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Kodak: The Beginning of Photography, 1900-1934

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Kodak: The Beginning of Photography, 1900-1934

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In 1880, George Eastman opened the Eastman Dry Plate and Film Company. His first camera, the Kodak, was sold in 1888 and consisted of a box camera with 100 exposures. Later he offered the first Brownie camera, which was intended for children. George Eastman invented the Kodak camera, helping make photography accessible to the public. His company remains one of the largest in the industry.

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The company who developed the Brownie box camera was George Eastman's company, Kodak. It was sold in the 1900 in the USA. It became popular because it was affordable to many. The cost of each brownie was $1.00 which sold millions of these box cameras. Initially the brownie were for children however it was an affordable easy access to everyone which made it popular on creating memories in taking pictures.

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Eastman Kodak introduced the new Brownie dollar box camera in 1900; the release was supported by a major advertising campaign. The name "Brownie" was chosen primarily because of the popularity of a children's book of cartoons of the same name.

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To begin his business of his innovative camera, Eastman decided to create a word that would be short and pronounceable in any language. He began with "K," the first letter of his mother's maiden name, and came up with "Kodak."

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George Eastman, business owner of Kodak company. Went through obstacles to expand the Kodak company. In 1900, he purchased the Blair Camera Company of Boston, and the American Camera Company of Northboro, Massachusetts. At the same time the Brownie was introduced, E. &H.T. Anthony & Co. offered to sell out to Eastman, too. Later, he became the dominant manufacturer of cameras.

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The first photo postcard photographer was created by the Kodak company. It was a cheap way to send photographs to friends and family. Eastman was able to provide printing on a strong base for sending, with an area on the back to write a message. The photo postcard paused the way for photo montage. This was created in the 1908, in USA.

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Postcards prior to 1898 are placed in what is called the Pioneer Era. In the United States,these early postal cards were used mainly to mail commercial ads and information.The greatest concentration of these postcards is from New York, Philadelphia, and other large metro areas in the U.S. and abroad.

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The postcards during the years 1915 to 1930 were usually printed with white borders around the picture, this time period is called the White Border Era. During World War One the white border reduced the image size and thus saved on ink costs. After the war ended, the German publishing industry was never rebuilt

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Changing technology now enabled publishers to print cards on a linen paper stock. The rag content gave these
postcards a textured “feel.” They were also cheaper to
produce and allowed the use of bright dyes for image
coloring.

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Gilbert Grosvenor, was the first in creating the first colored magazine for the National Geographic magazine. His photographs published were pictures of Native Americans. He has said that taking pictures of things that may be forgotten should be remembered. In which is the reason he photographed Native Americans. Soon it became popular and the public loved the pictures. It brought diversity and wonders of the world, where many has never seen or visited. This brought recognition in people and the many different places around the world.

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National Geographic began since 1914 and is used til this day. National Geographic contains magazines of color with pictures of important and national information. It is known for their best pictures and credible information given towards the audience.

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National Geographic is known for their Animal Magazine. They give exceptional quality of photographs in animals causing an attraction towards the public. In addition, they give informational stories and facts that educate the people of these exotic animals.

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Not only is the company known for their magazine; but, they contain a channel where they advertise the work and information they have worked on in their company. Its an informational channel with amazing quality of photographs.

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Edward Curtis, the creator of documentary photography. Documented the life of Native Americans in the early 19th century. Curtis would travel with the Native Americans in the northern America. He would bring clothing and resources to cause a dramatic effect on pictures of their documentary and have them pose to create a more unique taste towards it. Curtis has said that he takes pictures of people who will soon disappear and Native Americans were one of them

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Born in 1868 near Whitewater, Wisconsin, Edward Sheriff Curtis was to become one of America’s premier photographers and ethnologists. Edward’s gift for photography led him to an investigation of the Indians living on the Seattle waterfront.

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His photograph Homeward won Curtis the highest award in a photographic exhibition contest. Having become well-known for his work with the Indians

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There they witnessed the deeply sacred Sundance of the Piegan and Blackfoot tribes. Traveling on horseback, with their pack horses trailing behind, they stopped at the precipice. Below them, the view of the valley floor stretched with over a thousand Teepees – an awesome sight to Curtis. This event would transformed his life and inspired him to create The North American Indian. Consisting of over 700 large portfolio images, over 1500 volume size images, and over 7000 pages of text.

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Alfred Stieglitz invented pictorialism, to highlight the importance of art in photography. This invention was brought from the snapshot, where for pictures only needed to press a button. From the snapshot it brought creativity and art in photos. Stieglitz would intervene with pictures by aiming handmade products. He would scratch lens, change color, add light or decrease it. Many different aspects to highlight the art in it and make it creative with a glimpse of unique.

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Stieglitz was the most prominent spokesperson for these photographers in America, and in 1902 he and several like-minded associates in the New York Camera Club—including Gertrude Käsebier, Alvin Langdon Coburn, and Frank Eugene broke away from the club to form what they dubbed the Photo-Secession.

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Stieglitz dissolved the Photo-Secession and Camera Work in 1917, but Käsebier, Coburn, and White continued to make photographs as they had in the early years of the century and became founders of an organization called the Pictorial Photographers of America in 1916. Although the Photo-Secession members eventually went their separate ways, all of them were instrumental in establishing photography’s expressive potential and demonstrating that its value lay beyond reproducing the outlines of the world around us.

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Frank Bunker Gilbreth, the inventor of motion studies. Invented motion studies photography to indicate time and length it would take in factory workers speed of working in a snapshot. Motion Studies Photography broke every action into the smallest unit revealing unnecessary movement. It was an invention demonstrating the quick work the factory workers did and it was a study to prove to everyone.

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The “industrial efficiency” expert Frank Gilbreth (1868-1924) conducted his motion studies, both in the United States and abroad, in factories, offices, hospitals and other workplaces between about 1910 and 1924. Gilbreth made his films with a 35 mm hand crank camera.

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Gilberth's original films have said to be lost. After his death in 1924, Some of his films were compiled.

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Lewis Hines pioneered Social Reform Photography. Social Reform Photography illustrated pictures of social issues in order to bring awareness. Lewis Hines pioneered to advocate for a social change and demonstrate the world the cruelty in it that could be changed. He showed the world the issues that were happening in child labor which successfully passed a legislation of outlawing child labor. This impacts me because I have an education instead of a job where I could be struggling. Social Reform Photography is still used today to demonstrate the issues globally, it works to advocate for donations and unite.

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Social Reform photography has allowed an insight in youth labor. Children not having time to be educated cannot learn because of work.

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The kids above around 51 inches high. Has been in the mill one year. Sometimes works at night. Runs 4 sides - 48 cents a day. Out of 50 employees, there were ten children about her size.

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In the 19th century Modernism Photography was brought by Paul Strand. It was a realistic photography of abstract form to create art which is also known as straight photography. It was used to capture shape and forms in sharp focus, as an aesthetic in modern day. This style can be seen everywhere, it was representing the face of reality.

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Nathaniel Paul Strand was born in New York to German-Jewish parents in 1890. Father Jacob Strand presented his son with his first camera when he was just twelve years old, though his son's interest in photography wasn't to blossom until he had left high school in 1907. Upon graduation Strand joined his father's enamelware import business but he used his spare time to attend a photographic club at the Ethical Culture School run by renowned social documentarian Lewis Hine.

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Eulogize Strand as the sole architect of Straight Photography, there can be no doubt that his photography helped cultivate the idea that it was only the camera that could show the world in such detail - only a machine could represent the world with such clarity and with such purity - and that, in the right hands, photography could hold its own within the bigger modernist program.

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Propaganda photography began from World War I. It was used to spread false news in pictures. President Wilson used propaganda photography to unleash massive media campaign to rally the country. It brought an antiwar lobby and showed the truth of modern warfare where the public had opinions. Institutions pushed it into the mainstream with pictures of the war in a magazine where there was no horror which did not show the full reality.

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World War I, also known as the Great War, began in 1914 after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria. His murder catapulted into a war across Europe that lasted until 1918.

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Propoganda was used in photographs to attract the audience. It informed people about the war and brought insights of the tragedy.

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Tabloid photography is daily news on paper with pictures. There are many tabloid industries and the most popular were at New York. New York biggest tabloid are, Daily news, Daily Mirror, and Evening Graphic. One of the biggest tabloid used is USA today. However, they became to be dangerous to the audience into reality being shown more where things should not have been said. They were exempt from the constitutional law that governs the press because of the information and photos shown were disturbing which led trouble.

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In 1919, New Yorkers on their way to work came upon a strange sight at their local newsstands: A thin, 16-page newspaper just half the size of the standard broadsheets and filled with photographs, cartoons and brief, snappy stories. NY news is one of the most popular tabloid. At just 2 cents an issue  a bargain next to the staid New York Times and Wall Street Journal, which cost a whole nickel  plenty of curious readers snapped up the inaugural edition of what was then called the Illustrated Daily News.

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Tabloid made an impact to society with surprising information and pictures. These magazines formed an additional society that impacted many lives

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Celebrity Photography was introduced by George Holz. Celebrity Photography brought insight to celebrities life and copies of photographs of them. It was used for fans to connect and learn more about the celebrities which also created publicity. These photographs developed by having photo shoots in magazine where till this day it is still used today.

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Hurrell became acquainted with the camera while in art school, because students typically photographed various indoor and outdoor scenes to use as reference while painting. Hurrell, always very practical, had discovered soon after his arrival in the seaside community that taking pictures of local artists and the social scene paid much more readily than painting.  But he still continued to paint.

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Ramon Novarro was at this time best remembered for his starring role in the silent film Ben Hur, which was the ‘Star Wars’ of its day in terms of ticket sales. If George Hurrell can make my horse look as beautiful as the most handsome man in America, then everyone should be using George Hurrell as their photographer.” As it turned out, Ramon Novarro did quite well in his contract negotiations and remained at MGM.

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The photographic age changed history and the world. With insights of important events, people, and places. The photograph is the most accurate source of credibility. Its images that cannot be forgotten or be unseen.

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A process must be invented to produced pictures in which created the Wire Journalism. Roy Howard the inventor of this thought it was a bad idea. But in 1935, a picture of plane crashed sparked Wire Journalism. It was the first transmission which recorded the image on a photographic plate. Wire journalism is both stories and pictured tended the U.S to be more of a community.

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Wire journalism today uses photographs to experience life changing moments. It created a connection with the audience

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Wire Journalism uses sports,celebrity, past, stock, entertainment, and policies.

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In 1937 the entire country was riveted by a huge news story. Because of wire photo, Murray baccer a chief phtographer captured the explosion. Hindenburg burned in a few seconds which was able to capture 3 photographs. The day the Hindenburg burned it eclipsed the world.

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May 6th 1937. Lakehurst, N.J. It was to be a routine assignment. Assembled as part of a massive PR campaign by the Hindenburg’s parent company in Germany, twenty-two bored still and newsreel photographers were on hand for the landing of 803-feet dirigible Hindenburg.

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Becker himself took 15 shots, from first flare-up to the rescue of survivors. When it was over and his film holders were headed for Newark to be processed, Mr. Becker sat down and wept.

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Probably one of the most famous disasters of the 20th century, the explosion wasn’t all that deadly. Of the 97 people aboard, 62 survived.

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WeeGee, A MOB Photographer. Showed photographs of pictures that were disturbing. As much as people wanted to see people of nice things; others wanted to see horrible thing such as murder. It was a glimpse of everything.

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He worked at night and competed with the police to be first at the scene of a crime, selling his photographs to tabloids and photographic agencies.His photographs, centered around Manhattan police headquarters, were soon published by the Daily News and other tabloids, as well as more upscale publication such as Life magazine

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Five of his photographs were acquired by the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) in 1943. These works were included in its exhibition Action Photography.He was later included in "50 Photographs by 50 Photographers", another MoMA show organized by photographer Edward Steichen,and he lectured at the New School for Social Research.

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Publisher Henry Loose, gave a glossy magazine that used photographs to tell its stories. Loose called the magazine, "Live." It was one of the biggest publishes that had an immediate sellout. People enjoyed the magazine because it had something many people could read, which were pictures. It had an impact in society which was used to see life with a glimpse of imaginations. Telling stories of the beginning, middle, and end without reading a word.

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Life's Photo Essay contain pictures with information to show the glimpse of an important story.

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Life Magazine are still used today and are sold around the world to show important pictures which tell a story.

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Roy Striker, was head of the agency. He brought famous photographers into the FSA agency. They photographed Americans so America can see them, which was photographed in a political naive period. Which was during the Great Depression, the photographs would sum during that tragedy period. The pictures taken were free of charge and used in newspapers so the world could see the pictures. Its used today to see the faces during the great Depression showing famous pictures of the time period.

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Dorothea Lange (1895-1965) has been called America's greatest documentary photographer. She is best known for her chronicles of the Great Depression and for her photographs of migratory farm workers.

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U.S. Farm Security Administration (FSA) investigating living conditions of farm workers and their families in Western states such as California. Most of the workers had come west to escape the Dust Bowl, the lengthy drought which devastated millions of acres of farmland in Midwestern states such as Oklahoma.

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In the early 1940's a young photographer, Gordon Parks went to Washington. With the success of FSA its role expanded and came to combat discrimination. He made a story to demonstrate discrimination and used motion photographer to construct this story of social reform. Ella Watson was used to demonstrate the social reform of photography and her picture became one of the best.

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Gordon Parks’s earliest work as a professional photographer was shooting fashion for a department store in St. Paul, Minnesota.  It was this professional experience that made it possible for him to photograph for local newspapers, prompting Parks to explore and document Chicago’s impoverished South Side.

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When the FSA was absorbed into the Office of War Information (OWI), Parks had the opportunity to photograph the legendary Tuskegee Airmen Fighter Pilots. The combination of Parks’ experience shooting fashion as well as documentary photography informed his style and made him an asset at Life magazine when he joined their staff in 1948.

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His idea was spiritual landscape photography. Adams would use mountains and the weather to demonstrate the beauty of the world. He would use beautiful pictures of lakes and glimpse of trees. This caused the world to realize the landscape and prophetic pictures of the importance in the natural world. Causing a development of National parks and awareness of the zone system.

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He was contracted with the United States Department of the Interior to make photographs of national parks. For his work and his persistent advocacy, which helped expand the National Park system, he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1980.

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Adams was a life-long advocate for environmental conservation, and his photographic practice was deeply entwined with this advocacy. At age 12, he was given his first camera during his first visit to Yosemite National Park.

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The war would be a global astounding event where photographers knew it would be able to create extraordinary pictures of the war. Public opinions began to affect this War, where racism grew with Japanese. It was opportunity for photographers. The picture most strange happens to be a skull of former Japanese soilders that were sent as presents. Which became one of the most famous pictures of that time

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The big five were four photographs taken in WWII that changed perspective of society.

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It was a conflict whose course unfolded in iconic photos, from the beginning to the end. After Vietnam, the military would never again allow journalists to have free rein in covering a war. The golden age of war photography, which nurtured such figures as Larry Burrows or Francoise Demulder, ended as abruptly as it began.

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Fashion Photography influenced fashion in famous magazine as an ad. The photographs created ways women wanted to look which created an aspect of the person. However, many dresses on magazines seem differently than in reality and it all began in 1863 with famous companies, like Vogue and Anadon.

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Richard Avedon, was known for breaking the photography boundaries in the fashion and political world. Ranging from work found in Vogue to the New Yorker, Avedon was able to capture the rare emotion and a unique essence of his subjects that many other photographers failed to do.

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Avedon was a master in portraiture and worked in political photography as well. He photographed countless icons such as Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Marilyn Monroe, the Beatles, and President Eisenhower. In addition to working in fashion and portraits, Avedon published over a dozen books including two of his most famous works, Observations and Nothing Personal, which contain collections of his photographs with commentary and essays from noteworthy colleagues.

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On January 24th in 1955, A Museum of modern art presented an exhibition. It was organized by Edward Sticken which had 500 photographs of family. It contained bad and good moments in family. It was to make a point everyone needed and desired the same everyone else did. It toured around the country bringing museums around the world to show these pictures. It was a collection of powerful images around the world. Celebrated humanism around the world.

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The exhibition was curated by Edward Steichen, assisted by Wayne Miller, and designed by architect Paul Rudolph. The images – mostly contemporary documentary photographs – were grouped in thirty-seven thematic sections that narrated a generalized story of human life.

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The exhibition took place at the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA), New York, from January 24 to May 8, 1955. It was highly popular – the press claimed that more than a quarter of a million people saw it in New York. But it gained its central role in the history of twentieth century photography largely because of its international exposure.

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Robert Frank and William Klein led Street Photography. This type of pictures in shooting street chaos from the people. It demonstrated the reality of the world which could be graphic and iconic. The photographers goal was to show the vast souls of the people and that an American dream is not in fit for all.

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“The Americans” is a photography book by Swiss-born Robert Frank, published first in France (1958) and then in the US (1959). It consisted of 83 photographs, with only one photograph per page. I am certain that many are familiar with Robert Frank and “The Americans”.

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Robert frank work was a labor of love, he clearly showed the ugly parts of American society, which included mass consumerism, racism, and the divide between the rich and poor.

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On August, 1955 an African American boy was accused of whistling at a white woman. He was murdered and thrown in a river. His picture of his death demonstrated the actions of racism. The picture was only posted by the Black Press which was worth a thousand words. This caused fear in African Americas which made them enraged and caused the generation of Emmett till to fight.

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His Funeral made an impact towards society. It was first posted in the Black Press.

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Emmitt Till caused a spark in his generation to have a change. This caused the Civil Rights to have another motive for their goal.

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Still Image has a power of surviving and making an impact in society to not change. The still image is a way we catalog life s history in our mind. When an image is captured it gives an important action or event that is remembered than videos.

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The civil rights photography is known as the beginning of the golden age of photography. These pictures allowed a glimpse of the segregation and few people took pictures of the important parts of it. Pictures of the civil right allow this part of history to be remembered and have visuals to envision it. The events of tragedy allowed to change public opinion with a help of photographs. These photographed circulated around the nation and when civil rights struggles but grew.

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Segregated drinking fountains in the county courthouse in Albany Georgia.

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One of high school student Taylor Washington's numerous arrests is immortalized as he yells while passing before me. The photograph became the cover of SNCC's photo book, The Movement, and was reproduced in the former Soviet Union in Pravda, captioned "Police Brutality USA."

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Pictures of the discrimination sparked a movements in fighting for equal rights. It was led by Martin Luther King Jr and the NAACP group.

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Quang Dunc, made in impact in the Vietnam war by lighting himself up. The photographs became one the big 4 photographs. It was horrifying and disturbing which brought popularity and attention form Kennedy. Most of the big 4 photographs demonstrated the violence and horrific events, innocent people needed to go through. It sparked the song named, "Ohio" caused by images of students running in a place they should feel safe in. It was maddening towards the public. This caused Life to publish a weekly dead people photograph.

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1960s photojournalists showed the world some of the most dramatic moments of the Vietnam War through their camera lenses.

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LIFE magazine's Larry Burrows photographed wounded Marine Gunnery Sgt. Jeremiah Purdie, center, reaching toward a stricken soldier after a firefight south of the Demilitarized Zone in Vietnam in 1966. Commonly known as Reaching Out, Burrows shows us tenderness and terror all in one frame.

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Astronauts of Apollo 8, Handers saw the earth rising over the moon. Which was photographed and became the first real occasion of the earth. The image brought realization and reality to the public. It brought an economy movement of the earth and its shape.

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Apollo 8, the first manned mission to the moon, entered lunar orbit on Christmas Eve, Dec. 24, 1968.

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The astronauts-Commander Frank Borman, Command Module Pilot Jim Lovell, and Lunar Module Pilot William Anders-held a live broadcast from lunar orbit, in which they showed pictures of the Earth and moon as seen from their spacecraft.

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The Whole Earth Magazine celebrates and protects the natural world. It sparked environmental photography helping the planet earth stay environmental and protected by humans and those who have trashed it. It was originally sparked by the first picture of earth that brought the movement of the whole earth magazine. With pictures showing the beauties and flaws of the world.

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Environmental Photography has been around 40 years when the appreciation of Earth has flourished.

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The Whole Earth Magazine demonstrates the beauty of Earth but also the flaws. It cautions global warming with pictures of its horror.

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Photographs became to be an important part of crime scene. They were used as evidence and proofs of crime. Photographs became the most greatest tool for autopsy and crime scenes. Skillful prosecutor would use photographs in winning cases which drew emotionally. The photographs were disturbing and widely published, photographs would be seen as the primary source.

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Photographs play an important part as evidence. It helps cases find primary evidence of crime scenes.

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Although the pictures may be disturbing. It allowed the courts to have a thought of how the people are with pictures not showing their faces but of the crime scene.

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The photo op political photography, 1980

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The photo op political photography, 1980

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The photographs would cause high class people to have their lives ruined. American presidents were mostly known for this type of photography. It would cause reinforce feelings and people would question. For example, Kennedy would pose to impose what he wanted the public to see. Ronald was comfortable and pictures of him in reality demonstrated how he was.

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Based on the pictures taken of presidents, it helps create an idea of who the president can be. This would cause some president to drop out because they would be caught but others it helped their campaign.

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Photo op is still used today with presidents. It allows another perspective of the presidents to be shown and are mostly used during campaigns.

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Photographers would travel to war in which pictures were taken of soldiers to get a reality of war. Many did not go to war with the soldiers because of the dangers and death it would come across. The pictures that resembled most of War were not shown due to the government. However, photography did a great service to Soldiers during war and showing them as heroes.

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American photojournalist David C. Turnley (Fort Wayne, Indiana, 1955) is the winner of two World Press Photo of the Year awards, one Pulitzer Prize, and the Overseas Press Club’s. His famous photo of War became one of the most popular pictures.

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While being evacuated to a hospital by helicopter, wounded US Sgt. Ken Kozakiewicz (left) grieves as he learns that the body bag next to wounded Cpl. Michael Tsangarakis contains the remains of his friend Andy Alaniz

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During the digital age, pictures could be altered. This would cause manipulations in image to not bring reality. Magazines would manipulate images to presented a different story.This would loose credibility in magazines. However, alterations in pictures were used for good. Pictured could be altered for missing children and can be changed to an older version so the missing person can be found.