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Causes:
- Grand Blancs wanted new trade laws, Gens de Coleur wanted racial equality, Petit Blancs were mad when Gens de Coleur became equal, and Slaves were treated badly; also slaves thought they should be free after the French King’s proclamation declaring racial equality for rich people of color in 1789.
What started it?
-Petit blancs were mad when Gens de Coleur became equal; began looking for independence. In 1791, they seized Port-au-Prince, and French government sent troops to Saint Domingue. They fought against French and people of color. In August 1791, massive slave revolt where they set out and attacked plantations, burnt them down, and killed all of the white planters they came across.
Result: The Hatian declaration of independence rejected France and Racism. Haiti became a refuge
- former slaves won, and on January 1, 1804, declared the island of Saint-Domingue independent and named it Haiti.

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Root of Conflict

Social Class Standings:

Creoles were upset because Peninsulares were the only ones that could be in charge and hold office

Enlightenment: Inspired them

Heard about it in papers

Overthrow colonial rule

Became tired of the Spanish ruling over them from far away

Spain and Portugal:
-  class= race
-  creoles- mad because
-  Napoleon invaded Spain and Portugal- royal family fled
Outcome:
- freedom from Spain
- Many deaths
- constitution
- economically dependent

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Beginning: Ideas for the revolution stemmed from ideas from the Enlightenment.
Tension Begins:

Britain taxed the colonies in order to dig itself out of debt from war

This angered the colonists - “No taxation without representation.”

1st Continental Congress: 1st time reps. from colonies got together to discuss issues in the region
The Revolution:

Battles of Lexington & Concord - battles that initiated the war

2nd Continental Congress -  remained in session throughout the war; created the continental army

Colonies started to lose at first, but the French alliance and a boost in morale spurred them on

Revolutionary Changes:
1. slavery/women
- slaves fought for the British and women wanted freedom when there husbands were out fighting
2. Articles of confederation
3. New Government
4. Land

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-Guomindang (The Nationalist Party)

Anti-Communist

Modern Development

Leader: Chiang Kai-Shek from 1918-1979

Chinese Military Leader

Expelled Communist and tried to unify China

Chinese Communist Party (CCP)- 1921

Organized China’s urban working class

Appealed to women and peasants (to gain ground)

Radical Fast Growth

Leader: Mao Zedong- killed so many people

Established People’s Republic of China

Left a good and bad legacy

CCP Victory

CCP won the civil war

All nationalist fled to Taiwan

Mao Zedong then claimed himself ruler of the People’s republic of China

Promised a lot of things like, which failed to be followed through with

The Great Leap Forward (1959 – 1962)

Tried to improve agricultural and industrial problems

Traded grain for machinery

Caused starvation and 20 million deaths

People encouraged to possess/work steel furnaces in their backyards

Process was dangerous and bad steel was made

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- Women's expectation were to get married and have kids
-the French Revolution caused a new thought of recreating human society
-social movement for equal rights for women in workplace, personal lives, and politics
-strong secure told in society
-to be seen as more than homemakers, to         have a strong secure role in American           Society
-The pill
-Roe v. Wade- women's legal right for an abortion

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Cause: people were suffering from many things and expressed this outrage; activists from different parties helped to plan the revolution. Tsar Nicholas II forced to step down from the throne. Soldiers deserted in substantial numbers. Trade unions were formed to help revolt. Workers took control over factories.
Main Events:
-Duma: middle and upper classes;
-Soviet: workers and soldiers
- women workers left their factories and entered the streets to protest; worked long hours to feed their families due to their husbands and fathers fighting in World War I
-by February 25 the city of Petrograd shut down.
- Czar Nicholas II abdicated due to the Petrograd people’s revolution.
-Sept. 1917 Vladimir Lenin spoke out against the Provisional Government and called for a new revolution   - A secret meeting of Bolshevik party leaders was held; a vote was taken: 10 to 2 in favor of a revolution.
- troops took control of things used daily by Russians; control of these and other posts within the city handed over to the Bolsheviks with barely a shot fired. 3/3/1918 the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk is signed, withdrawing Russia from World War 1 ; losing much of their former territory.
Outcomes:
-February Revolution: Abolished death penalty, amnesty for prisoners and those in exile, ended religious and ethnic discrimination, granted freedom of civil liberty. Didn’t believe in end of war, land form, or better quality of life for Russian people.
-October Revolution: The Russian Civil War Nov 7, 1917- Oct 25, 1922. Former Duma members formed Provincial Government that eventually ran the country

Communist movement began to move worldwide.

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Cause: King Louis XVI was demanding common people to pay higher taxes at the same time that the weather severity was happening, resulting in the community being on the verge of bankruptcy
Main Events:
- storming of Bastille: a state prison on the east side of Paris that was attacked after becoming a symbol of the monarchy's dictatorial rule. The mob came to demand the huge ammunition stores held within the prison walls. after being denied, the mob gained hold of the building and killed the governor
- the three estates: common people separate from the community by creating the National Assembly and the Declaration of the rights and Man and Citizen
Outcomes:
-Spread of enlightenment across Europe; this was the result of Napoleon's attempt to create a French empire
-Within France, it ended the monarchy and led to the creation of the French Republic

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Revolutions

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came over to the Americas and brought diseases

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Spanish America and Philippines were most receptive to missionary work

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Initially limited to a small handful of scholars, the ideas of the Scientific Revolution spread to a wider European Public during the eighteenth century.

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China's Ming and Qing dynasties were strong, no need for first people to seek other religion

-Jesuits aimed for China's elite with conversion, mainly wanted to "share ideas" and    "learn from them"

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-changing of how human fit in to the world-created and discussed by European intellectuals and elites

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-Rediscovery of art, scholarship (Greek and roman), social science philosophy
-Italy got its money from trading with the Ottoman Empire- used money for art
-People at the time didn't know the Renaissance was happening

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-social services
-education
-1/3 land owned by church
-extreme social and political power in Europe
-priests only have access to bible reading

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-Catholics clarified and reaffirmed their unique doctrines
-worked to fix the problems
-Jesuits= religious group dedicated to the renewal of the Catholic Church

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-Huguenots= protestant minority in France
-Catholics fought an killed Huguenots
-30 year war!!!

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-He was pope at the time of the reformation
-He put the church in great debt
-spent all his money on himself and the arts (gold as well)

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-Martin Luther (1483-1546)
-Martin Luther believed that the Bible should be interpreted according to ones views
-He went against the church and said you only need the bible and broke off and formed protestant
-Protestantism is subdivided into Lutheran, Calvinist, Anglican, Quaker, Anabaptist
-this reformation resulted in dramatic religious conflicts throughout Europe

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Cultural Transformations

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-large empire learning to tax more effectively and grow their military
-European goods were not needed in the East

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-American foods: potato, monic, maize, peanuts will supplement traditional African crops: bananas, rice, and millet

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-Soft gold
-keeps you warm
-European population hunted and trapped animals
Prior to fur trade ; because of agriculture, population increased-- made people travel elsewhere= less fur bearing animals

Due to this; they looked for more fur from N. America

This will lead to

diseases spreading

Alcoholism

Less fur bearing animals

Intro of guns to NA

ALL THIS LEADS TO WARFARE

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-modern day Bolivia
-South America
-Spanish go here looking for Gold but found silver
-Silver drain: all silver goes to China
-People want silver for buying China goods

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Belief that there is a limited amount of wealth in the world and our country must seize all we can before another takes from us

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clothing, boats, clocks- stuff created from Raw materials

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Cotton, sugar, wood, iron, clay, and silk

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-the Dutch and British overtook the Portuguese in Indian Ocean commerce
-Dutch had large monopoly on the spice islands
-the English had to find commerce and trade in India

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trade post= controlling commerce/ trade by use of force, not necessarily populations or large areas of lane
-tried to control spice trade; not able to control more than half
-sold Asian goods and their shipping services to the people of India and Asia
-by 1600 the trading post empire was in steep decline

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-Established in Portuguese
-wanted to bring Catholic to the Islands
-resulted in turmoil between Spanish and Chinese people. The Spanish ended up massacring 20,000 people in 1603

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Economic Transformations
1450-1750

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1. trade with Europe- allowed them to import needed goods for themselves
2. spread to the Atlantic and to the Americas
3. transformed Brazil and the Caribbean

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The MesoAmerican and Andean Zones were taken over by the Aztecs and Incas

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In south america: there were horrible conditions for sugar slaves- brought over more N. Americans which created bigger population

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-Ships and maps
-Iron working; guns
-horses (quick and fast for transportation)

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European powers (British, Portugal, Spain, France, Etc.) were physically closer to Americas than Asian counterparts

Trade Winds were mastered and much more beneficial for European than that Indian Ocean

Europe NEEDED to find new land and resources

New world allowed for "old world" Europe to pull ahead of Asia

Dominance of women throughout cultures, abuse and selling of women for advantage or familial gain

China at one point was at the top

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you were judged by the color of your skin; same amount of men and women; big divide-- black people were of lower clarity because natives would form a family. Took race more seriously

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Top: Peinsulares= Spaniards (white born in Spanish)
Creoles: Spaniards born in America
Mestizo= mixed race, initially Spanish men and native women
Indians: Native group, indigenous people

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Education and society classes; their population was 9 men to every 1 women, 8 men had to find native women-- more racial blending!
-had to bring slaves over

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old world meeting new world!
Old World= Europe
New World= North and South America

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Political Transformations
1450-1750

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-had 3 ships
-time of an hour glass and distance
-Indians lost their land
-Columbus brought diseases with them

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-started exploring in 1400-1433
-greatest explorer
-gets no credit
-his exploration stopped because the new empower decided to spend their goods on the state building

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trading post empires... caritihe
-have to have in order to trade in port cities.... They make a lot of money off of trade

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In the end it takes over and pushes a lot of hunter gathering groups to in existence

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Developed agriculture practices in what is now central New York State
-They had great respect for women
-The people eventually developed "league of 5 nations" to make decisions and work together

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African tribe that flourished on their own
- interacted with other tribes around them by trading and communicating

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hunter gatherer tribes- group of people that substituted on moving around and "hunting" and "gathering" food
This was mainly located in Australia, Siberia, and parts of Africa and the Americans

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The Worlds of the 15th Century