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a type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, as in the production of gametes and plant spores.

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another term for genetic fingerprinting.

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the haploid set of chromosomes in a gamete or microorganism, or in each cell of a multicellular organism.

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a unit of heredity that is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristic of the offspring.

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the number and visual appearance of the chromosomes in the cell nuclei of an organism or species.

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a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.

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deoxyribonucleic acid, a self-replicating material present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information.

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determined by genetic factors and therefore able to be passed on from parents to their offspring or descendants.

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the recorded ancestry, especially upper-class ancestry, of a person or family.

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A particularly important category of genetic linkage has to do with the X and Y sexchromosomes. These not only carry the genes that determine male and female traits but also those for some other characteristics as well. Genes that are carried by either sex chromosome are said to be sex linked.

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Codominance is a form of dominance wherein the alleles of a gene pair in a heterozygote are fully expressed. This results in offspring with a phenotype that is neither dominant nor recessive. A typical example showing codominance is the ABO blood group system.

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Incomplete dominance is a form of intermediate inheritance in which one allele for a specific trait is not completely expressed over its paired allele. This results in a third phenotype in which the expressed physical trait is a combination of the phenotypes of both alleles.

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Heterozygous. A diploid organism is heterozygous at a gene locus when its cells contain two different alleles (one wild-type allele and one mutant allele) of a gene. The cell or organism is called a heterozygote specifically for the allele in question, and therefore,heterozygosity refers to a specific genotype.

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Homozygous is a word that refers to a particular gene that has identical alleles on both homologous chromosomes. It is referred to by two capital letters (XX) for a dominant trait, and two lowercase letters (xx) for a recessive trait.

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relating to or denoting heritable characteristics controlled by genes that are expressed in offspring only when inherited from both parents, i.e., when not masked by a dominant characteristic inherited from one parent.

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one of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome.

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Dihybrid cross is a cross between two different lines/genes that differ in two observed traits. In the Mendelian sense, between the alleles of both these loci there is a relationship of complete dominance - recessive.

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A monohybrid cross is a mating between two organisms with different variations at one genetic chromosome of interest. The character(s) being studied in a monohybrid cross are governed by two or multiple variations for a single locus.

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The Punnett square is a square diagram that is used to predict the genotypes of a particular cross or breeding experiment. It is named after Reginald C. Punnett, who devised the approach. The diagram is used by biologists to determine the probability of an offspring having a particular genotype.

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Protein is an important component of every cell in the body. Hair and nails are mostly made of protein. Your body uses protein to build and repair tissues. You also use protein to make enzymes, hormones, and other body chemicals. Protein is an important building block of bones, muscles, cartilage, skin, and blood.

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the extent to which something is probable; the likelihood of something happening or being the case.

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the set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment.

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the genetic constitution of an individual organism.

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the study of heredity and the variation of inherited characteristics.