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FREEDOM OF SPEECH VERSUS FREEDOM OF THE INDIVIDUAL (POWERPOINT)

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FREEDOM OF SPEECH VERSUS FREEDOM OF THE INDIVIDUAL (POWERPOINT)

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“The means of communication, as radio and television, newspaper, magazines, and the internet, that reach or influence people widely” (dictionary.com, n.d.). Long, Wall, Bakir and McStay (2012) define it as a “conduit through which messages are channelled”.

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English Oxford living Dictionaries (n.d.) defines Mass as either “A large body of matter with no definite shape” or “A large number of people or objects crowded together”. Whilst, Sociologydictionary believe it to mean "A large group of people with a common interest, engaging in similar behaviors, not necessarily at the same time or place".

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(REDDIT, 2018)

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Involving “two people talking directly” (Dictionary.cambridge.org, n.d.). This can include, E-mail, text message, instant messenger voice etc. (Jensen and Helles, 2017).

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Cole, E.W. (2015) Semaphore Signalling and Morse Code. Available at: http://digital.slv.vic.gov.au/view/action/singleViewer.do?dvs=1553256339315~647&locale=en_GB&metadata_object_ratio=10&show_metadata=true&VIEWER_URL=/view/action/singleViewer.do?&preferred_usage_type=VIEW_MAIN&DELIVERY_RULE_ID=10&frameId=1&usePid1=true&usePid2=true(Accessed: 22 March 2019)

Dictionary.cambridge.org (n.d.) one-to-one. Available at: https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/one-to-one(Accessed: 20 March 2019)

English Oxford Living Dictionaries (n.d.) Mass. Available at: https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/mass(Accessed: 20 March 2019)

Garside, J. (2012) Facebook’s Investors – Who Owns What. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2012/jan/31/facebook-investors-who-owns-what(Accessed: 22 March 2019)

Giddens, A. and Sutton, P.W.  (2013) Sociology. 7thedn. Cambridge: Polity Press

Haralambos, M. Holborn, M. Chapman, S. and Moore, S. (2013) Harlambos and Holborn Sociology Themes and Perspectives. 8thedn. London: Collins

Jensen, K.B. and Helles, R. (2017) Speaking into the system: Social media and many-to-one communication.Available at: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0267323116682805(Accessed: 20 March 2019)

Long, P. Wall, T. Bakir, V and McStay, A. (2012) Media Studies Texts, Production, Context. 2ndedn. Abingdon: Routledge

Mediareform (2015) Who Owns the UK Media. Available at: https://www.mediareform.org.uk/media-ownership/who-owns-the-uk-media(Accessed: 27 March 2019)

nps.gov (n.d.) The Purpose of Lighthouses. Available at: https://www.nps.gov/apis/learn/kidsyouth/upload/lightcurra.pdf(accessed: 22 March 2019)

Reddit (2018) Who Owns the Big TV Networks.Available at: https://me.me/i/q-who-owns-the-big-tv-networks-tbs-cnn-tnt-867233df9cc749998293b9a233c523ad(Accessed: 22 March 2019)

Scott, J. (ed.) (2014) Oxford Dictionary of Sociology. 4thedn. Oxford: Oxford University Press

Sociologydictionary.org (2019) Mass.Available at: https://sociologydictionary.org/mass/(Accessed: 22 March 2019)

Walton, J. (2018) The Top 5 Alphabet (Google) Shareholders. Available at: https://www.investopedia.com/articles/markets/011516/top-5-google-shareholders-goog.asp(Accessed: 22 March 2019)

Yuill, C and Thorpe, C. (2017) Heads up Sociology. London: Dorling Kindersley Limited

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There are various definitions of Mass Media, ranging from

“Large-scale organisations which use one or more… technologies to communicate with large numbers of people” (Scott, 2014), to Wright’s (1956, cited in Scott, 2014) belief that there are two main sociological characteristics to mass media; firstly, a small group or individual can interact with a large number of people. Secondly, that the recipients have a limited ability to respond. Yuill and Thorpe (2017) feel mass media “refers to the businesses and organisations that provide us with news and information”, while Haralambos and Holborn (2013) believe that “Agencies of communication that convey information, education, news and entertainment to mass audiences”. Giddens and Sutton (2013 p.767) states that mass media is made up of a variety of entities including “television, newspapers, films, radio and the internet” etc..

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Noam Chomsky (n.d., cited in Yuill and Thorpe, 2017) believes that “ownership of the media in the US is concentrated in the hands of a very rich and powerful minority”. Yuill and Thorpe (2017) state that of 25,000c. news producers in the US, the top 29 accounted for over 50% of news output. They go on to say that the Murdoch family have newspapers in Australia, the U.S. and U.K. as well as owning numerous television stations. Mediareform (2015) points out that 50% of national UK papers are controlled by 2 men, Jonathan Harmsworth and Rupert Murdoch.

Six companies have control over 80% of local newspapers, whilst Sky is the UK’s largest broadcaster, and Channel 5 is owned by a US company. Independent radio now account for only 14% (excluding BBC) of stations (Mediareform, 2015).

It should also be noted that whilst companies such as Facebook are listed on Public Stock exchanges, they are often run or ‘guided’ by one individual, such as Mark Zuckerberg (Garside, 2012). While 5 individuals, including co-founder Larry Page have a massive influence over Google, which accounts for 95% of web searches using mobile devices 95% (Mediareform, 2015: Walton, 2018).

MARK ZUCKERBERG
(GARSIDE, 2012)

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FREEDOM OF SPEECH VERSUS FREEDOM OF THE INDIVIDUAL

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FREEDOM OF SPEECH VERSUS FREEDOM OF THE INDIVIDUAL

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Yuill and Thorpe (2017 p.138) feel that censorship is not always as obvious as it sounds, they give the example of what news is shown, this they say is chosen by a “range of interpersonal, organisational and wider social processes”. They feel that this means that not everything is reported, this idea is supported by Michael Schudson (n.d., cited in Yuill and Thorpe, 2017, p.138) who says that the choice of what to report is always the outcome of a range of “’selective processes” made by media “gate keepers”.

Censorship can sometimes be not just about the removal of words or the blocking of pictures but also the control of thoughts and expressions. Oshima (1992, p.255) points out that one of his films was shown in Brazil in small back alley cinemas but was not allowed to be shown in main stream theatres. “Tomb of the Sun” was censored due to the premise of rape (even though no sex scene was shown, only a “ripped chemise”). From that point on no Oshima films were shown in Brazil. In fact censorship in Brazil during the 1960’s and 70’s was so strict that a banned film’s director was often jailed.

Under the United Kingdom’s Official Secrets Act it is illegal to “publish information on ‘sensitive’ military or security measures” the vague wording of this act has led editors to “play it safe” this has the effect of increasing the level of censorship (Fulcher and Scott, 2011, p.366)

At the time of the Korean police action, Japanese film maker Oshima related a story of a Japanese newspaper man based in Korea, this journalist was known to be sympathetic to the plight of the Korean nation, despite the animosity felt by many Japanese and Koreans toward each other following decades of conflict, he wrote a simple article talking about poverty of Koreans but was censored. He points out that if this was happening to foreign reporters what must it be like for their own nationals (Oshima, 1992).

Oshima (1992 p.64) believed that censorship would lead to misunderstanding between the two countries indeed he stated that “telling the truth is absolutely essential to any future relationship between the two countries”.

During the Gulf War of 1991, Michaels (2003) believes that there was an unprecedented level of censorship. He found that this was undertaken with the complicity of what he calls the “corporate-owned media”, with much of the US militaries activities being off limits In-order to protect the troops. However, he feels that this allowed the actions of the Americans to be cleansed while at the same time demonising the Iraqi forces.

Due to the uproar this caused, as the preparations for the second Gulf War started 500 journalists were chosen to be imbedded with the troops. This was originally praised by the media, however on closer inspection the pentagon (the US Army’s governing body) inserted several rules into the agreement which limited the journalists ability to report freely, one such clause stated that if a journalist saw “sensitive information” by accident then they should be told what they could report, this led again to a sanitised view of the war. This was said to be necessary to protect the troops as well as for operational security. Whilst the official line as stated by pentagon official Bryan Whitman (2003, cited in Michaels, 2003) was the “need to protect any operational security” Bernard Shaw (2003, cited in Michaels, 2003) a veteran correspondent of the first Gulf War, indeed he was one of only a handful of journalists to report from Baghdad during Gulf War one, feels that those reporters imbedded with the troops would be “hostages of the military”. Michaels (2003), believes this type of imbedding and censorship would lead to a worsening of the world view of America, who were already being seen as militaristic, a similar view to Oshima (1992) that the truth between nations is necessary.

The internet has been seen as a way to obfuscate the way in which the “rich and powerful” attempt to control information (Punch, Marsh, Keating and Harden, 2013 p. 720), Fenton and Freedman (2012, cited in Holborn, 2015) believe that the freedom of the media to express itself helped to instigate the ‘Arab Spring’ in 2010.

However, an organisation known as “Reporters Without Borders” (2012, cited in Punch et al., 2013) which monitors what are described as “repressive regimes” claims that these regimes have attempted to counter this freedom with a variety of techniques, including blocking and filtering of websites as well as “intimidation and arrests”.

Walter Cronkite (2003, cited in Byrne, 2003) the legendary CBS news caster, who reported on both the 2ndWorld and Vietnam Wars feels that censorship is necessary during times of war in order to avoid offering “comfort to the enemy”. This is a belief that was held by none other than Winston Churchill who during the Second World War, is quoted as saying “in wartime truth is so precious that she should be attended by a body guard of lies” (Cave Brown, 2007, cited in Punch et al.2013 p.721).

The need for censorship may be contentious but in times of war it would appear to be a necessary evil, though this might be argued against by those who feel that only by open and honest dialogue can nations begin to understand each other.

Reference List:

ASU.edu (2018) Biography of Walter Cronkite. [Online Image] Available at: https://cronkite.asu.edu/about/walter-cronkite-and-asu/walter-cronkite-biography(Accessed: 2 April 2019)

Byrne, C. (2003) Cronkite: I Believe in War Censorship. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/media/2003/oct/22/pressandpublishing.broadcasting(Accessed: 1 April 2019)

Fulcher, J. and Scott, J. (2011) Sociology. Oxford: Oxford University

Page 366- Official secrets act

Gov.UK (n.d.) Past Prime Ministers. [Online Image] Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/history/past-prime-ministers/winston-churchill(Accessed: 2 April 2019)

Holborn, M.  (ed.) (2015) Contemporary Sociology. Cambridge: Polity Press

Kim, N. (2004) Oshima, Nagisa. [Online Image] Available at:  http://sensesofcinema.com/2004/great-directors/oshima/(Accessed: 2 April 2019)

Michaels, H. (2003) Pentagon, Media Agree on Iraq War Censorship. Available at: https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2003/03/med-m05.html(Accessed: 1 April 2019)

Murray, S.O. (2016) Oshima’s “The Sun’s Burial”. [Online Image] Available at: https://japaneseculturereflectionsblog.wordpress.com/2016/08/13/oshimas-the-suns-burial/(Accessed: 2 April 2019)

Oshima, N. (1992) Cinema, Censorship, and the State: The Writings of Nagisa Oshima 1956-1978. London: The MIT Press

Punch, S., Marsh, I., Keating, M. and Harden, J. (eds.) (2013) Sociology. 5thedn. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited

Page 721

Quickmeme.com (n.d.) It’s Not Censorship it’s Freedom Silence. [Online Image] Available at: http://www.quickmeme.com/meme/yn2(Accessed: 2 April 2019)

Reid, C. (2004) Recalling Life as an Embedded Reporter. [Online Image] Available at: http://www.nbcnews.com/id/4400708/ns/world_news-mideast_n_africa/t/recalling-life-embedded-reporter/#.XKNqJS2ZPq0(Accessed: 2 April 2019)

Roulo, C. (2019) 10 Things You Probably Didn’t Know About the Pentagon. Available at: https://www.defense.gov/explore/story/Article/1650913/10-things-you-probably-didnt-know-about-the-pentagon/(Accessed: 2 April 2019)

Stack, L. (2018) Korean War, a ‘Forgotten’ Conflict That Shaped the Modern World.Available at:

https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/01/world/asia/korean-war-history.html(Accessed: 2 April 2019)

Taub, A. (2016) The Unsexy Truth About Why the Arab Spring Failed.[Online Image] Available at: https://www.vox.com/2016/1/27/10845114/arab-spring-failure(Accessed: 2 April 2019)

Taylor, A. (2016) Operation Desert Storm: 25 Years Since the First Gulf War. [Online Image] Available at: https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2016/01/operation-desert-storm-25-years-since-the-first-gulf-war/424191/(Accessed: 2 April 2019)

Yuill, C. and Thorpe, C. (2017) Heads up Sociology. London: Dorling Kindersley Limited

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IS THERE A DIFFERENT TYPE OF COMMUNICATION?

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IS THERE A DIFFERENT TYPE OF COMMUNICATION?

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Body Language and other forms of non-verbal communication, along with such systems as ‘sign language’, ‘Morse code’ and ‘semaphore’, are used to convey information and even lighthouses have been used to communicate with sailors at sea since 280 B.C. (Giddens and Sutton, 2013: Cole, 1915: nps.gov, n.d.).

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Including, books, newspapers, audio and video recording, web pages and online chatrooms etc (Jensen and Helles, 2017).