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Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) Is similar to the Rough endoplasmic reticulum but without the ribosomes that are attached to the surface of the RER. It’s a meshwork of fine disk-like tubular membrane vesicle (a sac like structure)and it’s part of a continuous membrane organelle within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. It’s involved in the synthesis and storage of lipids including cholesterol and phospholipids which are used in the production of new cellular membrane

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The Golgi apparatus or Golgi body is an organelle present in most eukaryotic cells.
It is made up of membrane-bound sacs cisternae.
Usually five to eight cisternae are present in one Golgi apparatus. 
Have five distinct and functional regions
Each region has different enzymes to help it modify the contents, depending on where they are to end up.
The job of the Golgi apparatus is to process and bundle macromolecules like proteins and lipids as they are synthesized within the cell.
The Golgi apparatus is sometimes compared to a post office inside the cell since one major function is to modify, sort, and package proteins to be secreted. 
This organelle is also important in other ways, specifically in the transport of lipids throughout the cell and the creation of lysosomes.
The Golgi works closely with the rough ER. When the ER makes a protein, a transition vesicle is made. It drifts through the cytoplasm to the Golgi bodies where it gets absorbed. After the Golgi works on the molecules inside, it secretes a vesicle into the cytoplasm which releases the protein molecule out of the cell. 

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DEFINITION = an organelle in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells containing degradative enzymes enclosed in a membrane. FUNCTION =The function of lysosomes is to remove waste as well as destroying a cell after it has died, called autolysis.

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Introduction:
Nucleus, in biology, a specialized structure occurring in most cells (except bacteria) and separated from the rest of the cell by a double layer. 

This membrane seems to be continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum (a membranous network) of the cell and has pores.

The nucleus controls and regulates the activities of the cell (e.g., growth and metabolism) and carries the genes, structures that contain the hereditary information. Nucleoli are small bodies often seen within the nucleus; they play an important part in the synthesis of ribonucleic acid (RNA) and protein.

A cell normally contains only one nucleus.

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ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

- Is a series of connected flattened sacs

- Which is a part of a continuous membrane organelle

- within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells

- that plays a central role in the synthesis of proteins.

- It's named for the appearance of its outer surface,

- which is studded with protein-synthesizing particles known as ribosomes.

- RER is present in both animal and plant cells

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) Is similar to the Rough endoplasmic reticulum but without the ribosomes that are attached to the surface of the RER. It’s a meshwork of fine disk-like tubular membrane vesicle (a sac like structure)and it’s part of a continuous membrane organelle within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. It’s involved in the synthesis and storage of lipids including cholesterol and phospholipids which are used in the production of new cellular membrane

Golgi bodies

The Golgi body is an organelle present in most eukaryotic cells.

It is made up of membrane-bound sacs cisternae.

The job of the Golgi apparatus is to process and bundle macromolecules like proteins and lipids as they are synthesized within the cell.

This organelle is also important in other ways, specifically in the transport of lipids throughout the cell and the creation of lysosomes.

The Golgi works closely with the rough ER. When the ER makes a protein, a transition vesicle is made. It drifts through the cytoplasm to the Golgi bodies where it gets absorbed. After the Golgi works on the molecules inside, it secretes a vesicle into the cytoplasm which releases the protein molecule out of the cell.

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A jelly-like material that contains dissolved nutrients and salts and structures called organelles. It is where many of the chemical reactions happen.
Nucleus	Contains genetic material, including DNA, which controls the cell’s activities.
Cell membrane	Its structure is permeable to some substances but not to others. It therefore controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell.
Mitochondria	Organelles that contain the enzymes for respiration, and where most energy is released in respiration.
Ribosomes	A tiny organelle where protein synthesis occurs.
Plant cells also have additional structures:

Function
Chloroplast	Organelles that contains the green pigment, chlorophyll, which absorbs light energy for photosynthesis. Contains the enzymes needed for photosynthesis.
Cell wall	Made from cellulose fibres and strengthens the cell and supports the plant.
Permanent vacuole	Filled with cell sap to help keep the cell turgid.

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Mitochondria and Nucleus

MITOCHONDRIA:

its known as the powerhouse of the cell because it performs cellular respiration to release energy.

Its made up of two membranes (inner and outer) and a matrix.

The inner membrane folds over and forms structures called cristae.
The outer membrane contains the organelle.
The matrix is the fluid held within the mitochondria.

Nucleus, in biology, a specialized structure occurring in most cells (except bacteria) and separated from the rest of the cell by a double layer.

This membrane seems to be continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum (a membranous network) of the cell and has pores.

The nucleus controls and regulates the activities of the cell (e.g., growth and metabolism) and carries the genes, structures that contain the hereditary information.

Nucleoli are small bodies often seen within the nucleus; they play an important part in the synthesis of ribonucleic acid (RNA) and protein.

A cell normally contains only one nucleus.

Nuclues parts
Nuclear Envelope

Location: The nuclear envelope, also known as the nuclear membrane, encloses the nucleus and nucleolus.

Structure: The nuclear envelope is composed of a phospholipid bilayer with many pores (small holes) that allow RNA and other materials to enter and exit the nucleus.

Function: The many pores in the nuclear envelope allow it to decide what enters and exits the nucleus.

Nucleolus

Location: The nucleolus is located inside of the nucleus. It is surrounded by the nuclear envelope. It is NOT membrane- bound.

Structure: The nucleolus is a dense region in the nucleus composed of DNA, RNA, and proteins.

Function: The nucleolus makes ribosomes. This is a very important job inside of the cell.

Chromosomes

Location: The chromosomes are located inside of the nucleus.

Structure: Chromosomes are composed of nucleotides, which bond together to form a double helix. This double helix is  tightly wrap around a protein to form a chromosome.  The unraveled material from a chromosome that floats around in the nucleus is known as chromatin.

Function: Chromosomes contain the genetic information (DNA) of the cell. The chromosomes are the code for all of the  functions that occur in a cell.

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Cell Membrane and Ribosomes- Azka, Amna, Vina and Zahra

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Cell Membrane and Ribosomes- Azka, Amna, Vina and Zahra

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cell membranes:
-a thin, flexible layer around the outside of the cells
-made of lipids and proteins
-selectively permeable
-can bring molecules inside it through endocytosis.
-separates the content of the cell
-plays an important role in cell signalling
-controls the entry and exit of material
-phospholipids are a main component of the cell membrane

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Plant cells are the basic unit of life in organisms of the kingdom Plantae. They are eukaryotic cells, which have a true nucleus along with specialized structures called organelles that carry out different functions.
The structure of a plant cell which can only be perceived by a light microscope, and with the transmission electron microscope. Here is the structure:
-Cytoplasm is a jelly-like material that contains dissolved nutrients and salts and structures called organelles. It is where many of the chemical reactions happen.

-The Nucleus Contains genetic material, including DNA, which controls the cell’s activities.

-Cell membrane’s structure is permeable to some substances but not to others. It therefore controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

-Mitochondria Organelles  contain the enzymes for respiration, and where most energy is released in respiration.

-Ribosomes A tiny organelle where protein synthesis occurs.

-Chloroplast contains the green pigment, chlorophyll, which absorbs light energy for photosynthesis. Contains the enzymes needed for photosynthesis.

-Cell wall is made from cellulose fibres and strengthens the cell and supports the plant.

-Permanent vacuole is filled with cell sap which helps keep the cell turgid.

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Lysosomes
DEFINITION = an organelle in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells containing degradative enzymes enclosed in a membrane.
FUNCTION =The function of lysosomes is to remove waste as well as destroying a cell after it has died, called autolysis.
STRUCTURE =
- Surrounded by a membrane
- External membrane is similar to a gateway
- Contains hydrolytic enzymes
- Ranges in size