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one with an image sensor format that is the same size as 35 mm format (36 mm × 24 mm) film.

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Sensors approximating these dimensions are used in many digital single-lens reflex cameras (DSLRs), mirrorless interchangeable-lens cameras (MILCs), and a few large-sensor live-preview digital cameras.

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the ratio of a camera sensor's size to a 35mm film frame.

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a fixed focal length photographic lens, typically with a maximum aperture from f2.8 to f1.2.

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a mechanical assembly of lens elements for which the focal length (and thus angle of view) can be varied, as opposed to a fixed focal length (FFL) lens (see prime lens).

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a term used in various branches of engineering and economic development.

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offers a lot of improvements and new features from previous iterations, delivering more efficiencies and a wide array of options to choose from.

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are groups of tools used to edit and manipulate your image.

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1. a horizontal bar, typically located at the top of the screen below the title bar, containing drop-down menus.

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The options bar appears below the menu bar at the top of the workspace. The options bar is context sensitive—it changes as you select different tools. Some settings in the options bar (such as painting modes and opacity) are common to several tools, and some are specific to one tool.

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Colorfulness, chroma and saturation are attributes of perceived color relating to chromatic intensity.

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the global adjustment of the intensities of the colors.

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allows you to move a selection or entire layer by dragging it with your mouse or using your keyboard arrows keys. The move tool is located at the top right of the Photoshop Toolbox

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Click the Zoom tool in the Tools panel or press Z to activate it. Click anywhere in the image to magnify it.

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a function than an actual tool because you rarely need to click the Hand tool to use it.

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the ratio of the width to the height of an image or screen

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Drag along a feature in the image that you want to orient horizontally or vertically.A If you need to adjust the line, move either endpoint. The current angle is listed as the A value on the Options bar.

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an editing tool available, with minor variations, in most digital image editing software.

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one of the oldest selection tools in Photoshop.

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is a bit like a cross between the Rectangular Marquee Tool and the standard Lasso Tool, both of which we looked at in previous tutorials.

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a selection using an adjustable round brush tip. As you drag, the selection expands outward and automatically finds and follows defined edges in the image. Select the Quick Selection tool .

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is used to draw selections based on geometric shapes.

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the default healing tool in Photoshop and can be used to clone areas from an image

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The basic principle is that the texture from the sample area is blended with the color and luminosity surrounding wherever you paint

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one of the best tools Photoshop has to offer. It can save you a ton of time when trying to make some adjustments to your image. You can use it to remove small or large areas from your photo. You can also use it to duplicate parts of your photo.

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allows you to duplicate part of an image. The process involves setting a sampling point in the image which will be used as a reference to create a new cloned area.

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Located at the top right of the Photoshop Toolbox. When the move tool is selected, click and drag anywhere in the image.

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The Dodge tool and the Burn tool lighten or darken areas of the image. These tools are based on a traditional darkroom technique for regulating exposure on specific areas of a print.

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is used to paint a blur effect. Each stroke made using the Blur Toolwill lower the contrast between affected pixels, making them appear blurred.

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the Burn tool lighten or darken areas of the image.

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The Sponge Tool saturates / desaturates image areas: In the Toolbox, select the Sponge Tool. Choose brush size and style.

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Sharpening enhances the definition of edges in an image. Whether your images come from a digital camera or a scanner, most images can benefit from sharpening.

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the effect you see when you drag a finger through wet paint. The tool picks up color where the stroke begins and pushes it in the direction you drag. Select the Smudge tool .

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works best when set to a 50% pupil Size and a 50% Darken amount. Click and drag around the eye, and let go.

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Enable the Gradient Tool in Photoshop by hitting G or by selecting the rectangular gradient icon located on the left hand toolbar in the program.

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They allow you to selectively modify the opacity (transparency) of the layer they belong to.

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a group of a super useful, non-destructive image editing tools that add color and tonal adjustments to your image without permanently changing its pixels.

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a camera lens designed for photographing small subjects at very close distances.

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an ultra wide-angle lens that produces strong visual distortion intended to create a wide panoramic or hemispherical image.

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High-dynamic-range imaging is a high dynamic range technique used in imaging and photography to reproduce a greater dynamic range of luminosity than is possible with standard digital imaging or photographic techniques.

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a unique form for a frame to an image, either illustration or photograph.

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creates and edits vector-based text in a separate layer.

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In photography, painting, and other visual arts, middle gray or middle grey is a tone that is perceptually about halfway between black and white on a lightness scale

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where the camera determines a proper exposure not on the average brightness levels of the whole frame, but just of one specific spot.

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enables the photographer to take a correct exposure depending on the lighting conditions at hand.

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the default metering mode on most DSLRs. It works similarly to the above example by dividing the entire frame into multiple “zones”, which are then all analyzed on individual basis for light and dark tones.

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a mode of automatic light metering in a camera that compensates for differences in the brightness of the central and peripheral portions of the image.