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Theme3: Possible signs of climate change

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Theme3: Possible signs of climate change

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The average annual temperature is rising throughout the country, especially in the east. At the same time, the number of cold days decreases.
The worst year was 2010. That time :

"In 14 counties, flood control was carried out in 518 settlements. Due to the flood situation, more than 3,700 people had to leave their homes."

"Hailers and storms have also put farmers in a very difficult situation. By December, more than 2,000 agricultural accidents were registered (2,240), and the estimated value of ice and storm damage was nearly HUF 2 billion. This is 27 percent more than a year earlier."

Hungary is one of the highest vulnerabilities in ecology. The increase in the average temperature in Hungary is almost one and a half times faster than the global climate change rate.

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I already made a mini research at the University about this theme. That time i was reading about: The spread of Diabrotica virgifera virgifera in Hungary.
That time i was writing this: Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (LeConte, 1868) is the most important animal pest in maize in the USA and Canada. Near the Belgrade Airport (Surčin) (likely to be airborne) in the summer of 1992, damage to larvae was detected and adult specimens of the species were found. Presumably, in the second half of the 1980s, the species could enter and needed 4 to 5 years to reproduce at a rate that causes noticeable damage. The one-generation American corn beetle larvae in the soil cause significant economic damage by weaning and chewing the roots.
Reaching the species into Europe is already overcoming one of the most widespread barrels, the ocean. There is no obstacle to any further conquest in our country. The first appearance in the second year after its detection (1997) was about 210km wide and nearly 40km deep, as shown in the attached figure. No geographical, ecological or ethological impact prevented its spread to neighboring countries. Of course, it spread from its starting point not only north (us) but in all directions, and in 2012 it penetrated the central areas of Italy.
So the American corn beetle is an invasive species of unlimited growth, which is still conquering Europe by overcoming the Atlantic.

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Naturally we also have alien species from the World list. One of them is the Eichhornia crassipes. Mass proliferation also favors being resistant to a herbicide, fortunately here they population is small and do not increase after the appearance.

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For greater profit, let the wild population overgrow, even help out with killing of the golden jackal.
The video what I posted here before show the problem and it was not the biggest group what they filmed.

I also mention the Vipera ursnii rakosisensis case. People decrease they habitat extremely and also having them like a pet, because they find it cool to have a venomous snake.

Many of our native plants are listed in CITES Appendices: forest cyclamen (Cyclamen purpurascens), all our orchids (57 species), snowdrop (Galanthus nivalis), flowering plant (Sternbergia colchiciflora) and spring horn (Adonis vernalis). These species are all protected (or protected) in our country. They number decreased because people were collect them for their beauty.

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"The number of indigenous and established species of the flora of Hungary is 2148 according to SOÓ (1980), while 2183 according to SIMON (2000). The newly compiled Red List consists of 943 species (43,2% of the vascular flora). Regarding the modified IUCN 2001 categories, 43 (2,0%) of them are extinct, 4 (0,2%) are extinct in the wild, 115 (5,3%) are critically endangered, 162 (7,4%) are endangered, 105 (4,8%) vul-nerable, 336 (15,4%) near threatened, 178 (8,2%) data deficient...This is testified by the changes of the past 20 years: the number of the endangered species has increased by 30% (590→765), besides the growth is much more signify-cant, 110% (77→162) in case of species belonging to the categories extinct and critically endangered. This phenomenon can be obviously explained by the accelerated changes and destruction of natural habitats."
I just listing few extinct species, unfortunately we have to many red list species and this article write just about plants:

Andromeda polifolia L.

Asperula arvensis L.

Asperula orientalis Boiss. et Hohenacker

Botrychium matricariifolium(Retz.) A. Br. ex Döll

Calla palustris L.

Puccinellia pannonica

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Theme3: Habitat fragmentation and potential consequences

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Theme3: Habitat fragmentation and potential consequences

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They started to build 10 years ago a new highway (m8).
It causes the general problems what every road construction:

Those heavy machine destroy the ground all around the nascent road. Until the construction is going they are making loud noise what can frighten the animals.

The road crosses the habitat of the creatures living there making most of them a insurmountable barrier. Cars can kill animals and also modified the behave of the animals.

Change the chemical and physical environment.

It can assisting spread of alien species

And I left it to the end, which is the most important in this case: the habitat fragmentation.

General effect of fragmentation:

preventing the active / passive spreading of species

the number of fragments decreases, species disappear, and new species cannot settle

it also impairs the ability of many species to acquire food

isolated small populations are more exposed to the risk of genetic degradation

obstruct the choice of pairs

Unique problem:

In the plans this highway going trough a habitat of an Spalacidae population which already have small number of individuals. "The best solution, of course, would be to get on the highway, but if for some reason it can no longer be realized, then the animals should be rebuilt. However, we do not know why the mole rat has survived in that habitat and we cannot catch them, so many problems arise." (said by one of my university teacher in an article)

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"Red fox and pine marten diets were very similar. Both species preferred bank voles, fed upon similarly-sized prey and ate the same buffer prey. There are two possible explanations for the lack of food niche partitioning between these two predators. First, food resources are overabundant in our study area and the competitive interaction between the predators was very weak. The second and more probable explanation is that there are other mechanisms of niche separation, such as different selection of habitat or activity time, which may reduce competition. Further studies of pine marten-red fox relations are, however, necessary to examine alternative potential mechanisms of niche separation other than food niche partitioning."
U can read every details here.
But other studies showed that  larger predators generally rely on larger prey.

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Theme2: The ecological niche of a characteristic animal 2

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Theme2: The ecological niche of a characteristic animal 2

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The Great White Egret (Egretta alba) is a highly protected species in Hungary.
It was originally a nesting site for large-scale, associated reeds and marshes, but settled in smaller-scale reeds, reed beds and reed beds. Now primarily in the Tisza and Kis-Balaton areas, reedbeds and floodplain forests regularly nested in larger farms, but we can also meet with less number along the Tisza, Lake Velence and Fertő. It is rare in the North and Transdanubian Mountains and in the Southern and Eastern regions of Hungary.
They feed mainly on shallow, low vegetation rarely overgrown waters. Primarily fish, and to a lesser extent, stripe bugs, shingles, dragonflies, but also frogs, lizards and small mammals.

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Theme2: The ecological niche of a characteristic animal 1

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Theme2: The ecological niche of a characteristic animal 1

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The golden jackal (Canis aureus) is a wolf-like canid that is native to Southest Europe, Southwest Asia, South Asia, and regions of Southest Asia.
Steppes, wooded bare, bush trees, hard-to-break bushes, drought wet areas, semi-desert inhabitants. Avoids open ground and dense forests. He does not like tropical rain forests, which are mainly related to the little food there.
They can withstand temperatures as low as −25 °C

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Orobanche purpurea: This beautiful creator do not contain chlorophyll, so it have to use other organism, in this case another plants (Achillea millefolium, Artemisia sp or Carlina acaulis). Flowers are mottled with butterflies.

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Freyanopterolichus pelargicus and Pelargolichus didactylus are parasites on the stork. They are eating the fungi from the feather.
The strok has other Acari sp living in they nests like: Macrocheles merdarius and Uroobovella pyriformis. In the nest accumulate the feces, discarded feather and the remains of food what gives live to this parasites.
Strok can have also inner parasites like Toxoplasma gondii or Giardia ssp.

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Anguis fragilis feed with Lumbricus terrestris and also with some kind of snails.
This remarkable animal is looking like a snake meanwhile it is a kind of lizard without legs. Even if we do not know which kind of animal are them when we meet with them, we can recognize they can not be a snakes. Because they are lizards, they can move their eyelid, their mouth is open when they putting their tongue out and also their tail is much more obtuse as usually the snakes have.

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Ciconia ciconia  feed with Anguis fragilis and also with many others animal.
In Hungary the Ciconia ciconia is under a huge (successful) protection thanks for the HOA (Hungarian Ornithological Association).
The stork nestle on high places like  top of electricity poles or chimney. For feeding they go to the nearby field and wetlands and mostly hunting for Orthoptera, but also for Clitellata, frog, fish, snake and small mammals.

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Theme2: Grey wolf in the Yellowstone Park

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Theme2: Grey wolf in the Yellowstone Park

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I think they brought them back because of the elk population was overgrazing the plants.
Also a possible reason: they wanted people to love wolves better.

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Artemisio-Festucetum pseudovinae
grosti-Alopecuretum pratensis

Thise are example from the many association which lives on solonchak.

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Salvio - Festucetum rupicolae
It covered 7,5% of Hungary

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Phyllitidi - Aceretum

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Dryopteridi-Alnetum
It is an intrazonal association. Most of the year it is covered by low oxygen water.
Typical species are: Frangula sp., Iris pseudacorus, Thelypteris palustris and Carex acutiformis .

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Tropical and subtropical coniferous forests

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Salicetum albae-fragilis
It is an intrazonal association. Water is flooded several times a year. Typical species are: Salix alba, Populus nigra, Alnus glutinosa, Clematis vitalba and Rubus caesius.

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Querco petrae-Carpetum
U can find between 450-600m.
It has reach undergrowth, like Corydalis cava, Anemone ranunculoides, Allium ursinum.

Long time ago it was 10,5%, for now only 2,4%.

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Quercetum petraeae-cerris
U can find between 250-450m.
It has reach undergrowth, like Pulmonaria mollis, Campanula persicifolia.

Long time ago it was 19,5% the most current association, for now only 2,5%.

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Aceri tatarico-Quercetum
U can find between 140-250m.
It has reach undergrowth, like Iris variegata, Dictamnus albus, Silene vulgaris.

Long time ago it was 9%, for now only 0,07%.

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My special favorite is Gymnocephalus baloni, it's looks so cute

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Balon's ruffe ( Gymnocephalus baloni), also known as the Danube ruffe, is a species of perch native to the drainages of the Danube from delta to Germany and the Dnieper from delta to Kiev and is expected to occur in the Dniester. It inhabits areas with sand or mud substrates.

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It's also protected, because of it's rare. At the first look we can think it's a kind of eel, but it's not, actually it not has mandible.

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The Carpathian brook lamprey or Danube lamprey ( Eudontomyzon danfordi) is a species of lamprey in the Petromyzontidae family. It is found in Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Moldova, Romania, Serbia, Montenegro, Slovakia, and Ukraine. It is non- parasitic.

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Another endemic (sub)species.

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The greater short-toed lark was described by the German naturalist Johann Leisler in 1814 and given the binomial name Alauda brachydactila. This lark is now placed in the genus Calandrella that was established by another German naturalist, Johann Jakob Kaup, in 1829.

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We also have many endemic orchid species, it's true that they do not look similar as the tropical types, so people do not recognize they are an orchid.

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The winner of the Reptile of the year in 2018 in Hungary is the Zootoca vivipara. It lives almost everywhere in Europe and a part of Asia, but i still think it's a special animal for us what i need to mention.

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Vipera ursinii rakosiensis
It's a subspecies of the Vipera ursinii. Long time ago it was a current snake from Austria to Bulgaria, but because of that many change i mentioned and also because they were selling like a pet it' almost gone. Just 500 piece or less remained only in Hugary. Scientists are trying to keep them in life and increase they population what is really a not easy purpose, because people are afraid from snakes, they are not well known animals here.

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Vaccinium oxycoccus
It's a glacial relics with many healthy effect.

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Vaccinium oxycoccos is a species of flowering plant in the heath family. It is known as small cranberry, bog cranberry, swamp cranberry, or, particularly in Britain, just cranberry. It is widespread throughout the cool temperate northern hemisphere, including northern Europe, northern Asia and northern North America.

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Linum dolomiticum
It's a reliktum species with 1000 piece in a 10 ha area. Furthermore we can identify 2 different form.

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A pilisi len, pilisszentiváni len vagy dolomitlen (Linum dolomiticum) a len nemzetségbe tartozó évelő növényfaj. Egy Pilisszentiván környéki, kb. 10 hektárnyi dolomittörmelékes sziklagyepen, a Kis- és Nagy-Szénás lejtőin endemikus faj, 1000-es nagyságrendben élnek egyedei. Reliktum faj.

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We are a small country, but full with climatic effect, like oceanic, continental and Mediterranean. This causes a big variability of the climate, and also we cant use of the global classifications. We are using one what is based on a Hungarian climatologist- Gyögy Péczely. He described 16 climate zones from which 12 can be found in Hungary.
The annual mean temperature is around 10 °C.
The annual precipitation amount is 500–750 mm, but there are remarkable differences between different regions.

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Időjárás, Megfigyelések, Előrejelzés, Éghajlat, Balatoni széladatok, Balatoni viharjelzés, Vízhőmérsékletek, METAR, TAF, UV-B sugárzás, Műhold, Radar, Égkép, Napkelte, Napnyugta, Holdkelte, Holdnyugta, Meteorológia, Orvosmeteorológia, Levegőkörnyezet, Levegőkörnyezeti tájékoztató

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Hungary is in the Carpathian Basin. Basically the lowland is dominate in the area of the country.
We have 3 major lakes and 2 major river.

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The shape's of the river had a huge change in the XIX. century. It decrease the wet area around 80%.
Because of the wood extraction, the infrastructure improving, the mining and lot of other reason habitats get fragmented or completely gone.
This changes are modified of the profile of the country, but many organization trying to heal those many unexpected consequences.

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Green Infrastructure in Hungary - Biodiversity Information system for Europe

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The Biodiversity Information System for Europe (BISE) is a single entry point for data and information on biodiversity supporting the implementation of the EU strategy and the Aichi targets in Europe.

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We have 10 National Parks, the area is 4,3% from the country.
Each of them is trying to protect as many biological treasures as they can. I speak about special creatures in danger and tradition of agriculture also.
This is a great job, because we have many many unique species. I can not identify an exactly biodiversity hotspot.

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Out of the National Parks there are almost 300 other protected natural area

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Országos jelentőségű védett természeti területek

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A magyar állami természetvédelem hivatalos oldala

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Because of the not optimal management our wild animal population is overgrown. They destroy many plant and influence the environment.

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Délutáni szarvas vonulás sátorhelynél. Deers crossing a road in Hungary

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I compared my BioArea with Matin Nielsen's BioArea about Denmark.
Our countries are far from each other in Europe and influenced by different forces, but I am seeing many common feature in our presentation: the situation of the forest and amount of cultivated land.
It was a big surprise Denmark has Orchid species also, bad their are in danger like ours.
And it was not surprising that also there are the same invasive species like here: Portuguese slag. And I'm glad that the spread of Orconectes limosus has not yet reached Denmark.