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1. Students should be able to describe the relationships between various celestial objects including moons, asteroids,comets, planets, stars, solar systems,galaxies and space

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1. Students should be able to describe the relationships between various celestial objects including moons, asteroids,comets, planets, stars, solar systems,galaxies and space

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STRAND : Earth and Space

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Articles with a low reading age

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How to Discover a Planet Orbiting a Distant Star

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Recently, thousands of planets have been discovered orbiting distant stars, which we call exoplanets. Most of them have been found by looking for tiny changes in the brightness of stars. When exoplanets pass in between their star and the Earth, they block out a bit of starlight, causing a small dip in the star's brightness.

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NoS 1, NoS 9, 10

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This app can be downloaded on both iOS and Android devices. It enables students to locate different celestial objects in relation to where they are at the present time. Students can then click on the celestial body that they have located to learn more.

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SkyView® Lite brings stargazing to everyone! Simply point your iPhone, iPad, or iPod at the sky to identify stars, constellations, satellites, and more!

Downloaded over 9 million times.

If you like our lite version of SkyView then you'll love our full version! It includes: a convenient Apple Watch app, a Today Widget displaying tonight's brightest objects, ALL in-app purchases offered in this version, thousands more objects to discover, and more!

App Store Best of 2012
App Store Rewind 2011 -- Best Education App

"If you've ever wanted to know what you're looking at in the night sky, this app is the perfect stargazer's companion."
- CNET

"If you've ever been looking for a stargazing app for your iPhone, then this [is] definitely the one to get."
- AppAdvice

"SkyView is an Augmented Reality app that lets you see just what delights the sky has to offer."
- 148Apps Editor's Choice

You don't need to be an astronomer to find stars or constellations in the sky, just open SkyView® Lite and let it guide you to their location and identify them. SkyView® Lite is a beautiful and intuitive stargazing app that uses your camera to precisely spot and identify celestial objects in sky, day or night. Find your favorite constellations as they fade in and out while you scan across the sky, locate the Moon, discover distant galaxies, and witness satellite fly-bys.

Features:

* Simple: Point your device at the sky to identify galaxies, stars, constellations and satellites (including the ISS and Hubble) passing overhead at your location.
* Sightings: set reminders for celestial events and plan an evening stargazing & spotting satellites.
* Augmented Reality (AR): Use your camera to spot objects in the sky, day or night.
* Sky Paths: Follow the daily sky tracks for the Sun and Moon to see their exact locations in the sky on any date & time.
* Time Travel: Jump to the future or the past and see the sky on different dates and times.
* Social: Capture and share beautiful images with friends and family on social networks.
* Mobile: WiFi is NOT required (does not require a data signal or GPS to function). Take it camping, boating, or even flying!
* Supports Space Navigator™ binoculars, spotting scope, and telescopes.

What a fun way to teach yourself, your children, your students, or your friends about our wonderful universe!

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SkyView® Lite brings stargazing to everyone! Simply point your iPhone, iPad, or iPod at the sky to identify stars, constellations, satellites, and more! Downloaded over 9 million times. If you like our lite version of SkyView then you'll love our full version!

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Pages 1-3 link to the LO. Students that have covered the chapter Forces will be given the opportunity to explore how both concepts interlink.

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Our Sun is a star . It seems much bigger than other stars in the sky because it is much closer to Earth. Stars form immense groups called galaxies. A galaxy can contain many millions of stars, held together by the force of gravity .

Our Sun is in a spiral galaxy called the Milky Way. The Sun is about half-way from the centre of the galaxy, on one of the arms.

The light year

The distances between objects in space are huge:

the distance from one star to another in a galaxy is millions of times more than the distance between the planets in the solar system

the distance from one galaxy to another is millions of times more than the distance between the stars in a galaxy

This means that the numbers used to describe distances in space become very difficult to understand and to write down. For example, the distance between the Earth and the Sun is about 150,000,000,000 m but the distance to the next nearest star (Proxima Centauri) is 39,900,000,000,000,000 m.

To get around this problem, scientists use the as the unit of astronomical distance. It is the distance travelled by light in one year. So, for example:

Sun to Proxima Centauri distance is about 4.24 light years

Milky Way to Andromeda (the next nearest spiral galaxy) distance is about 2.5 million light years

It takes light from our Sun about 8 minutes to reach the Earth.

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Astronomy and space science - Revision 1 - KS3 Physics - BBC Bitesize

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Our Sun is a star . It seems much bigger than other stars in the sky because it is much closer to Earth. Stars form immense groups called galaxies. A galaxy can contain many millions of stars, held together by the force of gravity .

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Saturn's oddly-shaped moons have intrigued researchers for many years (Credit: JPL/NASA.gov)

After almost twenty years in space - thirteen of which were spent making extraordinary discoveries about the Saturn system, including its rings and natural satellites - NASA's Cassini spacecraft finally ran out of fuel. However, shortly before plunging into Saturn's atmosphere on September 15, 2017, the probe completed one final important mission: six close flybys of tiny moons located inside, or near, Saturn's rings.

While all of Saturn's 62 moons are intriguing, researchers were particularly curious about six small, odd-shaped satellites that are nestled against the edge of its rings and sport different colors. Fortunately, Cassini was able to collect detailed data on five of them - Daphnis, Pan, Atlas, Epimetheus, and Pandora - allowing scientists to solve yet another mystery about our solar system's second largest planet.

In a new study published in the journal Science on March 28, 2019, the team of 35 researchers, led by Bonnie Buratti of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, reported that the satellites are the result of the accumulation of material from the surrounding rings, which has settled around a dense core. They suspect the core is a remnant of a larger object, which broke apart, resulting in multiple smaller "moons."

NASA's Cassini spacecraft provided scientists with incredible insights about Saturn (Credit: JPL/NASA.gov)

The scientists arrived at this conclusion after observing that the moons' surfaces were covered with ice and dust, and were highly porous. They maintain the porosity also explains the satellites' ravioli-like shapes, as material has accumulated around their equators than at their poles.

"We found these moons are scooping up particles of ice and dust from the rings to form the little skirts around their equators," Buratti said. "A denser body would be more ball-shaped because gravity would pull the material in."

As for the different colors? The scientists suggest that Pan and Daphnis, which circle around the innermost red rings sport a similar hue due to the deposits from the rings. The experts suspect the red material is a blend of organic compounds and iron. Though Atlas, Epimetheus, and Pandora, which are situated on the outside of the massive planet's rings, have similar deposits, they appear blueish. The researchers believe the color is caused by the bright icy particles and water vapor from Saturn's frozen larger moon, Enceladus.

Deposits from Saturn's rings caused its moons to appear either red or blue" (Credit: JPL/NASA.gov)

"The daring, close flybys of these odd little moons let us peer into how they interact with Saturn's rings," Buratti said. "We're seeing more evidence of how extremely active and dynamic the Saturn ring and moon system is."

The researchers still have many questions, including what caused the six Saturn moons to form in the first place. The recent discovery has also led them to wonder if other planets sport similar satellites. "Do any of the moons of the ice giant planets Uranus and Neptune interact with their thinner rings to form features similar to those on Saturn's ring moons?" Buratti wonders. "These are questions to be answered by future missions."

Resources: Jpl.nasa.gov, livescience.com

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The Mystery Of Saturn's Ravioli-Shaped Moons Has Finally Been Solved

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After almost twenty years in space - thirteen of which were spent making extraordinary discoveries about the Saturn system, including its rings and natural satellites - NASA's Cassini spacecraft finally ran out of fuel. However, shortly before plunging into on September 15, 2017, the probe completed one final important mission: six close flybys of tiny moons located inside, or near, Saturn's rings.

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This article is very accessible for students as it provides a vocabulary list which will allow students to develop their literacy skills while learning about the content. I included this article in a lesson plan for this LO as the discovery of a new black whole located near our universe was a topic discussed in the news on 10/05/19.This article will develop an awareness within the students of the scientific discoveries that are taking place each day that they not be aware of.

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The First-Ever Image Of A Black Hole Is Stunning

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The First-Ever Image Of A Black Hole Is Stunning has 772 comments. Commenter iceyqueen wrote: “That is so cool!”

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Abstract

Radio astronomy began in 1933 when an engineer named Karl Jansky accidentally discovered that radio waves come not just from inventions we create but also from natural stuff in space. Since then, astronomers have built better and better telescopes to find these cosmic radio waves and learn more about where they come from and what they can tell us about the universe. While scientists can learn a lot from the visible light they detect with regular telescopes, they can detect different objects and events - such as black holes, forming stars, planets in the process of being born, dying stars, and more - using radio telescopes. Together, telescopes that can see different kinds of waves - from radio waves to visible light waves to gamma rays - give a more complete picture of the universe than any one type of telescope can on its own.

When you look up at the night sky, you see the bright lights of stars. If you live in a dark place far from cities, you can see thousands of them. But the individual dots you see are all nearby stars. About 100 billion more stars, exist just in our galaxy, which is called the Milky Way. Beyond the Milky Way, astronomers think that about 100 billion more galaxies (each with their own 100 billion stars) exist. Almost all of these stars are invisible to your eyes, which cannot see the dim light from distant stars. Your eyes miss other things, too. The visible light that your eyes can see is only a tiny portion of what astronomers call the "electromagnetic spectrum," the whole range of different light waves that exists. The electromagnetic spectrum also includes gamma rays, X-rays, ultraviolet radiation, infrared radiation, microwaves, and radio waves. Because human eyes can only see visible light, we have to build special telescopes to pick up the rest of that "spectrum" - and then turn them into pictures and graphs that we can see.

What is a Radio Wave?

Light is made up of tiny particles called "." Photons in visible light have a medium amount of energy. When photons have a little bit more energy, they become ultraviolet radiation, which you cannot see but which can give you a sunburn. With more energy than that, photons become X-rays, which travel right through you. If photons possess even more energy, they become gamma rays, which come out of stars when they explode.

But when photons have a little less energy than visible-light photons, they are known as infrared radiation. You can feel them as heat. Finally, we call the photons with the least energy "radio waves." Radio waves come from strange spots in space - the coldest and oldest places and the stars with the most material stuffed into a small space. Radio waves tell us about parts of the universe we would not even know existed if we only used our eyes or telescopes that see visible photons.

Wavelength and Frequency

Radio astronomers use these radio photons to learn about the invisible universe. Photons travel in waves, like they are riding a roller coaster that just uses the same two pieces of track over and over []. The size of a photon's wave - its - tells you about its energy. Figure 1 shows waves with two different wavelengths. If the wave is long, it does not have much energy; if it is short, it has a lot of energy. Radio waves do not have much energy, and that means they travel in big waves with long wavelengths. Radio waves can be hundreds of feet across or just a few centimeters across.

Astronomers also talk about how many of these waves pass a spot every second - the radio wave's "." You can think of frequency by imagining a pond of water. If you throw a rock into the water, ripples travel across the pond. If you stand in the water, the waves hit your ankles. The number of waves that smack into you in one second tells you the frequency of the waves. One wave per second is called 1 . A million waves per second is 1 MHz. If the waves are long, fewer of them hit you every second, so long waves have smaller frequencies. Radio waves have long wavelengths and small frequencies.

Radio Pioneers

The first radio astronomer did not mean to be the first radio astronomer. In 1933, a man named Karl Jansky was working on a project for Bell Laboratories, a lab in New Jersey named after Alexander Graham Bell, who invented the telephone. Engineers there were developing the first phone system that worked across the Atlantic Ocean. When people first tried making phone calls on that system, they heard a hissing sound in the background at certain times of the day. Bell Labs thought that noise was bad for business, so they sent Karl Jansky to find out what was causing it. He soon noticed that the hiss began when the middle of our galaxy rose in the sky and ended when it set (everything in the sky rises and sets just like the Sun and Moon do). He figured out that radio waves coming from the center of the galaxy were messing up the phone connection and causing the hiss. He - and the phone - had detected radio waves from space [ 1]. Jansky opened up a new, invisible universe. You can see a picture of the antenna used by Karl Jansky to detect radio waves from space in Figure 2.

Inspired by Janksy's research, a man named Grote Reber built a radio telescope in his backyard in Illinois. He finished the telescope, which was 31 ft across, in 1937 and used it to look at the whole sky and see where radio waves came from. Then, from the data he collected from his radio telescope, he made the first map of the "radio sky" [].

Radio Telescope Talk

You can see visible light because the visible-light photons travel in small waves, and your eye is small. But because radio waves are big, your eye would need to be big to detect them. So while regular telescopes are a few inches or feet across, radio telescopes are much larger. The Green Bank Telescope in West Virginia is more than 300 ft wide and can be seen in Figure 3. The Arecibo Telescope in the jungle in Puerto Rico is almost 1,000 ft across. They look like gigantic versions of satellite TV dishes, but they work like regular telescopes.

To use a regular telescope, you point it at an object in space. Light from that object then hits a mirror or lens, which bounces that light to another mirror or lens, which then bounces the light again and sends it to your eye or a camera.

When an astronomer points a radio telescope at something in space, radio waves from space hit the telescope's surface. The surface - which may be metal with holes in it, called mesh, or solid metal, like aluminum - acts like a mirror for radio waves. It bounces them up to a second "radio mirror," which then bounces them into what astronomers call a "." The receiver does what a camera does: it turns the radio waves into a picture. This picture shows how strong the radio waves are and where they are coming from in the sky.

Radio Vision

When astronomers look for radio waves, they see different objects and events than they see when they look for visible light. Places that seem dark to our eyes, or to regular telescopes, burn bright in radio waves. Places where stars form, for example, are full of dust. That dust blocks the light from getting to us, so the whole area looks like a black blob. But when astronomer turns radio telescopes to that spot, they can see straight through the dust: they can see a star being born.

Stars are born in giant clouds of gas in space. First, that gas clumps together. Then, because of gravity, more and more gas is attracted to the clump. The clump grows bigger and bigger and hotter and hotter. When it is huge and hot enough, it starts smashing hydrogen atoms, the smallest atoms that exist, together. When hydrogen atoms crash into each other, they make helium, a slightly bigger atom. Then, this clump of gas becomes an official star. Radio telescopes take pictures of these baby stars [].

Radio telescopes show the secrets of the nearest star, too. The light we see from the Sun comes from near the surface, which is about 9,000oF. But above the surface, the temperature reaches 100,000oF. Radio telescopes help us learn more about these hot parts, which send out radio waves.

The planets in our solar system also have radio personalities. Radio telescopes show us the gases that swirl around Uranus and Neptune and how they move around. Jupiter's north and south poles light up in radio waves. If we send radio waves toward Mercury, and then catch the radio waves that bounce back using a radio telescope, we can make a map almost as good as Google Earth [].

When they look much farther away, radio telescopes show us some of the weirdest objects in the universe. Most galaxies have supermassive black holes in their centers. Black holes are objects that have a lot of mass squished into a tiny space. This mass gives them so much gravity that nothing, not even light, can escape their pull. These black holes swallow stars, gas, and anything else that comes too close. When that unlucky stuff feels the black hole's gravity, it first spirals around the black hole. As it gets closer, it goes faster and faster. Huge jets, or columns, of electromagnetic radiation and matter that does not make it in to the black hole (sometimes taller than a whole galaxy is wide) form above and below the black hole. Radio telescopes show those jets in action ( Figure 4).

Massive objects like these black holes warp the fabric of space, called space-time. Imagine setting a bowling ball, which weighs a lot, on a trampoline. The trampoline sags down. Weighty stuff in space makes space-time sag just like the trampoline. When radio waves coming from distant galaxies travel over that sag to get to Earth, the shape acts just like the shape of a magnifying glass on Earth: telescopes then see a bigger, brighter picture of the distant galaxy.

Radio telescopes also help solve one of the biggest mysteries in the universe: What is ? The universe is getting larger every second. And it gets larger faster and faster every second because "dark energy" is the opposite of gravity: Instead of pulling everything together, it pushes everything farther apart. But how strong is dark energy? Radio telescopes can help scientists to answer this question by looking at "" that occur naturally in some parts of space, a megamaser is kind of like a laser on Earth, but it sends out radio waves instead of the red or green light that we can see. Scientists can use megamasers to pin down the details of dark energy []. If scientists can figure out how far away those megamasers are, they can tell how far away different galaxies are, and then they can figure out how fast those galaxies are speeding away from us.

A Full Toolbox

If we only had telescopes that picked up visible light, we would be missing out on much of the action in the universe. Imagine if doctors had only a stethoscope as a tool. They could learn a lot about the patient's heartbeat. But they could learn so much more if they also had an X-ray machine, a sonogram, an MRI instrument, and a CT scanner. With those tools, they could get a more complete picture of what was happening inside the patient's body. Astronomers use radio telescopes together with ultraviolet, infrared, optical, X-ray, and gamma-ray telescopes for the same reason: to get a complete picture of what is happening in the universe.

Glossary

References

[1] ↑ Jansky, K. G. 1993. Radio waves from outside the solar system. Nature 32, 66. doi: 10.1038/132066a0

[2] ↑ Reber, G. 1944. Cosmic static. Astrophys. J. 100, 297. doi: 10.1086/144668

[3] ↑ McKee, C. F., and Ostriker, E. 2007. Theory of star formation. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 45, 565-687. doi: 10.1146/annurev.astro.45.051806.110602

[4] ↑ Ostro, S. J. 1993. Planetary radar astronomy. Rev. Mod. Phys. 65, 1235-79. doi: 10.1103/RevModPhys.65.1235

[5] ↑ Henkel, C., Braatz, J. A., Reid, M. J., Condon, J. J., Lo, K. Y., Impellizzeri, C. M. V., et al. 2012. Cosmology and the Hubble constant: on the megamaser cosmology project (MCP). IAU Symp. 287, 301. doi: 10.1017/S1743921312007223

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What Do Radio Waves Tell Us about the Universe?

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Radio astronomy began in 1933 when an engineer named Karl Jansky accidentally discovered that radio waves come not just from inventions we create but also from natural stuff in space. Since then, astronomers have built better and better telescopes to find these cosmic radio waves and learn more about where they come from and what they can tell us about the universe.

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Teachers can asses students individually or as a class group using this activity. Students can download the app or can access the site using a search engine.