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Henry IV
Cardinal Richelieu
Intendants
The Sun King: Louis XIV
Jean-Baptiste Colbert

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Michael Romanov

Czar Peter I A.K.A. Peter the Great

Catherine the Great

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Bloody Mary

Elizabeth I

Mary Queen of Scots

Puritans

Gentry

Burgesses

James I

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Charles I

Cavaliers

Roundheads
Oliver Cromwell

New Model Army

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Tories
Whigs

James II
William II

Mary II

Thomas Hobbes

John Locke

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Maria Theresa

Frederick William I

Frederick II A.K.A. Frederick the Great

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The Thirty Years’ War

War of Spanish Succession

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The Spanish Armada

Anglican Church vs. Catholic Church (Religious disunity)

Parliament

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Long Parliament

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Glorious Revolution

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The Seven Years’ War

The years of peace

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Versailles

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Ruler of Russia

Became sole leader in 1696 and lead until he died in 1725

Peter’s biggest goal was to end the landlocked issue that Russia had

He wanted warm-water ports on the Sea of Azov and Black Sea. To do this, he had to defeat the Turks. To defeat the Turks, he had to have a stronger Russia and would need help from Wetern Europe.

He disguised himself and went to several Western European countries

His goal was to negotiate an alliance with Turkey

He failed in this goal

Influenced by France, he strengthened his army

He started a long war with Sweden in 1700 that lasted until 1721

Russia won this war and it gained land on the East Coast of the Gulf of Finland

They now had access to the Baltic Sea

He modernized the army and reformed the government’s administration

He also encouraged manufacturing and foreign trade

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Mary I, the oldest daughter of Henry VIII, she was the first reigning queen of England.
Took the throne in 1533 - 1588.
Tried to do away with clergy who did not follow the Catholic Church. Mary earned the name “Bloody Mary” because of the executions she did. She burned 300+ people at the stake. She married Philip II.

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Petition of Right
Rump Parliament

Commonwealth

Navigation Act of 1651

Constitution

English Civil War

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Habeas corpus
Cabinet

Prime minister

Limited Constitutional Monarchy

Restoration
English Bill of Rights

Toleration Act

Act of Settlement

Act of Union

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Pragmatic Sanction

Diplomatic Revolution

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Absolutism

Divine right of kings

Balance of power

Treaty of Utrecht

Treaty of Westphalia

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She was a German Princess that married Peter III and succeeded him after his 🤬, which was completed by nobles that supported Catherine

She was more skilled in foreign policy than domestic, and she expanded trade, gaining land to the west and being able to solve conflicts, but she was not concerned with what problems are occurring within her own society

She gained power and ruled from 1762-1796

She left a majority of Russia in poverty, as her focus was mainly on more of the artistic aspects, which were no help to the impoverished.

Catherine the Great ruled in Russia and she gained a lot of new land, creating foreign relationships.

Catherine the Great’s rule connected to the people because it was really influential on the treatment of citizens based on their status

People that were poorer received no assistance, and the wealthier Nobles would thrive off of the culture and economy.

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Mary Queen of Scots also known as Mary Stuart, Queen of Scotland , was next in line to the throne during the rein of Elizabeth because Elizabeth never got married or had childern meaning that their would she did not have a child to inherit the throne. She was a Catholic queen which terrified the English Protestants. Mary fled to England from her problems in Scotland and got put in prison. Mary was plotting to usurp Elizabeth from the throne. When Elizabeth found out about the plot, she ordered Mary’s death. Mary was beheaded which angered Philip II and made him the plan an invasion on England.

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The Cavaliers were people who supported the King

They were Anglicans, Roman Catholics, nobles, and other opponents of Parliament’s reforms

Royalists

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Philosopher
He accepted the idea of the social contact but he believed that the people had given up only some of their individual rights
Social contract was their right to have a right to live political enjoyment and ownership of land.

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-When her father, Charles VI, died she inherited Austria and other Habsburg lands
-Inherited these lands in 1740 at only 23 years old
-Because some of these lands required the inheritor to be male, Charles had argued Europe to accept the “Progmatic Sanction” which would allow her to inherit the Habsburg lands
- The laws of the Holy Roman Empire did prevent her from being elected empress. She only became empress in 1745 when her husband became elected emperor
-Maria’s empire included a patchwork of people and regions which lead to conflict or nationality, language, and religion. This caused several German states to become resentful of the Habsburgs. At times, Bavaria (located in Southern Germany) allied with France against the Habsburgs
-Austria’s chief rival was a small but rising north German state of Brandenburg-Prussia
-The size and character with geographic, cultural, and historic diversity made it difficult to rule effectively

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Henry, Cardinal, Intendants

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Also called Separists, objected to the fact that the Anglican CHurch kept some Catholic practices. They disagreed with Queen Elizabeth and caused them to be upset.

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In 1640, The parliment that Charles coveined met on and off for 20 years, and therefore got the name of “Long Parliment”

The Puritan controlled house wanted more power. They ordered that the Parliment has to meet once overly 3 years to keep Charles from raising taxes. They ended the kings power to dissolve parliment.

Later, when the Irish rebellion began in 1641, the Puritan House wanted control of the army. Charles resisted which lead to a Civil War.

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Whigs

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1796-1797

Frederick helped Prussia improve the millitary and restrict spending

ended much of his fathers lavish spending.

With the money he saved, he made the Prussia  stronger by doubleing the army

The Prussian army was the most efficient in Europe

The Prussian society was primarily militarlized under the king

He only talked about the economy and soldiers

Frederick always wanted the soldiers to be well equipped and trained

Discipline in the army has rigid, punishments were harsh and soldiers were expected to obey orders immediately.

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The 30 years war was a war fought in Europe. This was fought between the Catholic and Protestant states over the Roman Empire. Lasted from 1618–1648.

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The first tsar of Russia of the House of Romanov

Ruled from 1613 to 1645

His reign ended the Time of Troubles

His family was very wealthy

They ruled for 300 years after him

Romanov established relations with groups of people throughout Europe and those people soon be under Moscow’s rule

The Romanov strengthened absolutism in Europe

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Burgesses were a a branch of the House of Commons which was a part of parliament. They shared the House of Commons with the Gentry’s. This group was mostly made up of merchants and professional people of a town or city. Sometimes the line was fuzzy as a merchant who also owned land could be a Gentry or a son of a high priest or noble would become a professional of their city and become a Burgess.

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- The King of England, 1700s
- He tried to get funds from parliament but failed so he forced the people to pay him or else they would be in prison.
- He refused to call parliament into session for 11 years
- People did not like him and he started the “parliament ruling England because the king is incapable” deal

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This war lasted from 1756 to 1763 and it was a major European War

It was based on a fight that began in North America, called the French and Indian War

There was a large amount of division, and the allies created during this war characterized a great portion of this war

Prussia and Great Britain were allies, and Austria, France, and Russia were allies

Prussia, lead by Frederick, lead, but then began to struggle because of financial issues

An Austrian-Russian force then fought against powerful Prussia and took them down

Russia’s leader Elizabeth died and was succeeded by Czar Peter III, and then Russia was no longer an ally with those against Prussia

There was no clear “Winner” in the end, and it closed with a treaty that gave Prussia a hold on Silesia and most of France’s North American colonies to Britain in a separate treaty

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King Louis XIV moved into this palace when he was 44 years old. He also build it to showcase his power as absolute monarch

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The Spanish Armada was a fleet of 130 ships sent toward England by Philip II. It was also called the Invincible Armada. It was in sent to England while England was struggling to adapt to a new ruler. Elizabeth I defeated the Spanish Armada becasue England’s ships were smaller and swifter and had better guns. As a result the Spanish tried to retreat and go to the North Sea and then around the British Isles. This did not quite work due to storms, navigation errors, and lack of supplies. Many ships crashed on the shores of Scotland and Ireland. Now Elizabeth I’s Protestant rule was secure.

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He was a brutal and corrupt tyrant. He was born in France.

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-Much to the worry of his father (Frederick I), in his youth Frederick II was not interested in military or government affairs but was rather he wrote poetry, played the flute, and read philosophy
-the King, his father, used harsh methods to try to change his son including methods such as imprisonment
-Frederick II and a companion attempted to escape Prussia and they were both caught. The king forced his son to watch his friend’s execution as punishment for the attempted escape
-Frederick II turned into a stronger ruler than his father, becoming king in 1740 (the same year Maria Theresa became ruler of Austria)
-was highly intelligent and worked to expand the territory and prestige of Prussia
-marched his most powerful forces into Maria Theresa’s valuable land, Silesia, and conquered it easily. This started the War of the Austrian Succession which lasted from 1740-1748
-Bavaria, Spain, and France allied with Prussia
-Great Britain, the Netherland, and Russia sided with Austria
-Austria and its allies lost and Prussia gained Silesia

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Chosen by God to rule the nation. King Louis XIV believed in this concept.

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Gentry were landowners who had a social position, but no titles. They were usually sons  nobles who did not inherit  their father’s title or position. The gentry have a place in Parliament in the House of Commons. As being apart of the Parliament, they had a voice in the goverment.

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People who supported Parliament

They were Puritans and non-Anglican Protestants

They were nicknamed Roundheads after the haircuts of the Puritan soldiers

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Tories was a political party of people in England that resisted the beliefs of Whigs. They didn’t support religious religious tolerance. The tories became associated with the Anglican Church. It connects to the English government because when England was in a state of unstable government, controversy erupted and the Tories were apart of that.

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The years of peace was a time period where Frederick the Great  spend 23 years to strengthen and rebuild his kingdom

The 7 years war ruined the kingdom and left it in peices

Frederick expanded, improved public education and the already excellent Prussian civil service system

Supports of tolerance for religious minorities

Due to the years of peace Prussia regained the economic prosperity it had lost due to the 7 years war

Prussia also managed to gain new land during these years, and helped to bring about the first partition of Poland by acquiring land from Poland along the Baltic coast.

Frederick linked Prussia with east Prussia

After the peace ended and Frederick passed away, Prussia emerged as a major European economic and political power.

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Countries have equal strength in order to prevent one country from dominating others. The Netherlands, England, Austria, Brandenburg, and Spain formed alliances against France to make sure that King Louis XIV couldn’t dominate the rest of the countries.

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Parliament is made up of two branches, the House of Lords and the House of Commons. Their main jobs are to make laws and to debate the days problems. They are there to make the the people’s problems heard. This mane it better for the people because the events that they thought were important were being brought up and debated

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Oliver Cromwell was a devou Puritan

He was a powerful speaker and a skilled leader

He believed that divine providence made him ruler

He acted harshly to suppress reisistance against him

Cromwell was fairly tolerant of other beliefs

He ruled England as Lord protester (1653-1658)

This period of time was called the Protectorate

Cromwell was basically a military dictator because he was focused on the support of the army

He wanted to bring the idea of a parliamentary republic into England (wanted to create a representative type of government)

Tried to establish a constitution two times

His government wasn’t overthrown because he raised enough money from taxes and land sales to support the government and England’s army, the army was strong and powerful which discouraged other people from acting against them, and their enemies had no organized army that could defeat them.

Cromwell encouraged trade and manufacturing at home

He challenged the Dutch by making Parliament pass the Navigation Act of 1651 which required that all goods being shipped to England from other countries had to be carried by English ships or ships from the country that produced the items. This eventually led to war between the two countries ending with no real victor. That being said England’s navy gained prestige from the war and Cromwell showed that his country could support its commerce.

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King of England 1685-1688
He was the last Roman Catholic monarch of England. His reign was remembered primilary for struggles over religious tolerance

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The Diplomatic Revolution was a major “Reversal of alliances”. Great Britain had always been allied against the French. But, in 1756 Great Britain allied itself with Prussia. French then allied itself with Austria and Russia... Great Britain’s old allies. France and Austria were now opposed to Prussia and Great Britain.

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Gained power in 1643 when he was four. He started having people call him the sun king when he was fourteen. He did a ballet about him being the sun king. He asked people to call him this because he wanted people to know that he, like the sun, touched everything mad everyone

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Henry VIII broke with the Pope what he made Anglicanism the religion of England. People wanted to “purify” the church even more (those people were called puritans or separatists) and they objected to the fact that the Anglican Church had some catholic practices. Many monarchs thought religious disunity threatened England and wanted to unite their subjects under the Anglican faith.

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Oliver Cromwell was a devou Puritan

He was a powerful speaker and a skilled leader

He believed that divine providence made him ruler

He acted harshly to suppress reisistance against him

Cromwell was fairly tolerant of other beliefs

He ruled England as Lord protester (1653-1658)

This period of time was called the Protectorate

Cromwell was basically a military dictator because he was focused on the support of the army

He wanted to bring the idea of a parliamentary republic into England (wanted to create a representative type of government)

Tried to establish a constitution two times

His government wasn’t overthrown because he raised enough money from taxes and land sales to support the government and England’s army, the army was strong and powerful which discouraged other people from acting against them, and their enemies had no organized army that could defeat them.

Cromwell encouraged trade and manufacturing at home

He challenged the Dutch by making Parliament pass the Navigation Act of 1651 which required that all goods being shipped to England from other countries had to be carried by English ships or ships from the country that produced the. This eventually led to war between the two countries ending with no real victor. That being said England’s navy gained prestige from the war and Cromwell showed that his country could support its commerce.

The republican government ended up failing.

Cromwell dissolved parliament and ruled alone until he died in 1658

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Mary II
Queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland. She ruled 1689-1694 with her husband. Adopted the English Bill of Rights and were the start of the Glorious Revolution. They had a short reign and only made few significant changes.

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The Pragmatic Santion was a death-wish of Charles VI, who was ruling over Austria and other Hapsburg’s lands

He wanted his 23 year old daughter Maria Theresa to inheret the lands that he was ruling

Before this document, the lands were set to be ruled by a male heir

Charles was urging the Europeans to sign the document

The laws of the Holy Roman Empire limited her from being elected empress

She was able to be elected empress in 1745 when her husband was elected Emperor

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The war of succession was a European war. War between the Austrianss, Dutch, and English against France. Took place from 1701-1714. Fought over who had possession over what land.

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Anglican Church:

England’s Protestant Church which was created by Henry IV. The  church had ceremonies like the Catholic Church, but allowed divorces.

This   religious problems in England causing England to only want Protestant rulers and get into wars with other countries like Spain and rebellions from Purtains.

Catholic Church:

A church that has many ceremonies and many rules. This church has been a main religon for many countries.

This church caused many religious wars some against Protestants. This church was the religon of many countries which caused rebellions in the country.

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- formed in England in 1645 by the Parliament during the English Civil War.
- DIsbanded in 1660 after the Restoration period
-mainly puritans who were against the king who was Catholic, Protestant, or Anglican.
- Led by Oliver Cromwell

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1688 it was the overthrow of king James 2nd of england by union of the English parliamentarians with the Dutch stadholder William 3rd
Was a bloodless revolution the motives for this were to include both religious and political concerns.

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He was one of King Louis XIV’s best advisers. He was a well-educated middle class citizen and an expert in finance. He strongly encouraged France to increase industry, international trade, and develop colonies. He also strove to improve the nations economy through more evenly distributed taxes.

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Required that all goods shipped to England from other countries be carried by English Ships or by ships of the producing country.

This act was put in place because Dutch owners and shipowners had taken advantage of Englands turmoil.

As a result this law lead to the war with Duch.

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a writ requiring a person under arrest to be brought before a judge or into court, especially to secure the person's release unless lawful grounds are shown for their detention. It was created because of the Magna Carta.

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An important document for Europe and America. It said that the French and Spanish monarchies could never be united and gave most of French lands in North America to Great Britain. Came after France was defeated in the War of the Spanish Succession. The other countries wanted it because they didn’t want Louis and his grandson to combine France and Spain. Afterward France began to lose its empire.

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- Citizens of England are divided
- Kings supporters - Anglican, Roman Catholics, nobles, and those against parliament
- Also called cavaliers
- Parliaments supporters - puritans and no Anglican protesters
- also called roundheads
- Oliver Cromwell gets a group of troops to attack and take over England
- the people didnt like this so they tried to take over Oliver and his crew
- After they didn’t want to fight anymore they had Charles II come in and settle things down for England

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the committee of senior ministers responsible for controlling government policy. This is like the group of nobles that Luis XIV tried to get rid of.

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Absolutism is a form of government in which one monarch has complete control over the government, military and ect. This effected lots because it caused several wars, and shaped our present day government (not in good ways in my opinion)

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Prime Minister
The political leader of the Government. They are responsible for keeping the government branches communicating and for coordinating with the Parliament. This role connects to people because the government controls everything in a country and is the main source of power for all events and large important spendings.

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The Thirty Years’ War ended in this treaty. France was strengthened by receiving Alsace, a territory by the Rhine River. The treaty gave independence to the Netherlands and Switzerland. Made German princes independent of the Holy Roman Empire and the Habsburg family.

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Thomas Hobbes

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He was chief minister to Louis XIII.
He strengthened and consolidated the power of the monarchy.
He struggled with religion.

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It’s a form of government in which a monarch acts as head of state within the parameters of a written
It was created in the glorious revolution of 1688 in England in which king James was overthrown it was called limited because the absolute power of king or queen is not exercised.

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The English Bill of Rights is an act that the Parliament of England passed on December 16, 1689. The Bill creates separation of powers, limits the powers of the king. This was made because Kings and queens had to much power and were making stupid decisions.

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Was an administrative official who served as the chief royal representative.
He controlled the colony’s entire civil administration.
Their great power made them unpopular.

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Toleration Act
An act of the Parliament of England allowing Parliament to gain freeedom of worship. A serious event that established the Glorious Revolution in England. Now members of the Parliament were able to worship to Nonconformists, and other people felt more comfortable worshiping as well.

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-The Restoration period starts in 1660, King Charles II was restored to the English throne

-1660-1785

-reopening of English theaters

-Parliament tried to force Charles to exclude his brother from the line of succession because he was catholic

-Charles dissolved parliament

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He granted religious freedom to Protestants.
He issued the edict of Nantes to foster religious tolerance.
He had many mistresses.

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The Act of Settlement was made by Parliament that was passed in 1701 to settle the succession to the English and Irish crowns on Protestants only