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Montessori believed children would learn naturally if placed in a prepared learning environment containing the appropriate materials or learning games. This classroom model is designed to be an environment in which children can learn by themselves and from one another.

-Montessori teachers receive special training in the Montessori method.

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Vygotsky believed that learning is based on language and social interaction. According to him, parents, teachers, and peers promote learning. Children play a key role in their education and that of their peers. Learning takes place and is dependent upon the social environment.

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The time between the ages 4-6, Piaget describes as the preoperational thinking.

Signs of Preoperational Thinking are:

Make-Believe Play

Use of Symbols

Egocentric Viewpoint

Limited Focus

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At 4-Speaks in complete sentences of five-six words.

-Makes up stories

-Knows shapes and colors

At 5-Uses six-eight word sentences

-Learns alphabet and many letter sounds

-Recalls part of a story

At 6- Reads words and simple sentences

-Writes simple words

-Plays pretend games

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Involves recognizing, categorizing, and drawing upon the features of the environment.

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Implies the capacity to understand oneself, including fears, hopes, and motivations. Gardner describes this intelligence as having a good sense of oneself.

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Involves the potential to understand the intentions, desires, and motivations of others. This type of intelligence helps teachers, counselors work better with people.

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Has to do with the potential to use one’s body to solve problems and using the mind to coordinate body movements.

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Involves skill in performing, composing, and appreciating musical patterns.

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Involves an understanding of the potential use of space, thinking in three-dimensional terms, and imagining things in clear visual images. Architects and landscape designers are among careers that rely on this type of intelligence.

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Consists of the ability to analyze problems using logic, perform mathematical operations, and explore issues scientifically. This intelligence is associated with mathematical thinking and research.

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Involves sensitivity to language, the ability to learn languages, and the ability to use language to accomplish goals. Writers, poets, and lawyers have high linguistic intelligence.

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Multiple Intelligences are abilities in problem solving or creating materials that have value. Gardner has identified eight such intelligences

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Intelligence Quotient(IQ): is the number obtained by comparing a child’s test results to those of other children the same age.

The average child has an IQ between 80-119.

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Moral development is the process of learning to base one's behavior on beliefs about what is right and wrong.

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-Set clear standards of behavior: Teaching children the reasons for rules will help them understand why they are important.

-Respond to inappropriate behavior: When rules are broken, deal with the problem immediately.

-Talk about mistakes in private: don’t correct a behavior in front of an audience, a child will feel ridiculed.

-Understand that children will test the limits: A child might try misbehaving just to see what the parent or caregiver will do. Stay consistent.
-Consider the child’s age and abilities: Moral Development will look different from child to child.

-It is a lifelong task to learn self-discipline: You cannot expect perfection from children. Instead help them learn and recognize mistakes.

-Continue to show love despite misbehavior: Children need to be shown love regardless of misbehavior.

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Specific Emotion: Worry
Here are some ways to help preschoolers and kindergartens to reduce worry:

Look for the cause.

give children time to calm down.

Provide chances to get rid of tension

Read a book about the issue causing the stress

Maintain normal limits on behavior

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Specific Emotion: Jealousy
Sibling Rivalry is jealousy of brothers and sisters. Children at this age sometimes express their feelings of jealousy by tattling, criticizing or lying.

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Specific Emotion: Fear
Caregivers can help the children by

Accept the Fear

Let the child express the fear without ridicule

Help the child feel able to face the fear.

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Specific Emotion: Anger
Anger: As children grown from four to six years olds they use increasingly subtle ways to express their anger.

Four Years: An angry episode lasts longer in a 4 year old than in a younger child. Four year olds may still use physical violence, or they may threaten and attempt to get even.

Five Years: Five year olds are more likely to try and hurt other children’s feelings than to hurt them physically

Six Years: Six year olds are even more hurtful with words. They can tease, insult, nage and make fun of others.

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Dressing and Choosing Clothes: Comfort, durability, and economy are the main guidelines for choosing clothing.

Washing and Bathing: Parents should set up and maintain good hygiene practices with their child, even if the child doesn’t want to stop playing.

Caring for Teeth: Brushing and flossing regularly is important for teeth health. Using a Fluoride toothpaste is essential to prevent tooth decay and cavities.

Toileting: By their 4th birthday, most children will have few toileting accidents either at night or during the day.

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Between the ages of 4-6 a child may begin to lose their “baby” teeth. Permanent teeth are teeth that replace the baby teeth. A child will eventually have a total of 32 teeth that are permanent to replace the 20 primary(baby) teeth.

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A child between the ages of 4-6 will soon discover a hand they prefer.

Ambidextrous means being able to use both hands with equal skills.

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4 years fine- Dresses and Undresses self, Copies a circle and a cross
Gross- Hops on 1 Foot, Throws ball overhead, Walks backwards easily
5 years fine -Draws a person with a head, arms and legs, Buttons clothing
Gross - Turns somersaults, Skips with alternating feet
6 years fine - Cuts, pastes, and colors skillfully, Writes letters and words
Gross - Rides a bicycle, throws and catches a ball

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Children’s posture changes noticeably between the ages of 4-6. They become straighter and slimmer, and the protruding tummy from babyhood flattens.

Balance and coordination show improvement in these years as well.