Amazonian wildlife through community-based management initiatives.

In the fig. below a profile of key wildlife resources harvested for both subsistence and trade from either terrestrial or aquatic ecosystems across the entire hydrological boundary of the Amazon basin

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My bioArea is Amazonia, I am from Peru and have chosen to compare Colombia (Luisa Restrepo, co-learner). Both are part of the Amazonia, and both megadiverse countries.

Peru is almost same size than Colombia, however Peru has 75 natural protected areas, which represents 15.21% of the country surface area.

1. National parks, 12

2. National sanctuaries, 9

3. Historical sanctuaries, 4

4. National reserves, 15

5. Wildlife refuges, 3

6. Landscape reserves,2

7. Communal reserves, 8

8. Protected forests, 6

9. Hunting enclosed lands 2; and

10. Reserved zones, 14.

Peru with over 1,700 species of birds, has the world's second most diverse avian community, after Colombia. One possible reason, why Colombia has the most diverse avian community is the increase of inventories, since the war ended.

Colombia has unique biomes like Chocó- Darién Moist Forests, Savanas; and Peru has yungas, selva amazonica suroccidental, puna, and Sechura Desert.
Both: Bosque Andino del Norte, Selva del Napo, Selva del Rio Negro y Yurá, bosque seco ecuatorial, páramo andino, and manglar (sorry for writing this in Spanish)

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Amazon Rainforest Food Chain

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Like all other ecosystems, the food chains in the Amazon have 5 different components: 1. Primary producers - These are the organisms that produce the source of food for the community....

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Our World's Largest Rainforest: The Amazon

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What’s the largest river on Earth? If you said “the Amazon”… you’re only half right. Scientists have discovered an even bigger river in South America, and it’s in the sky above the Amazon rainforest....

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Assess the threats to the biodiversity in your BioArea.

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Assess the threats to the biodiversity in your BioArea.

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I have chosen Amazonia as my BioArea, it is the biggest neotropical forest. As the biggests land, many think on the potential economic gain that they will obtain and little on what are we are losing as a entire planet. People is threatening Amazonia with our consuming behaviuor.

I feel that when talking about Amazonia away from Southamerica, the government of these countries are only the one to be blame for.

That is exactly where people should look, to ourselves and our consuming behavior.

The conversion of Amazonian forest to pasture for cattles is the dominant cause of deforestation. What can we do for preventing that? some think on making the cattle ranching more efficient and manage with better technology. Others, like me, think that educating people and changing our consume habits might be a better solution. I do not believe in the intensification of the beef production will work, without changing the behavior of the consumer.

The use of forest for growing soy, oil palm and corn is also a key pressure. Oil palm production is devastating other tropical forest like Indonesia; Palm oil is not only bad for the climate: As their forest habitat is cleared, endangered species such as the orangutan, Borneo elephant and Sumatran tiger are being pushed closer to extinction. Smallholders and indigenous people who have inhabited and protected the forest for generations are often brutally driven from their land. In Indonesia, more than 700 land conflicts are related to the palm oil industry. Human rights violations are everyday occurrences, even on supposedly “sustainable” and “organic” plantations.

Again, if we consumers, say no to those products or consume less of them, the big international companies would no pressure as much. The reason is simple, they provide which people ask for it. There is money involve. If they sell is because there is people that consumes. In this time, me or you personally we do not go and kill the dodo, we send somebody to do it for us, and the worst of this scenario, is that me and you feel clean, we do not feel involved.

What can we do? Educated yourself and others and live a simple life. My make up, or a great beef in my plate, is not worthy the destruction of the forests. It is hard, I know, I do not want to stop using that gorgous body cream that makes my skin fresh…

Really I would like to see the scenario in a more positive way, but unfortunately I can not. People living in the cities, are more and more disconnected from nature, how can we protect it if we do not even see it?

Other treateans are dams and hydropower expansion. The area at risk from deforestation impact occurs between 40 and 100 km from hydroelectric dams. There are 154 constructed dams, and another 277 either under construction or planned in the Amazon biome. Sites selected for dams and reservoirs often overlap with protected areas and indigenous territories.

Any commercial activity creates the construction of roads, giving access to remote areas, bringing people and land speculation inwards. Mechanisms to manage or reduce the impacts of new roads are often absent or poorly implemented. Greatest deforestation rates are in areas with more roads, showing a strong correlation between deforestation and the presence of roads and projections of new roads. Nearly 95 per cent of deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon was found to be within 5.5 km of roads and 1km of navigable rivers.

Forest fires due to poorly controlled burning for land clearance and management are a contributing factor to both deforestation and forest degradation. Road development accompanies mines, oil and gas drilling, often deepening deforestation. Mining is significant in places such as Peru, where artisanal and small-scale alluvial gold mining has increased 400 per cent since 1999.Unsustainable legal and illegal timber trade contributes to forest degradation and can be the first stage of forest conversion.

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Analyse the effects of climate change on the natural vegetation in your BioArea.

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Analyse the effects of climate change on the natural vegetation in your BioArea.

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Meanwhile humans are producing high emissions of CO2; Amazonian rainforest takes and uses CO2 to produce oxigen and water,  counterparting in this way the greehouse effect. When deforestation occurs, trees that are layed down releases the captured CO2, and the precipitation patters are altered. In forests that have been cut, logged and fired stores 40% less carbón than undisturbed one. (https://amazonaid.org/the-issues/climate-change/)

I have found models about what would happen to Amazonia if we continue deforestating the Amazon. Sooner or later (by 2030 or 2050) the temperatures in the Amazon will increase by 2–3°C. At the same time, a decrease in rainfall during dry months will lead to widespread drying.

The optimistic view, by 2050, is not considering the synergy of the land use change of the forest, the effect of deforestation and regional climate change. If those are considered, 55% of Amazonia rainforest would be destroyed or severly damaged earlier than that, possibly in 11 years time, meaning 2030 (Nepstad 2008).

The projected increases of temperatures and decrease of rainfall during already dry months could result in longer and perhaps more severe droughts, along with substantial changes in seasonality.

Coupled with land-use changes, we can expect the degradation of freshwater systems, loss of ecologically and agriculturally valuable soils, increased erosion, decreased agricultural yields, increased insect infestation, and spread of infectious diseases. (http://wwf.panda.org/knowledge_hub/where_we_work/amazon/amazon_threats/climate_change_amazon/)