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Artificial Intelligence In Medicine
In medical field, research on artificial inteligence (AI) have been started since 90’s. In recent years, artificial intelligence has become a popular topic maybe due to the advanced development of technologies.

AI in medicine are used mostly for diagnosis and treament of patients. Before a patient is diagnosed, there are many background processes need to be done. The processes involved are gathering information from patient, running tests, analyzing the data, making an accurate diagnosis based on the data observed and choosing the best treatment for the patients. Some of the processes mentioned can be automated such as gathering information and making accurate diagnosis which will later benefit the doctors by freeing their time so they can focus more on higher-order tasks (Stockert, 2017).

Besides lessen the task that is done manually and freeing doctor’s time, AI also help to rise the opportunity for medical field to achieve the aim of ‘precision medicine’. Usually in medical practice, the solution, treatment and drug are made based on the requirement of statistically average person which is known as ‘one-size-fits-all’ treatment. Personalized medicine is where treatment and prevention of a disease involved the each of the individual genes,  environment and lifestyle. With AI, medical field can easily move towards personalization and specific treatment (Meskó, 2017).

On top of that, it is believed that AI will never gain dominance over human in medicine in the future because there are things where only human can provide such as judgement, creativity and empathy (Susskind, 2016). Doctors and AI should actually learn on how to work and grow  together in order to expand the capabilities in medical field.

In conclusion, artificial intelligence do bring a lot of advantage that can improves the potential in medical field . We also do not have to worry with the development of AI as it is improbable for AI to replace human doctors sooner or later, instead medical profession need to change by adapting and learning on how to improve alongside technological development.

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Artificial intelligence brought many benefits to human especially increase productivity and save time. However the impacts of artificial intelligence on society should be taken into account. There are several impacts of artificial which affect society in various field such as transportation, criminal justice and advertising system. Artificial intelligence was created to help human especially to live better with lots of development in machinery work and coding system however drastic improvement without a proper regulation can lead us toward disaster.    Firstly, transportation seems to be the first which is affected by artificial intelligence proved by (Anthony, 2018). He affirm that a lot of artificial intelligence already taking place such as self-driving technology Tesla empowered electrical charge which has cut through government red tape. Tesla was founded in 2003 by a group of engineer who want to show that electrical devices and transport can help human in a better way plus save the environment. Pollution that getting worst recently need to be prevented in all ways. Therefore, born of Tesla made a huge different in the management of pollution. Since the source of fuel was changed to electric charge so air pollution caused by releasing of carbon monoxide during the combustion of fuel can be reduced. In addition, carbon dioxide which is main cause of greenhouse gas can also be reduced. He also claim that artificial intelligence will not only save society time but the most important is minimizes the transportation cost. Thus self-driving vehicles will cost as much as taking bus and other public transport. As the world produced thousands of vehicles annually, therefore demand of fuel increased and commercial price even higher than usual. Most people are affected by the increasing fuel demand thus the cost of using own vehicle even expensive than public transport.Next, uses of fingerprint in the court as one of ways to provide security also being affected by the improvement in application of artificial intelligence. It is because advancement in facial recognition caused the previous way of security became old-fashioned (Anthony, 2018). This  showed that as technology improved it also provide high security protection toward people. However, he also doubt about too much innovation will lead to disaster especially in criminal justice industry when we have no regulatory oversight. Its can be explained when there is over-improvement of technology the risk of information loss and exposure toward the other parties increased since the data can be accessed by the hacker without a tight control. He analyse that country is at risk of major disruption on democracy when there is no proper government regulations.Other than that Artificial intelligence brought us to the new era of advertising. As we known all data and information can be accessed easily so advertiser used it maximally to increase their profit. Advertiser be able to predict purchasing behaviour of costumer and become smarter every single day as mentioned by (Hussesnot, 2018). Thus Artificial intelligence through advertising  can help advertiser to assess their costumers better. It proved that artificial intelligence can brought benefit or harm depending on how people or society get used of it. In conclusion, artificial intelligence can be harmful toward the society and also environment if there is no proper management or regulations played by the authorized. Therefore awareness of artificial intelligence should be cleared and justified among the citizens so that there is no worry of it application in the daily activities.

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The Ethical Challenges of Artificial Intelligence

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The Ethical Challenges of Artificial Intelligence

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The ethics of artificial intelligence is a concern with the moral behavior of humans to robots and other artificially intelligent beings as they design, construct, use and treat them. It considers both how artificially intelligent beings may be used to harm humans and how they may be used to benefit humans. Ethical of Artificial Intelligence is one of the issues that arises when people are discussing the use of artificial intelligence (AI).

My first point of view is AIs need to be trained and raised to not only perform a task  but to act as a responsible co-worker and representative of the company. Bob Violino (2018) mentioned in his article that AI systems are making decisions in a variety of industries today or will be doing so in the near future that could have an impact on virtually everything they touch.

The author quoted a few opinions by Michael Biltz, director of Accenture Technology Vision at consulting firm Accenture. First, he clarified that AI should be viewed more like raising a child than programming an application because AI has grown to the point where it can have just as much influence as the people using it.

Next, my point is AI might have just as much potential to be a force for good in the world as there is no shortage of horror stories about AI. Technology using AI will have the capability to tackle variety of world issues. However, in the article, the author highlighted that Blitz argued about the standards of responsible or liable that should be taken by a govern or a company as a result of AI-based decisions. As example is autonomous vehicles have been created to avoid any accidents but the reality is that they are sure to be involved in accidents just like human drivers despite that we only have a clear understanding for defining fault and blame for human drivers, that does not yet exist for AI.

Lastly, AI is not here to replace human beings. It augments our abilities, enabling us to achieve greater efficiencies and to step up to higher levels of performance. As in the article, Blitz justified that AI need to be designed to augment the workforce by applying the capabilities of machines so people can focus on higher-value analysis, decision-making and innovation.

In conclusions, potential benefits for all can only be realized if we consider the ethical accountabilities that comes with AI at every stage from design to implementation and review.

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Applications of SOPHIA, The Humanoid Robot

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Applications of SOPHIA, The Humanoid Robot

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Sophia is a 3 year old life size human-like robot, which is a masterpiece of Dr David Hanson under the ‘Hanson Robotics’ company. Sophia is created using artificial intelligence technologies. The Hanson Robotics company had made 14 sophias and is going to produce hundreds of units more for testing (Dr Hanson, 2018). Sophia is also the first humanoid machine to be given a citizenship.

Some of it’s capabilities include understanding sentences, making various facial expressions, having casual conversations, voice recognition and it can also asses people's emotion. Apart from that, this humanoid machine is able to animate 60 different facial expressions such as anger, disgust, happiness and even confusion.

Sophia can also contribute to humanity by helping in scientific research. For instance, autism research. Job opportunities, especially in the robotic industry will start to increase as the result of the creation of these robots.

The company is going to train sophia all the skills required for search and rescue operations. The latest version of sophia is already equipped with mechanical legs in order to train her for those operations (Dr Hanson, 2018). Medical depression treatment, medical education, insurance education and customer service are some of Sophia's application.

The broad scope of application in service robotics market is useful for artificial intelligence development. (Dr Hanson, 2018)

In the future, these humanoids are going to play a huge role in our lives. Though, ethics and policies are to be developed for these robots to avoid any negative impact to the society and economy.

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Artificial intelligence software means computer programs with the capacity to perform operations analogous to learning and decision-making in humans. AI software that  incorporates machine learning ,which provides the ability to learn from data without rule-based programming,may make the process of translating a molecule from initial inception to a market-ready product is smooth-running.But then,before AI is adopted for general application in clinical practice or for drug research,the technology need to be verified.

Then,medical devices and technology used within the medical field are highly regulated.All these  to ensure safety of products and all the data generated in connection with development or use of the products are accurate and reliable.

Next two paragraph will briefly explained the overview of current regulatory framework in European Union and United States.

In European Union,Tsang,A.Kracov and 6 other Arnold&Porter’s members(2017) explained that software may fall within the definition of ’medical device’ under the Medical Devices Directive.The assessment to be a medical devices for AI will takes into account of product’s composition,manner in which it used,extent of distribution and the risk that may entail.However,this lengthy legislative process replaced by new medical device regulation that will apply as of May 26,2020.

On the other hand,in United States,Food and Drug Administration’s(FDA) take the job in regulating over medical device.All the AI fall into one of four categories of FDA regulated software that are Mobile Medical Apps(MMA),Medical Data Device System(MDDS),Software as a Medical Device(SAMD) and Clinical Decision Support Software(CDSS).However,enacted in 2016,the 21st century Cures Act legislatively exempts certain software from the definition of a medical device.

Lastly,Future of Life Sciences(2018) supported that,in order to ensure sustainability of the technology,AI have to capture various forms of personal data. In EU,these rules overhauled by General Data Protection Regulation which applies from May 25,2018.While in the US,regardless of the classification,AI need to assess whether HIPAA rules apply to the technology.