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From week 1 until week 7, I've learned a lot of new experiences, and skills. Skills such as communicating among my group members, increases my confident in answering, presenting my point and to improve any of my weakness without giving up. Experiences such as normally other lecturer will go through the slides during the class session. But, with Dr Syakirah it was slightly different. She needed us to read and understand fully before the class session starts. For example, the most hardest topic for me was the process of Action Potential, in the Nervous System topic. I did the reading before entering the class. Since I was in a rush that time, i couldnt focus the process of the Action Potential. Hence, when Dr Syakirah asked each one of us to explain what do we understand from our own reading time before the class session,  I couldnt explain about the Action Potential part and Dr Syakirah explained in details about the action potential. In conclusion, as a student, I learned that I should read and understand fully about the topic before entering the class or else in the class i will be lost and do not understand anything during Dr's explanation on the topic. Besides that, i should also watch youtube or any animation to understand fully or imagine the important process of any topic. The most exciting lesson was that PBL activity. This is because we were divided into  a group of 4-5 and given a task. As for me, throughout this PBL session, it leads me to trigger more information which is needed to answer and solve the task.  Challenges that I encountered throughout Week 1 until Week 7 is that, sacrificing my movie time or extra time during Sunday or Saturday in order to understand fully before i enters class every week, after all its not my regret to sacrifice my free time because reading and imagining all the process and animal physiology course was my favourite.

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So my group members for the PBL activity include Nurul Shatirah, Ayuni Nadrah, Siti Balqish and also Noor Adibah.

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On the 9th of October, we went for a visit to the IMR. Pictures and the purpose of the visits are in the Slide.

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From week 8 until week 14, I've learned a lot of new experiences, and skills. Skills such as be creative in my daily life, increase my confident level when answering lecturer and friends. Experiences such as normally other lecturer will go through the slides during the class session. But, with Dr Norliana,   she makes the learning process more fun by letting us to cast. Thus, it leads us to remember easily the function of lymphocytes and many more.

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Name of group members are as below :
1. Suzica Johnny Jusim (D20162075560)
2. Ojie Folorennah Fin Majilis (D20162075568)
3. Mildred Paula Anak Sagat (D20162075572)
4. Nurhidayah bt Shahbudin (D20162075577)

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From all the lab work and session, ive learned that I understand more about the topic. For example, the first lab is about the eye reflex, spinal reflex and much more. I do understand the topic alone by memorizing the fact about the eye reflex by reading but, I understand better by doing the eye reflex exercises I have know that an increase  of the light intensity causes the pupil to constrict whereas a lower light intensity leads the pupil to dilate. Moreover, both pupils also constrict when only one eye is being covered in a given light. But the most challenging lab session were both the chicken muscle and the frog one. This is because, my group and I, spent a lot of time in cutting the right thickness and length for the chicken muscle cells. It was something new to discover because ive never done it before. Hence from the experiment that the actin filaments which associate with myosin are responsible for the chicken muscle cells with the help of ATP energy causes the each of the final length of the fibre are shortening, and also the magnesium function as the muscle relaxation which causes no change in the degree of contraction in the chicken muscle.
The microcirculation frogs experiment was quite tough too because I never like frog myself. The challenging part was when my group and I needed to observe the microcirculation of the red blood cells moving and other vessels too. It is hard for us to identify other vessels too even under the specific microscope. But at the end of the experiment Ive learned that arterioles are actually the small, strong, and thick walled vessels which is branch out into the capillaries. Meanwhile, capillaries is the smallest blood vessels with the thinnest walls through which substances move into and out of the blood. Hence, The factors that determine the capillary blood flow include the cardiac output, compliance, blood volume, blood viscosity, length and the diameter of the blood vessel.

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On the 25th of November 2018, we went to the Kuala Gandah Elephant Conservation Centre. The elephant sanctuary was established in 1980 and is managed by the Malaysian Department of Wildlife and National Parks. There are 26 elephants live in this sanctuary. The types of elephant species are Asian and African. But the African elephants are three times larger than the Asian elephants. They can live over 80 years and average of the elephant is up to 60 years. These elephant in this sanctuary was told that they will be having fruits, vegetables, milk, and vegetation for their meals. An adult elephant and young elephant can eat 300 lbs of food and 3 gallons of milk respectively. The range of weight of an elephant is from 6000 until 12 000 lbs. The elephant are able to use its trunk to grasp food or any objects. Hence, elephants rely on their sense of touch, smell, and hearing.Touch is used the most  because of their trunk appendage. This elephants sanctuary was build in order to helped to prevent the further decrease of the elephant population by relocating over 400 wild elephants back into the wild. Some might say that the elephant conservation centre is nothing more than a tourist attraction. Though this might be partly true, it also plays a big role into creating more awareness among the public.

From the field trip, i fall in love with the elephants after ive experienced the close interaction where my friend and i were given a chance to give the elephant babies milk during their milk time! It was the most memorable memories that Ive had in my entire life at Kuala Gandah. Hence, Ive also witnesses  feeding and bathing of the elephants which were a great experience especially for me who had never seen any elephants in my life, back in sarawak there were no elephant. Besides that, this semester was the hectic semester since we had a lot of things to be done, this fieldtrip also helps me to minimize stress from my busy life in university. Moreover, we also get to watch the videos on how the workers in this sanctuary catch the elephant which needed to be transferred into the safer place.

This elephant sanctuary was build to ensure the protection and management of the elephants and its habitants, enhancing the public's knowledge, awareness and support on the importance of elephant conservation and also managing the Centre as a centre for Research and Education as well as an economic & eco-tourism activities site.

Only elephants that are seriously injured and elephants with zero to none chances to survive in the wild on their own are brought back to the sanctuary by the Elephant Capture & Translocation Unit (ECTU). Other wild elephants are relocated directly to their new living environment, far away from the plantations. Capturing a wild elephant is no easy feat. Here the two older elephants, Chek Mek and Mek Bunga, come into play to lead the wild elephant to the special truck that is able to support the wild elephant. The two elephants position themselves on either side of the captured elephant while the team attaches chains around its shoulders. Sometimes relocating a wild elephant takes many days and also a lot of costs.

In conclusion, this field trip excites me the most, other than getting to know the elephants, Ive also learned that elephant is one of the endangered species, so each on of us in the world should take some action such as report to the  Department of Wildlife and National Parks so they can capture, rehabilitate and relocate the elephants to the larger national parks throughout Peninsular Malaysia. Ive also learned that elephant are unique since they do have their own trunks to breath and feed. The elephants ears are so special since it become as the cooling mechanism. The warm blood cools as it circulates through the vessels in the ear, due to the thin layer of the skin that separates it from the outside air. The cooler blood then circulates back into the body, helpng reduce the overall body temperature of the elephant.

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In conclusion, I need to improve myself by watching videos in youtube for the experiment before proceeding the lab work. Like for example, the lab session is next week, so on Saturday during my free time I should do a jotter for the method and procedure in my animal physiology note book. This is to ensure I know the step of every lab work and shouldnt be waiting for Dr’s instruction on what to do next in the lab. Next I should also improve myself in gaining knowledge such as watching youtube from the past experiment in youtube so that I know what should I get during the lab session. For example, since I didn’t prepare anything before the lab session, I was lost and I don’t know what should I expect to see or to observe by using the microscope during the frog’s experiment.

The safety precautions that I need to follow in this lab session is to wear lab coat and closed-toe shoes that cover the top of the foot. Majority of the experiment that ive done are dealing with observing the muscle cell or microcirculation under the micrsococpe and the precaution when i used microscope are hold the microscope with one hand around the arm of the device, and the other hand under the base. This is the most secure way to hold and walk with the microscope.I should be avoiding touching the lenses of the microscope because the oil and dirt on fingers can scratch the glass. Next are rotate the nosepiece of the microscope all the way down to its lowest level when I have finished using the microscope. If I leave the nosepiece up while storing it, the gears on the device can wear out. If this happens, the nosepiece may not be able to lift and hold its position. When finished the observation using microscope, I should also clean all slides, materials, and work. I should also be extra careful with the slides and cover slips because they are made of glass and if broken, we will get cut and will bleed. Last but not least I always put back the lab benches to their own position while conducting experiments or after the experiment. This includes unnecessary books, backpacks, cell phones, and other personal items. I will also report any damaged or broken equipment to instructor immediately. I also need to know where is first aid kit, the shower, eyewash bath, and fire extinguisher are and how and when to use them.

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My group and I were doing the classical condition of Burung Merbuk instead of the parrot. At first, we would like to choose parrot since parrot since we knew that parrot shows positively through sound. Our proposal had been rejected for a couple of times before our proposal get finalized by Dr Syakirah. It was tough for us, because we are afraid that the Burung Merbuk can react to any sound throughout the experiment. But Dr Syakirah didn’t let us hanging alone but to guide us in terms of giving opinion and discuss the idea of the experiment. At last, our mini project proposal got accepted and we bought the birds near the pos laju in Tanjung Malim, Perak. The experiment is to actually study the duration on how long the wild bird (Merbuk Bird) take for being familiar with conditions. In conclusions, ive learned a lot from this mini project, the teamwork in getting the proposal done by Dr, searching the idea and how to do it by referring to the article journal and youtube and books from the library as well. It is not easy since our species is the wild one unlike parrot. Besides that, ive learned about the Pavlovian conditioning which include before conditioning, during conditioning, and after conditioning.  Both of our Merbuk Birds which are Uda and Dara have different adaptations. Thus, Dara and Uda both can adapt with the ringing bell sound and waiting for the food or time for eat and also their environments. Ive learned about their physiology functions on the bird system throughout these 14 days.

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https://drive.google.com/file/d/1mOZ2EdfJV6cAyWxuvm_EbVhGNAVZh750/view?usp=sharing

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https://drive.google.com/file/d/1UfUj4-5RzF4RYfIr6hYCsZtkvJFoV3Jr/view?usp=sharing

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African elephants and Asian elephants live in a very hot environments with occasional droughts and plenty of predators to threaten prey animals but their adaptations have helped them to survive these conditions. First one is their size. The size of an elephant. The elephants’s massive size is a great anti-predator adaptation. The adults elephant are so large that they’re invulnerable to attacks from wild animals. Unfortunately only humans can threaten the. As for elephants babies can be attacked and killed by animals such as lions, tigers and hyenas. In order to protect these young babies of an elephant, adults elephant in a herd will group the young together and form a protective circle around them.

Secondly, is the trunk adaptation. This is for the elephant to reach the food high up in branches. Thus, the trunk also allows them to get to food and water on the ground. And the most unique one is that the trunks is being used by the elephant to make calls and other sounds to communicate with one another and warn their herd about any potential threats.

Thirdly, is the tusks of an elephant. Elephant uses their tusks to strip bark and soft wood off from the trees which they subsequently eat. Other than that, their tusks allows them to survive through dry spells ad they use them to bore down into the earth and find water in dry riverbeds. Tusks is used to dig in the ground and uncover salts and other minerals that are vitalto their diets.

Last not but least, the elephant ears. We knows that the elephant lives in a very hot conditions which need to be able to cool themselves down but they do not have the sweat glands. And so, the elephant will flap their large ears to help themselves to cool the blood in their capillaries and distribute the cooler blood through their bodies. By then , their blood temperature can be lowered by more than 10 degrees Fahrenheit. This is effective for both types of elephants although Asian elephants have smaller ears than the African elephants.

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In order to appreciate the uniqueness of physiological functions in an elephant, there are few things that we can do as a human being since elephant is an endangered species. The first one shall be as a human being, we need to support conservation efforts such as suporting the organization which are actively committed to elephant preservation. For example, in Amboseli Elephant Research Project, they aimed to ensure the long-term conservation and welfare of Africa’s elephants in the context of human needs and pressures through scientific research, training, community outreach, public awareness and advocacy. This organization focus on the conservation through the knowledge and awareness. And so, we can give donation to contribute helps fund of any organization in the world even in Malaysia for their costs associated with vehicle maintenance to catch the elephants. But, if we would like to join the Elatia organization which costs a minimum donation of US$30 per year for each family, we will get an update about our elephant family every 2 months including the news of births, deaths, pregnancies and any social dramas, and the photographs of our family, periodic shirt films about the family and so we can get to see them in action and also we get a family tree showing every elephant we have known from the family since 1972. Other than this organization, we can support any organization by posting or spreading the important awareness about the elephant or organization through facebook, blogs, or instagram or even Twitter. It do helps everyone out there about the endangered species of elephants. All of the organizations are working to help and protect these elephants and we can support their efforts by donating, and spread awareness in our own social media to keep this species from going extinct ( Christopher, 2018).

Secondly, we should not sell or buy or even wear ivory. Ivory has traditionally been used worldwide for jewelry, billiard balls, pool cues, dominos, fans, piano keys and carved trinkets. We shouldn't buy or purchased any ivory things or support this activity.

Thirdly, since we know that coffee and timber crops are often grown in plantations that destroy the elephant habitats which is the reason for the destruction of rain forests (Amelia, 2015). We should buy the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) which is being certified timber and certified fair trade coffee.

Next, we should also be aware of the plight of captive elephants in our area. Zoos and circuses have offered elephants a life of basically indentured servitude. For example the Asian elephants Billy, Tina, and Jewel are not healthy, happy or thriving at Los Angeles Zoo, when the zoo forbidding the use of bull hooks and electric shocks to control or train the animals (John, 2012). By then, we should boycotting any circuses that uses animals and also boycotting zoos that offer insufficient space to allow elephant to live in social group and where the management style doesn't allow them to be in control of their own lives. We should immediately report this thing to the any Department of Wildlife around us so that they can take further action on that particular zoos or circuses.

Thus, the most important thing to be done is that supporting to tighten the security to prevent poaching. Malaysian government should tighten the security for the elephants in Malaysia to prevent any poaching activity in our country to save our beloved elephants.

Other than that, we should also get more professional guiders to help out in the safe and preserve mission so that it is easier to catch the wild elephant who are in danger or hurt. This is because it is not easy to catch an elephant just like that. And it takes a lot of hard work from the professional guiders to deal with the elephants.

As a conclusion, we shouldn't buy any ivory, support organizations working to stop the illegal ivory trade, spread awareness about the endangered species of elephant by using Instagram, Facebook, or any other social media. Other than that, we can also donate any amount of money to any organization tu support them because all the activity to catch elephant is not free and have a lot of costs and we also should report to the Department of Wildlife if there is any illegal activity hunting for the elephant near us. We should also preserve the forest so that elephant can live in an open area.