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Connection of Voltmeter and Ammeter in a circuit

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Connection of Voltmeter and Ammeter in a circuit

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Voltmeter must parallel to the circuit while ammeter must series to the circuit to obtain the  correct value.

~Kimi

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~Kimi

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A device used to measure weight or mass

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The smallest scale division is 1 mm. Therefore, the uncertainty ∆x = smallest increment/2 = 1mm/2 = 0.5mm = 0.05cm. In the example, the length of the object would be stated as x = 2.77 cm ± 0.05 cm.

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A device used to measure length or distance

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~Kimi

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~Kimi

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25 or 26?

~Kimi

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Difference Between Random Error & Systematic Error

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Difference Between Random Error & Systematic Error

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Random error : lead to fluctuations around the true value as a result of difficulty taking measurements
Systematic error : lead to predictable and consistent departures from the true value due to problems with the calibration of equipment

~Kimi

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An ammeter (from Ampere Meter) is a measuring instrument used to measure the current in a circuit. Electric currents are measured in amperes (A) and the resistance is zero since it is connected in series.

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A voltmeter is an instrument used for measuring electrical potential difference between two points in an electric circuit and the resistance is infinitely large to provide accurate reading since it is connected in parallel unit in V (volt).

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The line of gradient m is the best-fit line to the points where the two extremes m ₁ and m ₂ show the maximum and minimum possible gradients that still lie through the error bars of all the points.

In the example m ₁ = [43.2-30.8]/10 = 1.24 and m ₂ = [41.7-32.7]/10 = 0.90.
The slope of the best fit line (m) = [42.4-31.8]/10 = 1.06
In the example the uncertainty is [1.24-0.90]/1.06 = 32%
Alternatively, the value of the gradient can be written as 1.06 +/-0.17

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The percentage uncertainty in the gradient is given by
[m ₁-m ₂/m=[Δm/m]x100%

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The uncertainty in a measurement can be shown on a graph as an error bar. This bar is drawn above and below the point (or from side to side) and shows the uncertainty in that measurement.

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A measure of how close the results of an experiment agree with each other. It is a measure of how reproducible the results are.

High precision implies a small uncertainty and small random error.

Precision is how close the measured values are to each other but they may not necessarily cluster about the true value.

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A measure of how close the results of an experiment agree with the true value.

When there is high accuracy (accurate shots), there will be small systematic error

The accuracy of a reading can be improved by repeating the measurements.

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A galvanometer is an electromechanical instrument used for detecting and indicating an electric current.

~ Amir Irfan, 2020

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The cathode-ray oscilloscope (CRO) is a common laboratory instrument that provides accurate time and amplitude measurements of voltage signals over a wide range of frequencies. Its reliability, stability, and ease of operation makes it suitable as a general purpose laboratory instrument.

~ Amir Irfan, 2020

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The calibration curve is a plot of how the instrumental response, the so-called analytical signal, changes with the concentration of the analyte (the substance to be measured). The operator prepares a series of standards across a range of concentrations near the expected concentration of analyte in the unknown.

~ Amir Irfan, 2020

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~ Amir Irfan, 2020

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~ Amir Irfan, 2020

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This error can be reduced by finding average values in a given experiment.

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~ Amir Irfan, 2020

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Produces unpredictable deviation from actual value.

~ Amir Irfan, 2020

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~Kimi

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~Kimi

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1.Addition/Substraction
2.Multiplication/Division
3.Power

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1. addition
2. subtraction
3. multiplication
4. division

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1/2mv2 = mgh

kg x (ms-1)2 = kg x ms-2 x  m

kgms-2 = kgms-2

Thus, the unit for energy is kgms⁻²

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Homogenity means the unit from left hand-side of equation is the same to right hand-side of equation

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nurin

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nurin

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Positive zero error (should be subtracted from the reading which is measured)

Negative zero error (should be added from the reading which is measured)

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nurin

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The first significant figures are taken as the main scale reading to the left of the vernier zero, i.e. 37 mm. The remaining two digits are taken from the vernier scale reading that lines up with any main scale reading, i.e. 46 on the vernier scale. Thus the reading is 37.46 mm.

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The main scale reading is 3 mm while the reading on the drum is 0.46 mm; therefore, the reading is 3.46 mm.

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Uncertainty in a Gradient - Example Question (CIE Specimen Paper 5)

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The Overview                   ( mindmaps )

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The Overview                   ( mindmaps )

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Physical Quantities & Measurement Techniques

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Physical Quantities & Measurement Techniques