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The New State was created by Getulio Vargas in order to combat supposed communist plots to overthrow the government. Vargas ordered a state of siege in which he held dictatorial power. Using methods that were suspiciously close to fascism, Vargas created the DASP, meant for professionalization of civil servants, and established a minimum wage and labor legislation. These choices favored the poor, but his dictatorial tendencies caused a deterioration in public image that eventually drew him out in 1945 until he was elected again in 1951.

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A three-year agreement signed in May between Britain and Argentina. Britain fixed Argentina a place in their meat market and dropped tariffs on Argentinian cereals in return for Argentina's self-restrictions with trade and currency exchange. In addition, Argentina promised to preserve Britain's commercial interests in Argentina. Despite the restrictions, this was carried through by Argentina as a necessity for economic recovery. The Pact raised Argentinian exports while restricting imports: two aspects that supported ISI in Argentina.

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The National Department of Coffee is created in Brazil

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The National Department of Coffee is created in Brazil

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In July of 1931 President Vargas creates the National Department of Coffee. This was recommended by a British financial mission, and was meant to regulate the coffee production in Brazil as to lower its dependence on it and stop overproduction of coffee. Over the decade the Department would see to the destruction of around 60 million bags of coffee, destroying warehouse-fulls and cutting down certain amounts of coffee trees.

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Getulio Vargas becomes President of Brazil

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Getulio Vargas becomes President of Brazil

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November 3rd, 1930. Vargas takes office over Washington Luis after a revolution started in Rio Grande do Sol. After taking position, resistance fro Sao Paulo had expanded into something of a civil war that killed thousands, calling Vargas to draft a new constitution in 1934. He was widely seen as popular and democratic; however he resorted to dictatorship in 1937 in response to communist coup rumors. Vargas is known as "Father of the Poor" and was popular due to his use of Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI), in which he reduced Brazil's reliance on imported goods by creating those same goods within the nation. Besides this, he also lowered Brazil's dependence on coffee exports by diversifying agriculture. Vargas is seen as the man who brought Brazil out of the Great Depression, and his methods of ISI were very effective.

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Created two years after a military coup by General José Felix Uriburu, who was forced to hold elections of which General Augustín Justo emerged victorious. Justo's government consisted of Radicals, PAN conservatives, and independent Socialists. This coalition was called the Concordancia. The Concordancia was responsible for lifting Argentina out of the Great Depression relatively quickly. This was done through quick support in ISI, of which was upheld by tax incentives and tariffs, and the creation of public works for the unemployed. Agrentina, already diversified more than most other Latin American countries, was also able to expand its oil industry.

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September 10th, 1939. Prime Minister King had anticipated the start of the war, and had started mobilizing on August 25. Full mobilization happened on September 1st at the start of the war. However, Canada refused to declare war on Germany until September 10th. This was to openly express their independence from Britain, showing that Canada was aiding the Allies based off their own interests and not loyalty to England. The declaration of war was important for Canada as providing food and supply to the Allied forces as well as giving men jobs as soldiers finally and truly pulled Canada out of the Great Depression.

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Hoover signs the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act

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Hoover signs the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act

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June 17, 1930. The tariff was driven by agricultural competition of American farmers with European farmers and overproduction, and urged the government to raise a tariff on agricultural imports to support US agriculture. However, as it progressed the tariff was set to broader standards, yet first failed to pass in 1929. The stock market crash, however, gained enough support for government legislation to pass it, and despite advice from economists to veto the decision, President Hoover signed the act on June 17, 1930. The average tariff was raised by 20% and isolated the US from foreign trade, as other governments had placed retaliating tariffs on US goods. Along with the failure of European banks, this had also deepened the Depression in the US. By 1932 US imports and exports between Europe had decreased by two-thirds.

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A product of drought and the failure to implement dry land farming methods, the Dust Bowl is the term for the severe conditions of the Great Plains region between 1934 and 1940. Before this time, farmers had been growing crop on the same plots of land for many generations, and many times had plowed the land in massive rows that followed the same direction. This was responsible for crop overproduction in the Depression, and allowed the drought of 1934 to not only kill off much crop but also let wind erosion create a devastating effect. The wind would pick up soil from the top of the overused and unrooted land and turn it to dust which would collect into massive dust storms that killed off the remaining crop and livestock. This forced a massive exodus-like movement of hundreds of thousands of farmers and rancher towards the cities, which could not support such movements of people. The Dust Bowl had forced new methods of farming in placed, caused the rise of a new kind of Western culture by means of artists such as John Steinbeck, Woody Guthrie, and Dorothea Lange. It also forced new agencies out of the New Deal, primarily the Soil Conservation Service in 1935.

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President Roosevelt attempts "Court Packing"

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President Roosevelt attempts "Court Packing"

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February 5th, 1937. Roosevelt announced that he would expand the Supreme Court to up to fifteen more members. This was the president's response to two years of the Court questioning the constitutionality and striking down many New Deal acts. With their eyes on important acts such as Social Security, Roosevelt proposed that he would provide full retirement pay to any justice over 70 or, if refused, provide them an assistant that had full voting power. This was to ensure that he had a Democratic majority that supported him over the Republicans. This was immediately criticized by many people as stepping past his boundaries. However, before the bill went into Congress for voting, many members of the Court suddenly changed liberal, and upheld the National Labour Relations Act and the Social Security Act. The incident had caused the Supreme Court never to so boldly question the president again and was a very split issue between the rights of the Court and of the President, both of which seemed to have tried stepping past their limits into the power of other branches.

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As economic conditions continued horribly, labour movements in Canada had gained support among the people. After a gathering of strikers from the work camps in Vancouver, fingers pointed towards Ottawa for the municipal government was the only group that could change anything. On June 3rd over 1000 men set their way towards Ottawa. Confiscating trains, they were stopped in Regina in a standoff and agreed to send 8 representatives to Ottawa for negotiations. The government had refused to move from their position on any serious issue, and sent the representatives back to Regina. A rally was then made in Regina to raise enough money and food to send everybody home. However, the government became bold and attempted to arrest the leaders of the Trek, which broke out into the Regina riot. By the end there was the death of one police officer, dozens of injuries, and 130 arrests. Much like the Bonus Army march on Washington to Hoover, the conclusion of the Trek had created a strong emotion against prime minister R.B. Bennett and was one of the influences on his loss in the 1935 elections.

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August 14, 1935. One of the most unchanged acts of the New Deal, the Social Security Act was at first meant to combat unemployment but also gave benefits to the disabled and elderly to see that they would never be impoverished. Money is granted to retirees and disabled citizens mostly out of the payroll taxes of jobs. It was a very effective method of sustainability for those unable to receive jobs due to physical status. This was one of the first unusual instances of the government handing out money, and at first was ill thought of by some citizens; twice its constitutionality was questioned by the Supreme Court, a phenomenon that influenced FDR's decision in attempting court-packing.

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Roosevelt has the first of the fireside chats

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Roosevelt has the first of the fireside chats

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March 12, 1933. Roosevelt starts his hugely famous "fireside chats" with "On the Bank Crisis" the day before the Federal Reserve Banks would reopen with the Emergency Banking Act. The president would go on to give twenty nine more fireside chats. These were extremely important to Roosevelt's presidency as they gave the people communication directly from the president into their homes. This kept opponent-owned news coverage from construing his actions, as the president was now able to tell the public what exactly was going to happen and why. The fireside chats in addition allowed Roosevelt to hide his polio conditions from the public, something he was very serious in doing. Finally, the president's fireside chats were revolutionary as not only did they restore hefty amounts of confidence in the people, but revolutionized the role of the administration in relation to the people:every successor from then on, especially Reagan, were urged to give such direct public broadcasts to the people.

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President Roosevelt orders the Bank Holiday

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President Roosevelt orders the Bank Holiday

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On March 5th, the day after his Inaugural Address, President FDR orders the banking holiday. For nearly one week, until March 9th, all banks in the nation locked their doors and allowed no form of exchange of currency nor bill. The holiday had been planned by the nation's Federal bank leaders for a week, but they were not able to take support from President Hoover and therefore had to wait for Roosevelt to take office. The holiday was meant to give time to create a legislation to deal with banking crises. The holiday marked the end of the deflation of the American currency. From it also came the Emergency Banking Act, which stabilized the banking system by having the Federal Reserve Banks give additional assets to other banks so emergencies can be met with preparation. Starting with the Federal Banks, on March 13 banks slowly began to reopen if they were deemed fit to.

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Happening again in the falls of 1931 and 1932, the banking panic, also known as "bank run" of 1930 was the first in which masses of people rushed to local banks to demand cash return for their stocks. This was caused when commercial banks in Southern United States, especially the Caldwell and Company banks, had caused crises due to failure by over-investment, for many believed the stock market crash of 1929 was a mere recession and continued business. Because many banks had a limited supply of cash in use for emergency, as most of the money passed along were "fictitious" checks. In November a large amount of banks had closed their doors. Two thirds of these banks would never recover, and in effect, liquidate. In December the Bank of the United States in New York City had closed its doors and caught national attention and caused a movement of panic and fear which resulted in more bank failure, more people unemployed, and deflation. Deflation, caused by hoarding, caused a drop in prices and demand, and effectively, by the gold standard, imprinted the US economic problems onto international markets.

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The first being in 1928, the drought years in Canada spanned from 1931 to 1934, then started again in 1937. During this time the Prairies of Canada were plagued by drought, hail-storms, and grasshoppers: all of which had a devastating impact on crop yield. Along with this, the Depression economy had lowered the cost of wheat. Farming, because of this, was almost impossible to yield income without government assistance, and most of the provinces of Canada had seen a heavy rise in unemployment. Saskatchewan was especially affected, having a drop in per capita income of 72%, and the migration of 200,000 people out of the region by 1941. The drought had caused the Prairie Farm Rehabilitation Act which provided governmental assistance and projects to farmers. However, it also severely affected the stability of the provinces, especially Saskatchewan, and harmed the export economy of Canada.

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Richard Bennett starts the Canadian Relief Camps

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Richard Bennett starts the Canadian Relief Camps

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At the end of the year R. B. Bennett attempted to ease unemployment by creating nationwide work camps for single, homeless, unemployed men. Run by the military, the camps were used in creating public buildings, clear land, build roads, and plant trees. The men received free medical care, room, board, and a meager twenty cents a day. Due to this the workers earned the nickname "The Royal Twenty-Centers". The creation of these work camps, instead of doing their intended cause of making the unemployed happier, was rather a point of focus for the men's anger due to their poor housing and pathetic wages. Communist works became popular among the workers, and eventually the anger grew to the point of rallying and riots in 1935. Besides the tensions it caused, Bennett lost popularity over the controversy of the conditions in the camps.

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Richard Bedfort Bennet elected in Canada

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Richard Bedfort Bennet elected in Canada

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Bennet wins over William Lyon Mackenzie King in the 1930 federal elections. From here Bennet tried to increase trade with Britain, and despite the Depression in Canada, wanted to continue the Conservative Party's laissez-faire policies. He would continue to follow the party's policies until the end of his term in 1935 when he attempted to follow Roosevelt's New Deal methods by introducing his own. However, he didn't regain popularity and was overwhelmingly defeated by King's return. Bennett is commonly believed to have keep Canada in the Depression's drudgery with his policies. Despite this fact, Bennett commonly took from his own personal funds to help individual families.

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Frederick Delano Roosevelt's Inaugural Address

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Frederick Delano Roosevelt's Inaugural Address

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March 4th, 1933. Roosevelt takes his Inaugural Address before moving into the White House as president: a position he will keep until his death in 1944. His Inaugural Address is a most famous speech due to its empowering nature. His use of rhetoric was meant to fill the US populace with inspiration, something drastically needed among the common. This generated the famous saying "There is nothing to fear, but fear itself," which can be used as a general statement for his call for confidence in the government and renewed devotion to the constitution. This speech was important as it was a massively positive first impression among the US populace. It was preparing the people for the expansion in federal power, something Roosevelt foresaw and deemed necessary to give forewarning about. It also set his public image during his presidency, and would be renewed again during the bank holiday event when he gives his first fireside chat over the radio into US homes.

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President Franklin Roosevelt 1933 Inauguration

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July 28, 1932. Before this World War I veterans, called Bonus Marchers, gathered from around the US to meet at Washington D.C. and pressure Congress into paying off their promised loans of 1924, something they were first told would be paid off in four years, then was moved to be paid off in 1945, then the amount was cut in half. They had gathered to support Congressman Wright Patman's bill to advance the payment. The group, led by Walter Waters, was at first sympathized by local police, for they suffered the Depression harshly and most of them had nothing. However, the situation turned violent as the police were ordered to remove the veterans from their occupied positions. After the death of two veterans and an officer's fractured skull, President Hoover unleashed General Douglas MacArthur upon them. MacArthur's reaction against the veterans was stated to be overzealous, indefensible, and driven by his public image by many. The day ended with a toll of three dead, fifty-four injured, and one hundred thirty-five arrested. Both Hoover and MacArthur blamed the riot on Communists and stubbornly defended their positions. Public sympathy lied with the veterans, and the actions of the federal army during the riot was the nail in the coffin of Hoover's presidency. His reaction to the riot was severe fuel used by his opponent Franklin D. Roosevelt and caused a landslide victory for FDR.

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October 24, 1929, also known as "Black Thursday". This was the mark that signaled the Great Depression had begun, although it wasn't exactly the cause. On Black Thursday a record of 12,894,650 stocks were shared, causing a plummet of 11% in value. The next Monday the market would go into a free fall, and the following day another 16 million stocks would be shared, creating an economic panic; all the stocks, many of which were bought with borrowed cash, were now worthless. Billions of dollars were lost and thousands of investors had nothing.The stock market crash was not the sole cause of the Great Depression but it had accelerated world economic depression. Unemployment would continue to rise and prices would continue to drop in the US until the lowest point in 1932. By 1933 there would be 15 million unemployed and half of the banks of the nation failed.