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The Augustan Age was equipped with a stable government, an empire and a materialistic society, like the Roman Empire of Augustus, and there was a return to classicism.

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The spread of cultural debate in the 18th century brought about the need for new means of expression and for the circulation of rationalistc ideas.

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During the 17th century, there had been an increase in the publication of journals and pamphlets. Journalism became a free profession who supported the individual freedom.

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In 1711 Steele and Addison created the first newspapers, The Tatler and The Spectator, that gave information about daily life, entertainment and gossip for the middle class.

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The Tatler was started by Richard Steele, an Irish gazetteer, appeared in the form of a single sheet  three times a week. The Spectator, which is more connected with Addison's name was published daily so that reading it became almost a habit and written in such a way as to be understood.

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They were associated with news and gossip and provided entertainment, so their function was very similar to that of the theatre in Elizabethan age.

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The 18th novel was called the middle class novel, because is the spokesman of the middle-class ideals (as mobility, productivity and individualism), or the realistic novel, because it represents the real life and fiction and because often it tells an invented story, but in a way that seems true.

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Daniel Defoe was the first novelist to create this new type of fiction. He was born in 1660 into a family of Dissenters, that refused the authority of the Church of England. He studied in Newington Green practical subject, as modern languages, economics and geography.

He first became journalist and published the "Review"

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It is the most important Defoe's novel and it was inspired by the story of the sailor Alexander Selrick

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Jonathan Swift was one of the founders of professional journalism and one of the most brilliant minds of his time. He was misogyn, he hated women and children. he wanted to criticize through satires the England government.

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Written as an adventure novel it is actually a cruel satire of human race, civilisation and Anglo-Irish. Lemuel Gulliver, doctor on a merchant ship, is shipwrecked on the island of Lilliput, where everything, beginning by the inhabitants, is large a fifteenth of persons and objects we know.