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Αυτισμός και ήχοι

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Αυτισμός και ήχοι

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Ορισμένα παιδιά με αυτισμό δεν αντέχουν ορισμένους ήχους με αποτέλεσμα να φωνάζουν ως αντίδραση

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Αυτισμός και μίμηση

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Αυτισμός και μίμηση

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Αρκετά παιδιά που ανήκουν στο φάσμα του αυτισμού έχουν την ικανότητα να μαθαίνουν πράγματα που ακούν ή βλέπουν στην τηλεόραση και να τα αναπαραγάγουν στην καθημερινή τους ζωή σε διάφορες στιγμές της.

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Τα βασικά σημεία του αυτισμού

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Τα βασικά σημεία του αυτισμού

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Στο παρακάτω βίντεο παρέχονται πληροφορίες για τον ορισμό του αυτισμού, για κάποιες αιτίες, συμπτώματα και τους τύπους του αυτιστικού φάσματος.

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What Is Autism?

Autism is a complex neurobehavioral condition that includes impairments in social interaction and developmental language and communication skills combined with rigid, repetitive behaviors. Because of the range of symptoms, this condition is now called autism spectrum disorder (ASD). It covers a large spectrum of symptoms, skills, and levels of impairment. ASD ranges in severity from a handicap that somewhat limits an otherwise normal life to a devastating disability that may require institutional care.

Children with autism have trouble communicating. They have trouble understanding what other people think and feel. This makes it very hard for them to express themselves either with words or through gestures, facial expressions, and touch.

A child with ASD who is very sensitive may be greatly troubled -- sometimes even pained -- by sounds, touches, smells, or sights that seem normal to others.

Children who are autistic may have repetitive, stereotyped body movements such as rocking, pacing, or hand flapping. They may have unusual responses to people, attachments to objects, resistance to change in their routines, or aggressive or self-injurious behavior. At times they may seem not to notice people, objects, or activities in their surroundings. Some children with autism may also develop seizures. And in some cases, those seizures may not occur until adolescence.

Some people with autism are cognitively impaired to a degree. In contrast to more typical cognitive impairment, which is characterized by relatively even delays in all areas of development, people with autism show uneven skill development. They may have problems in certain areas, especially the ability to communicate and relate to others. But they may have unusually developed skills in other areas, such as drawing, creating music, solving math problems, or memorizing facts. For this reason, they may test higher -- perhaps even in the average or above-average range -- on nonverbal intelligence tests.

Symptoms of autism typically appears during the first three years of life. Some children show signs from birth. Others seem to develop normally at first, only to slip suddenly into symptoms when they are 18 to 36 months old. However, it is now recognized that some individuals may not show symptoms of a communication disorder until demands of the environment exceed their capabilities. Autism is four times more common in boys than in girls. It knows no racial, ethnic, or social boundaries. Family income, lifestyle, or educational levels do not affect a child's chance of being autistic.

Continued

Autism is said to be increasing; however, it is not entirely clear whether the increase is related to changes in how it is diagnosed or whether it is a true increase in the incidence of the disease.

Autism is just one syndrome that now falls under the heading of autism spectrum disorders. Previous disorders that are now classified under the umbrella diagnosis of ASD or a social communication disorder include:

Autistic disorder. This is what most people think of when they hear the word "autism." It refers to problems with social interactions, communication, and imaginative play in children younger than 3 years.

Asperger's syndrome. These children don't have a problem with language -- in fact, they tend to score in the average or above-average range on intelligence tests. But they have the same social problems and limited scope of interests as children with autistic disorder.

Pervasive developmental disorder or PDD -- also known as atypical autism. This is a kind of catch-all category for children who have some autistic behaviors but who don't fit into other categories.

Childhood disintegrative disorder. These children develop normally for at least two years and then lose some or most of their communication and social skills. This is an extremely rare disorder and its existence as a separate condition is a matter of debate among many mental health professionals.

Rett syndrome previously fell under ASD spectrum but it is now confirmed that Rett's cause is genetic. It no longer falls under ASD guidelines. Children with Rett syndrome, primarily girls, start developing normally but then begin losing their communication and social skills. Beginning at the age of 1 to 4 years, repetitive hand movements replace purposeful use of the hands. Children with Rett syndrome are usually severely cognitively impaired.

What Causes Autism?

Because autism runs in families, most researchers think that certain combinations of genes may predispose a child to autism. But there are risk factors that increase the chance of having a child with autism.

Advanced age of the mother or the father increases the chance of an autistic child.

Continued

When a pregnant woman is exposed to certain drugs or chemicals, her child is more likely to be autistic. These risk factors include the use of alcohol, maternal metabolic conditions such as diabetes and obesity, and the use of antiseizure drugs during pregnancy. In some cases, autism has been linked to untreated phenylketonuria (called PKU, an inborn metabolic disorder caused by the absence of an enzyme) and rubella (German measles).

Although sometimes cited as a cause of autism, there is no evidence that vaccinations cause autism.

Exactly why autism happens isn't clear. Research suggests that it may arise from abnormalities in parts of the brain that interpret sensory input and process language.

Researchers have no evidence that a child's psychological environment -- such as how caregivers treat the child -- causes autism.

Sources

American Academy of Pediatrics: Pediatrics 2010.

Parker, S., Zuckerman, B., and Augustyn, M. (editors). Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics: A Handbook for Primary Care, Lippincott, 2005.

American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders version 5 ( DSM-5

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Autism is a complex neurobehavioral condition that includes impairments in social interaction and developmental language and communication skills combined with rigid, repetitive behaviors. Because of the range of symptoms, this condition is now called autism spectrum disorder (ASD). It covers a large spectrum of symptoms, skills, and levels of impairment.

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Βλεμματική Επαφή

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Βλεμματική Επαφή

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Πολλά παιδιά που ανήκουν στο φάσμα του αυτισμού πολλές φορές αποφεύγουν να κοιτούν έναν άλλον άνθρωπο στα μάτια.

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Σημάδια που προμηνύουν αυτισμό 

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Σημάδια που προμηνύουν αυτισμό 

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Σε αυτό το βίντεο θα παρακολουθήσετε τα 10 πρώτα σημάδια του Αυτισμού που εμφανίζονται στην επικοινωνία ενός μωρού.

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ΠΑΙΖΩ-ΜΑΘΑΙΝΩ-ΜΙΛΩ

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10 πρώτα ΣΗΜΑΔΙΑ ΑΥΤΙΣΜΟΥ

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Το σύνδρομο Αsperger 

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Το σύνδρομο Αsperger 

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Το σύνδρομο Αsperger είναι αυτισμός υψηλής λειτουργικότητας.

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Υπερβατικός Διαλογισμός

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Αρκετά παιδιά αναπτύσσουν κάποιες εμμονές με τα πράγματά τους.

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Αυτισμός και ομιλία 

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Αυτισμός και ομιλία 

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Πολλά παιδιά που ανήκουν στο φάσμα του αυτισμού δεν μπορούν να εκφράσουν λόγο.

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Η ένταξη στον ενήλικο κόσμο για ένα άτομο που έχει αυτισμό

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Η ένταξη στον ενήλικο κόσμο για ένα άτομο που έχει αυτισμό

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Στο συγκεκριμένο άρθρο προβάλλεται ο τρόπος με τον οποίο ένα παιδί που ανήκει στο φάσμα του αυτισμού εντάσσεται στην ενήλικη ζωή.

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The paper reviews what is known about outcome in adult life for more able individuals within the autistic spectrum. Because of the problems associated with differential diagnosis, the results of studies involving high-functioning people with autism and Asperger syndrome are combined. The review focuses predominantly on long-term follow-up research and covers outcome in terms of cognitive, linguistic, academic and adaptive functioning; educational and employment history; independence and social relationships; and behavioural and psychiatric problems. The stability of IQ and other measures over time, and variables related to outcome, are also investigated.

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Outcome in Adult Life for more Able Individuals with Autism or Asperger Syndrome

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The paper reviews what is known about outcome in adult life for more able individuals within the autistic spectrum. Because of the problems associated with differential diagnosis, the results of studies involving high-functioning people with autism and Asperger syndrome are combined.

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Η διάγνωση του Αυτισμού

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Η διάγνωση του Αυτισμού

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Στο συγκεκριμένο άρθρο παρουσιάζονται τα ευρήματα της έρευνας που πραγματοποιήθηκαν σε 1300 άτομα που ανήκουν στο φάσμα του αυτισμού.

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The results of a survey of almost I300 parent members of autistic societies in the UK are described. The ages of their children ranged from 2 to 49 years. The survey focused on parents' views of the diagnostic process and data were collected on the age at which diagnosis was made, the time taken to obtain a diagnosis and the professionals involved. Differences in geographical area were also assessed. Overall, the results indicate that children are now being diagnosed earlier than in previous decades, but the average age of diagnosis is still around 6 years. There are also wide regional variations in diagnosis. The survey indicates that many parents continue to experience lengthy and often frustrating delays before they finally receive a diagnosis. Moreover, even when this process is completed, the amount of practical help subsequently provided is generally very limited. Factors related to parental satisfaction with the diagnostic process are discussed in detail.

FRITH, U. , SOARES,I. & WING,L. (1993) 'Research into the Earliest Detectable Signs of Autism: What Parents Say', Communication 27 (3): 17-18.
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The results of a survey of almost I300 parent members of autistic societies in the UK are described. The ages of their children ranged from 2 to 49 years. The survey focused on parents' views of the diagnostic process and data were collected on the age at which diagnosis was made, the time taken to obtain a diagnosis and the professionals involved.