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Smoking daily can destroy a person's lungs.

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summary of credible source #3. (AT LEAST 5 SENTENCES)

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Health effects of cigarette smoking. - Abstract - Europe PMC

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Abstract: Cigarette smoking is associated with increased overall morbidity and mortality. Smoking is a cause of cancer of the lung, oral cavity, larynx,...

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Summary of credible source #2. (AT LEAST 5 SENTENCES)

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Short- and long-term effects of cigarette smoking on heart rate variability

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The short- and long-term effects of cigarette smoking on autonomic cardiac regulation were investigated by power spectral analysis of heart rate varia...

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Write a sentence about the video.

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Public Service Announcement: Stop Smoking

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Smoking is deadly regardless of your age.

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Smoking can increase a person's chances of stroke. A "silent" time bomb.

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Smoking causes high blood pressure and increases the chance of different cancers.

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Smoking can destroy a person's teeth.

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The more you smoke, the more you shorten your life span.

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Summary of credible source #1. (AT LEAST 5 SENTENCES)

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Nicotine control: E-cigarettes, smoking and addiction

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Over the past year or so, electronic cigarettes, more commonly known as 'e-cigarettes', have achieved widespread visibility and growing popularity. Th...

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Cynthia Cabrera is executive director of the Smoke-Free Alternatives Trade Association. In the following viewpoint, she discusses the benefits of e-cigarettes. Cabrera begins by discussing the persisting health risks of smoking and the current opposition to "vaping," arguing that many of the opposing arguments are based on fear rather than fact.

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Summary of viewpoint article.(AT LEAST 5 SENTENCES)

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Main content

Tobacco use is a pediatric epidemic, around the world as well as in the United States. Although progress has been made since the first surgeon general's report in 1964, too many of our youth still use tobacco. Among U.S. high school seniors, one out of four is a regular cigarette smoker. Because few high school smokers are able to break free from the powerful addicting effects of nicotine, about 80% will smoke into adulthood. Among those who persist in smoking, one-half will die about 13 years earlier than his or her nonsmoking peers.

In addition to cigarette smoking, use of other forms of tobacco by youth and young adults is epidemic. Nearly one in five white adolescent males (12-17 years old) uses smokeless tobacco, and 1 in 10 young adults (18-25 years old) smokes cigars. The concurrent use of multiple tobacco products is common, too, with over 50% of white and Hispanic male tobacco users reporting that they use more than one tobacco product. The numbers are staggering. They translate into over a million new tobacco users a year in the United States alone. But there are proven methods to prevent this epidemic from claiming yet another generation, if our nation has the will to implement those methods in every state and community.

Nearly all tobacco use begins in childhood and adolescence. In all, 88% of adult cigarette smokers who smoke daily, report that they started smoking by the age of 18. This is a time in life of great vulnerability to social influences, and the pervasive presence of tobacco product marketing-including everything from sleek ads in magazines to youth-generated posts on social networking sites, to images of smoking in the movies-conveys messages that make tobacco use attractive to youth and young adults.

The first comprehensive surgeon general's report on youth, "Preventing Tobacco Use Among Young People," was published in 1994. That report concluded that if young people can remain free of tobacco until age 18, most will never start to smoke. The report documented the addiction process for young people and how the symptoms of addiction in youth are similar to those in adults. Use of tobacco was also presented as a gateway drug among young people, because its use generally precedes and increases the risk of illicit drug use. Cigarette advertising and promotional activities were seen as a potent way to increase the risk of cigarette smoking among young people, while community-wide efforts were shown to have been successful in reducing tobacco use among youth. All of these conclusions remain important, relevant, and accurate, as documented in the current report, but there has been considerable research since 1994 that greatly expands our knowledge about tobacco use among youth, its prevention, and the dynamics of cessation among young people....

The Health Consequences of Tobacco Use Among Young People

While the 1994 surgeon general's report clearly identified that smoking had immediate and long-term health consequences for young people, further evidence ... has strengthened these conclusions. Research now documents strong causal associations between active cigarette smoking in young people and addiction to nicotine, reduced lung function, reduced lung growth, asthma, and early abdominal aortic atherosclerosis. These associations have met the criteria for causality first introduced in the 1964 surgeon general's report: consistency, strength, specificity, temporality, and biological plausibility of the scientific evidence. These are serious social, physical, and mental health problems that manifest during adolescence and young adulthood and are the precursors to other long-term chronic diseases. Smoking is the chief preventable cause of premature death in this country, and the early stages of the diseases associated with adult smoking are already evident among young smokers. For example, young adult smokers under age 30 exhibit signs of and are being diagnosed with early disease of the abdominal aorta, a serious indicator of heart disease.... [And while] there is ample evidence that young people believe that cigarette smoking will help them control their body weight, there is no evidence that young smokers weigh less or lose weight because of their smoking....

The Epidemiology of Tobacco Use Among Young People in the United States and Worldwide

The major national data sets that assess youth and young adult smoking were analyzed to provide updated data.... Cigarette smoking is shown, again, to primarily begin in adolescence, and very few adults begin to smoke after age 26 (1%). Since the 1994 surgeon general's report, tobacco use among adolescents and young adults has substantially decreased, especially since 1998. However, there has been a leveling off in the past few years, particularly since 2007, and in some groups there are increases in the prevalence of tobacco use, such as smokeless tobacco use among white males. Some groups of young people continue to smoke more than others, notably American Indians and Alaska Natives, but also whites and Hispanics. With the introduction of new tobacco products and promotion of smokeless tobacco products, use of multiple tobacco products is common. Among tobacco users, more than one-half of white and Hispanic high school males and almost one-half of Hispanic high school females use more than one product....

Social, Environmental, Cognitive, and Genetic Influences on the Use of Tobacco Among Youth

Adolescents and young adults are uniquely vulnerable to influences to use tobacco. As young people move toward adulthood, they increasingly rely on their social contexts and peer groups in adopting or changing behavior.... Young people are more likely to use tobacco if their peers use tobacco or are antisocial. Those with higher academic achievement are less likely to use tobacco. Because of the particular vulnerability of this age group to peer group influences, external messages that target the peer group can be especially potent....

The Tobacco Industry's Influences on the Use of Tobacco Among Youth

The tobacco companies spent nearly $10 billion in 2008 on advertising and promotional efforts. While there have been restrictions on marketing to young people as a result of the Master Settlement Agreement, there have not been corresponding reductions in marketing expenses-these have increased since 1998. Most tobacco industry marketing efforts involve promotional activities that reduce the price of cigarettes, strategies that should be effective with price-sensitive adolescents. Since the 1994 surgeon general's report, considerable evidence has accumulated that supports a causal association between marketing efforts of tobacco companies and the initiation and progression of tobacco use among young people. This evidence includes data from cross-sectional studies on exposure to advertising and use of tobacco; longitudinal studies with non-susceptible, never-users of tobacco and subsequent initiation; examination of industry marketing efforts and use of specific brands; and evidence from tobacco industry documents on their marketing practices. This body of evidence consistently and coherently points to the intentional marketing of tobacco products to youth as being a cause of young people's tobacco use. The tobacco companies have launched antismoking efforts themselves, but while these efforts have had a positive impact on public perceptions of the tobacco industry among youth and young adults, they have not demonstrated success in impacting young people's tobacco use. Importantly, new avenues for restrictions on tobacco companies are now available and can be considered, such as changes in packaging, labeling, product design, and restricting smoking in movies....

A Vision for Ending the Tobacco Epidemic

Public health programs and policies have been in effect since the 19th century to dissuade young people from using tobacco. The first surgeon general's report in 1964 provided irrefutable evidence of the harmful consequences of smoking and yet, 15 years later, as noted in the 1979 surgeon general's report, rates of smoking among young people had not changed. By 1994, when the first surgeon general's report focused on youth was released, smoking rates among young people were increasing, despite 30 years of evidence that cigarette smoking had become the leading cause of death in the United States. Since that landmark 1994 report, a large body of research, litigation by individual states and the federal government, the Master Settlement Agreement, and authority granted to the FDA [US Food and Drug Administration] have substantially changed the tobacco control policy environment, and tobacco advertising and promotional activities have been somewhat curtailed. The rates of tobacco use among youth and young adults began to decrease from the late 1990s to the mid-2000s. Thus, progress in reducing tobacco use has been achieved, but there still remain significant challenges ahead. Nearly one-fourth of our high school seniors are current smokers, and the decreasing rates of tobacco use have leveled off, and in some subgroups have increased since 2007. The efforts of the early 21st century need to be reinvigorated, and additional strategies considered, to end the tobacco epidemic. Providing and sustaining sufficient funding for comprehensive community programs, statewide tobacco control programs, school-based policies and programs, and mass media campaigns must be a priority. Taxing tobacco products is especially effective in reducing their use among young people. Greater consideration of further restrictions on advertising and promotional activities, as well as efforts to decrease depictions of smoking in the movies, is warranted, given the gravity of the epidemic and the need to protect young people now and in the future.

Books

Bennett Abney and Aaron E. Christopherson, eds. Cigarette and Tobacco Taxes: Effects on Health, Revenues, and the Federal Budget. New York: Nova Science, 2012.

Patrick Basham and John Luik The Plain Truth: Does Packaging Influence Smoking? Washington, DC: Democracy Institute, 2012.

Peter Bearman, Kathryn M. Neckerman, and Leslie Wright, eds. After Tobacco; What Would Happen if Americans Stopped Smoking? New York: Columbia University Press, 2011.

Virginia Berridge Demons: Our Changing Attitudes to Alcohol, Tobacco, and Drugs. New York: Oxford University Press, 2013.

Allan M. Brandt The Cigarette Century: The Rise, Fall, and Deadly Persistence of the Product That Defined America. New York: Basic Books, 2009.

Paul Cairney, Donley T. Studlar, and Hadii M. Mamudu Global Tobacco Control: Power, Policy, Governance and Transfer. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.

John Castle Smokeless: An Introductory Guide to the Pleasures of Vaping. Seattle, WA: CreateSpace, 2013.

Zachary Chastain Tobacco: Through the Smoke Screen. Broomall, PA: Mason Crest, 2013.

Eric Coates Smoking: An Intimate History. Seattle, WA: CreateSpace, 2014.

Michael Eriksen, Judith Mackay, and Hana Ross The Tobacco Atlas. 4th ed. Atlanta, GA: American Cancer Society, 2012.

Stuart L. Esrock, Kandi L. Walker, and Joy L. Hart, eds. Talking Tobacco: Interpersonal, Organizational, and Mediated Messages. New York: Peter Lang Publishing Inc., 2014.

Michael S. Givel and Andrew L. Spivak Heartland Tobacco War. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2013.

Chris Harrald and Fletcher Watkins The Cigarette Book: The History and Culture of Smoking. New York: Skyhorse Publishing, 2010.

Justin Healey Tobacco Smoking. Thirroul, Australia: Spinney Press, 2011.

Geraint Howells The Tobacco Challenge: Legal Policy and Consumer Protection. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2011.

Theodore J. King The War on Smokers and the Rise of the Nanny State. Bloomington, IN: iUniverse, 2009.

Joyce Libal Putting Out the Fire: Smoking and the Law. Broomall, PA: Mason Crest, 2008.

Ann Malaspina False Images, Deadly Promises: Smoking and the Media. Broomall, PA: Mason Crest, 2008.

Ronald Markowitz and Jennifer Galucci, eds. Cigarettes and Smokeless Tobacco: Sales and Advertising Statistics and Trends. New York: Nova Science, 2013.

Pamela E. Pennock Advertising Sin and Sickness: The Politics of Alcohol and Tobacco Marketing, 1950-1990. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2009.

Robert N. Proctor Golden Holocaust: Origins of the Cigarette Catastrophe and the Case for Abolition. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2011.

Brad Rodu For Smokers Only: How Smokeless Tobacco Can Save Your Life. Hermosa Beach, CA: Sumner Books, 2014.

Katie John Sharp Smokeless Tobacco: Not a Safe Alternative. Broomall, PA: Mason Crest, 2009.

Christopher Snowdon Velvet Glove, Iron Fist: A History of Anti-Smoking. North Yorkshire, England: Little Dice, 2009.

Tania Voon, Andrew D. Mitchell, and Jonathan Liberman, eds. Public Health and Plain Packaging of Cigarettes. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar, 2012.

Richard White Smoke Screens: The Truth About Tobacco. Raleigh, NC: Lulu, 2009.

Periodicals

Emily Alpert "Teen Cigarette Smoking Drops to Lowest Point Recorded, Study Says," Los Angeles Times, July 12, 2013.

Melissa Dahl "Too Many American Teens Are Smoking 'Little Cigars,' Report Says," NBC News, October 22, 2013.

Brady Dennis "Surgeon General Report Links More Diseases, Health Problems to Smoking Tobacco," Washington Post, January 17, 2014.

Economist "The Cigarette Industry: Running Out of Puff," January 25, 2014.

Sophie Egan "Why Smoking Rates Are at New Lows," New York Times, June 25, 2013.

Daniel Fisher "Study Finds No Link Between Secondhand Smoke and Cancer," Forbes, December 12, 2013.

Nirvi Shah "Teenagers and Tobacco," Education Week, December 12, 2012.

Alexandra Sifferlin "The Major Toll of Secondhand Smoke," Time, September 21, 2012.

Rob Stein "Wanna Smoke? It Could Cost You a Tooth, FDA Warns Teens," NPR, February 4, 2014.

Lauren Tarshis "Teens vs. Cigarettes: Are Tobacco Companies Targeting Teens?," Choices, April 2013.

Ali Walton "Why Teen Smoking's on the Rise," Salon, November 9, 2013.

Source Citation

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Tobacco use is a pediatric epidemic, around the world as well as in the United States. Although progress has been made since the first surgeon general's report in 1964, too many of our youth still use tobacco. Among U.S. high school seniors, one out of four is a regular cigarette smoker.

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Summary of reference article. (AT LEAST 5 SENTENCES)

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According to the World Health Organization (WHO), there are an estimated 1.3 billion smokers worldwide. This number is expected to increase to 1.7 billion by 2020. Smoking has been linked to health problems in both smokers and nonsmokers. Many national and local governments have made efforts to reduce the practice, especially among young people. However, some people maintain that the limits governments place on smoking restrict personal freedom. To balance individual rights with the need to prevent a known health hazard, the United States and other countries have regulated tobacco use.

Fast Facts

Effects of Smoking

Smoking is a serious threat to public health for two main reasons. The first is the great variety of health problems that can be caused by tobacco. The second is the sheer number of people who continue, in spite of these risks, to use it.

The dangers of tobacco were not always well known. It was smoked by early Native Americans during religious ceremonies. European explorers to the New World took tobacco plants home with them. The use of tobacco became common in Europe by about 1600.

Traditionally, most smokers were men, but more women started to smoke in the mid-1950s. Around that time, medical observers began gathering evidence of tobacco's harmful effects. In 1964, the US Surgeon General published a landmark report titled "Smoking and Health." The report identified smoking as a direct cause of cancer and other health problems.

Since that time, additional research has confirmed the dangers of smoking. According to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), smoking causes about 480,000 deaths each year in the United States.

Tobacco contains more than four thousand chemicals, some of which are known to be poisonous or cancer causing. Tobacco use dramatically increases a person's risk of heart disease, stroke, emphysema, and cancers, including lung cancer. These risks are greater for heavy smokers. Nonsmokers can suffer also negative health effects from secondhand smoke created by cigarettes.

Women who smoke during pregnancy are more likely than other women to experience complications during pregnancy, including miscarriage and premature birth. Their babies tend to be smaller than normal and are more likely to die during infancy. These babies may also have problems with physical and mental development.

Tobacco Use Worldwide

Tobacco consumption is measured by the number of cigarettes consumed per year for each adult in the population. This figure is falling in developed countries but rising elsewhere. More than 80 percent of the world's smokers live in low- or middle-income countries. If trends continue, tobacco-related deaths will increase to more than eight million a year by 2030. Eighty percent of those deaths will occur in the developing world.

According to the CDC in 2013, 42.1 million adults smoked in the United States. Although smoking has become less common in the general population in the United States, it has increased among teenagers. According to the CDC, 23.3 percent of high school students used tobacco products in 2012.

People who start smoking early in life often find it very difficult to stop. Nicotine, a chemical found in tobacco, is addictive. However, many people have managed to quit smoking. Support groups can provide encouragement for smokers trying to break the tobacco habit. Nicotine replacement products, which provide nicotine in a nontobacco form, can also help.

Tobacco and the Law

Many countries have passed laws to try to reduce tobacco use. In the United States, a variety of federal, state, and local laws restrict the sale, use, and advertising of tobacco products. Tobacco companies have fought the passage of such laws and have successfully challenged some of them in court. However, government organizations and individuals who have been harmed by cigarette smoke have also used the courts to attack the tobacco industry.

Government Efforts

The effort to curb smoking has taken different forms. Some countries have regulations controlling the sale or use of tobacco. Others have placed high taxes on tobacco products to discourage young people from using them.

The United States has also placed limits on tobacco advertising and packaging. Since 1964, the federal government has required all cigarette boxes and tobacco advertisements to carry warning labels about the product's health risks. In 1971, radio and television ads for tobacco products were banned. In 1995, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) tried to regulate nicotine as a drug. The FDA placed limits on the sale and advertising of products that contain it. However, the US Supreme Court ruled five years later that the FDA had no authority over tobacco products.

Many of the restrictions on tobacco advertising are designed to prevent young people from being exposed to it. It is illegal in the United States to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of eighteen. Tobacco companies have been accused of targeting young people with their advertising campaigns, which often feature attractive young smokers. To counter the effect of these misleading ads, government agencies and other organizations have developed antismoking programs.

To protect nonsmokers from exposure to secondhand smoke, the United States has passed some laws limiting smoking in public places. During the 1970s, states and cities began requiring nonsmoking areas in public places and workplaces. Over the next thirty years, many workplaces and public areas became "smoke-free environments," where smoking was completely forbidden.

Words to Know

Lobbies and Lawsuits

The tobacco industry supports an active lobbying program to present its views to lawmakers and government officials. Tobacco interests oppose laws that would place stricter limits on the sale, labeling, or advertising of tobacco products. They also resist attempts to increase taxes on cigarettes and to subject tobacco products to health and safety regulations that apply to most other goods. The tobacco industry is a major contributor to political campaigns and has successfully gained influence with some policy makers.

However, the tobacco industry's influence in government circles does not protect it from private lawsuits. During the 1990s, many smokers and their families sued tobacco companies, demanding compensation for health problems caused by smoking. While tobacco companies won some of these cases, juries awarded large sums to the plaintiffs in others.

State governments have also filed suit, seeking to recover the costs of health care for smoking-related problems. In 1998, the tobacco industry settled a suit with forty-six states and agreed to pay $206 billion over a twenty-five-year period. The states are supposed to use this money for antismoking education and smoking-related health care.

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According to the World Health Organization (WHO), there are an estimated 1.3 billion smokers worldwide. This number is expected to increase to 1.7 billion by 2020. Smoking has been linked to health problems in both smokers and nonsmokers. Many national and local governments have made efforts to reduce the practice, especially among young people.