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Brännmark, Cecilia, et al. “Type II Diabetes.” Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports., U.S. National Library of Medicine, 5 Apr. 2013.

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Type II Diabetes is caused by a weakening in the insulin receptor, which can mean there is a reduced concentration of them, a smaller amount of the insulin-related glucose transporter, or changed feedback from the cells. If there is a weakening in the signal and receptor strength, then the insulin is not stimulated and produced to support the body. The receptors do not bond with the insulin that is there, but the signals might not be telling the body to produce more insulin, which creates more of a problem of not having enough insulin to bond with some receptors. Insulin is the main controlling factor of homeostasis within the body so, without it, people may feel more and more unbalanced.

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A sequence of events in which one enzyme introduces a phosphate group to another and causes a reaction that introduces phosphate groups to thousands of proteins. An example would be seen in the signal transduction of hormone messages.

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Which receptor mechanism can trigger several pathways at once?

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Which receptor mechanism can trigger several pathways at once?

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Tyrosine-kinases have the ability to activate ten or more cellular responses or pathways at one time. When proteins bond to phosphorylated tyrosine, each protein gives a different response. Tyrosine-kinases can do this because, unlike other signals, they can make proteins react as well.

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Why do signals cause different responses?

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Why do signals cause different responses?

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Specific signals are meant to interact with certain cells only, as well as causing an individualized reaction with them. If the cell is not equipped to react to the signal, then it could have a limited reaction or none at all. Receptors also affect what kinds of signals the cells are able to even receive, which would elicit no response from the cells if they are not able to receive the signal.

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The conversion of a signal from outside the cell to a form that can stimulate a cellular response.

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Any molecule that bonds specifically to a receptor site of another molecule.

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Local:

Paracrine- a secreting cell acts on nearby target cells by discharging molecules into extracellular fluid.

Synaptic- a nerve releases a neurotransmitter into a synapse to stimulate the target cell.

Long Distance:

Hormone Signaling- specialized hormone cells secrete hormones into the body and can reach almost any cell.

Both:
Only specific target cells recognize and respond to certain signaling molecules.

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1. Reception:

a chemical signal binds to a cellular protein, usually on the cell’s surface.

2. Transduction:

Binding leads to a change in the receptor that triggers a series of changes along the signal-transduction pathway.

3. Response:

The transduced signal triggers a specific cell activity.