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LINK to video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WWoqdJ6rIoo

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Edward Curtis was the first to start the evolution of documentary photography. He traveled all over North America from the northwest coast to Hopi land to the northern plains. He went to great pains to create images of Native Americans posing in traditional clothing they had long since put away. He was able to build a 20-volume set of the Native Americans lives.

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The Vanishing Race, Navaho  1904 Orotone 26.5 x 34.5 cm

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Edward Curtis Work - Documentary Photography

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Edward Curtis Work - Documentary Photography

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There they witnessed the deeply sacred Sundance of the Piegan and Blackfoot tribes. Traveling on horseback, with their pack horses trailing behind, they stopped at the precipice. Below them, the view of the valley floor stretched with over a thousand teepees – an awesome sight to Curtis. This event would transformed his life and inspired him to create The North American Indian. Consisting of over 700 large portfolio images, over 1500 volume size images, and over 7000 pages of text, The North American Indian is a part of American history in both its imagery and its creation.

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The Brownie was started by the company Kodak in the USA. The Brownie was started during the year 1900. The Brownie gave public access to an affordable and cheap camera for the working class. It was mass produced and sold in public stores. The Brownie gave people the ability to document their life's and to connect with others especially over distance.

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George Eastman & Henry A. Owner of the Kodak company

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Brownie Cartoon - Inspiration in naming the Brownie camera

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The name "Brownie" was chosen primarily because of the popularity of a children's book of cartoons of the same name, and partly because the camera was initially manufactured for Eastman by Frank Brownell of Rochester, New York

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Examples of pictorial photography are putting Vaseline on the lenses, scratching the negative of a photo in the darkroom, painting chemicals on the prints for the allusion of brush strokes, and more. The movement brought photography back to the older traditions of handmade art, and sort of satisfied that question at least for the moment that photography was made by a machine.

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Alfred Stieglitz started the photo-secessionist movement. The movement's aim was to argue that photography is accessible toe everyone and to make it an art it needs to be unique to yourself and handmade.

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Stieglitz took this picture using a small 4 x 5 camera, an instrument not considered at the time to be worthy of artistic photography. Unlike the unwieldy 8 x 10 view camera (which required a tripod), this camera gave Stieglitz greater freedom and mobility to roam the city and respond quickly to the ever-changing street life around him. Stieglitz used natural elements such as smoke, rain, and snow to soften and unify the image into a pictorially pleasing synthesis.

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In 1905 Gilbert Grosvenor as able to include photography's directly onto the pages of the newspaper. The public loved the photos and the graphics making it very popular and favorable compared to other magazines and newspapers.

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In 1905 Gilbert Grosvenor was the editor for a small dry science journal with 3000 subscribers known as National Geographic

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In 10 years the subscribers went from 3,000 to half a million subscribers. This was all possible with the invention of halftone.

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Lewis Hine and the National Child Labor Committee set out to educate the American middle class public about the need for legislation. They hoped that photographs might lend powerful support to their campaign to make child labor illegal. Photography was starting to have an influence not only on how people saw the world, but on what they believed. (Lewis Hine is probably one of the first people who realizes that what you see in a photographic image has extraordinary power and it’s got power way beyond logic and way beyond language.)

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Social Reform example - Manuel (Child Labor)

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Social Reform example - Manuel (Child Labor)

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Manuel the young shrimp picker, age 5, and a mountain of child labor oyster shells behind him. He worked last year. Understands not a word of English. Biloxi, Mississippi.

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The company Kodak in the year 1908 produced a cheap way for people to print picture, write letters at once to send to family and friends. This gave people to same abilities as newspaper but more individualism to family and friends. For example people were able to share and documents special life moments with others and send invite about gathers or community events.

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Postcards with a divided back were finally permitted on March 1, 1907. This meant that the image could now take up the entire front side of the postcard.  As the postcards during the years 1915 were printed with white borders around the picture, this time period is called the White Border Era.

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Motion Studies Photography (1910 - 1934)

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Motion Studies Photography (1910 - 1934)

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The “industrial efficiency” expert Frank Gilbreth (1868-1924) conducted his motion studies, both in the United States and abroad, in factories, offices, hospitals, and other workplaces. Frank Bunker Gilbreth was the first to study people's movements to find the fasted and best method of completing a task. Mostly studied the fastest factory workers to find maximum efficiency to teach to others. The business owner loved this for their workers and business. Gilbreth was accused of turning workers into robots.

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Frank Bunker Gilbreth was an American engineer, consultant, and author known as an early advocate of scientific management and a pioneer of time and motion study, and is perhaps best known as the father and central figure of Cheaper by the Dozen

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Frank's studies were the origin of "Scalpel please". Gilbreth saw that surgeons spent more time looking for their tools than the task at hand.

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Paul Strand started the shift to modern photography.  Instead of distorting the image or manipulating the print afterward, Strand would emphasize the selection and framing of the picture. The art would depend on the eye of the photographer. Strand realized that the camera had a unique ability to capture shapes and forms simply, directly, and in sharp focus. The modernist movement he pioneered was called simply, "straight photography."

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Paul Strand is an American photographer and filmmaker who, along with fellow modernist photographers like Alfred Stieglitz and Edward Weston, helped establish photography as an art form in the 20th century. In the 1930s, he helped found the Photo League. Paul Strand has been called the biggest, widest, most commanding talent in the history of American photography.

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There are currently only two vintage prints of this photograph with one at the Whitney Museum of American Art and the other, along with negatives, at the Philadelphia Museum of Art.

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Propaganda photography began around the first world war. Just one week after America’s declaration of war, President Wilson established the country’s first propaganda agency. Most of the population was isolationist and believed that it was senseless for Americans to die in this distant European conflict.

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President Wilson believes that it was his position is that I want to bother the relatives. War is a really appalling business, and it's everybody's business to know how appalling it is. Right up until the moment that the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor in 1941, they bolstered the country’s determination to avoid foreign wars. The pictures showed the truth – that modern warfare was anything but glorious.

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In the first world war, any photographs of the troops were designed only to raise their morale, or to raise the morale of the folks at home. Photographers were kept away from the front lines, and most images of combat were either posed or taken very far from the action.

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The New York 'The Daily News' Newspaper started the tabloid newspaper, tabloid journalism. The one driving principle of assembling a page, then as now, is that you’re focusing on one specific story. Blowing that story up for the maximum possible effect. So you want the biggest, loudest, brashest picture that you can splash on the cover of that newspaper to get people to buy your newspaper.

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It was founded in 1919 by Joseph Medill Patterson as the Illustrated Daily News. It was the first U.S. daily printed in tabloid format.

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The NY Daily News reached its peak circulation in 1947, at 2.4 million copies a day. As of 2019, it was the eleventh-highest circulated newspaper in the United States.

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Celebrity photography is selling a belief that ordinary people can somehow enter into that world, and inhabit that world through their relationship with their favorite stars. Anyone could become famous as long as they looked good in photos.

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George Hurrell in his career photographed numerous celebrities for movie marketing purposes, advertisements, and fashion magazines.
Clarence Sinclair Bull and George Hurrell invented a new school of publicity photographs that was instantly recognizable. They didn’t merely photograph stars, they created stars. They didn’t merely capture an actor’s image, they invented it. They defined glamour.

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An example of celebrity photography is Babe Ruth. As a baseball player, he earned $50,000. As a celebrity, he made millions.

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LINK to video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-a8oOcoBT_Q

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WeeGee was born Arthur Fellig. As legend has it, he earned the nickname WeeGee, because he was thought to have a sixth sense for sniffing out crime before everyone else. He lives across the street from police headquarters and is clever enough to understand cop chatter on his police-band radio receiver. He also made a point of cozying up to the baddies, befriending everyone from Bugsy Siegel to Lucky Luciano.

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Nineteen-thirties New York was a newspaper photographer’s dream. It was the golden age of Murder Inc., a gang of Jewish hit-men, and small-time wiseguys and would-be stool pigeons were getting popped left and right, as governmental agencies tried to clamp down on organized crime. Plenty of photojournalists prowled the streets, consigning all that blood to history.

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The International Center of Photography (ICP), in the Lower East Side of Manhattan, New York City, consists of a museum for photography and visual culture and a school offering an array of educational courses and programming.
Weegee claimed he snapped 5,000 murders over the course of his career–an estimate that the International Center of Photography (ICP) calls “perhaps only slightly exaggerated.”

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The press was located at the Rockefeller Center in New York City. In the 1930s, the daily paper was still the way most Americans got the news. Never did you have millions of people waking up and seeing the same pictures and seeing the same events pictured. It never happened.

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Wire technology - Guglieimo Marconi(1935)

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Wire technology - Guglieimo Marconi(1935)

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Each day, thousands of photographs come in from around the world. They arrive via telephone line and satellite link, minutes after they are taken in the field. News pictures flew back and forth across the country and never the same picture
Big events, no matter where in the world they occurred, would be pictured on the front page of everyone’s newspaper on the same day.

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The day after the first wire photo was sent was the opening of the Lindbergh murder kidnap trial, Bruno Hauptmann going on trial in New Jersey. That story pretty much sealed the success of the wire photo.

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Will Rogers, the folksy celebrity philosopher, was killed in an airplane crash in Alaska. From this time on, big events, no matter where in the world they occurred, would be pictured on the front page of everyone’s newspaper on the same day.

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Boats and boating--Equipment and supplies

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FSA stands for Farm Security Administration. The government established an organization unique in peacetime, a propaganda agency that would use the power of photographs to sell Roosevelt's programs.  Between 1935 and 1943, FSA photographers produced nearly eighty thousand pictures of life in Depression-era America. This remains the largest documentary photography project of a people ever undertaken. The Farm Security Administration (FSA) was a New Deal agency created in 1937 to combat rural poverty during the Great Depression in the United States. It succeeded the Resettlement Administration (1935–1937).
The FSA is famous for its small but highly influential photography program, 1935–44, that portrayed the challenges of rural poverty.

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Roy Stryker is an economist from Columbia University was chosen to run this new agency. Roy Stryker never took a picture in his life. But he was a great talent scout and he brought together a team of photographers, some of whom had become legends in the history of photography, like Dorthea Lange, Arthur Rothstein, Russell Lee, and Walker Evans. Stryker was dedicated to telling the story of America the way it was as he put it, "our job was to introduce America to Americans."

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"....our feeling that we were living in a great country but that the country was in great trouble, and also that the people who were most troubled in those times were also the people who were part of its greatness."

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Roosevelt attempted to deal with the economic crisis by proposing a multitude of new government programs. He knew he would need the support of Congress and the general public. The government established an organization unique in peacetime, a propaganda agency that would use the power of photographs to sell Roosevelt's programs.

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LIFE Magazine is the treasured photographic magazine that chronicled the 20th Century. It now lives on at LIFE.com, the largest, most amazing collection of professional photography on the internet. Users can browse, search and view photos of today’s people and events. They have free access to share, print and post images for personal use.

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Henry Robinson Luce (April 3, 1898 – February 28, 1967) was an American magazine magnate who was called "the most influential private citizen in the America of his day". He launched and closely supervised a stable of magazines that transformed journalism and the reading habits of millions of Americans. He wrote an essay that described the many powers of photography.

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It spoke in a language that everybody could understand. Pictures. It was the biggest mass market hit in the history of publishing going back to Gutenberg. Life perfected the format of the photo essay. When you're finished with that photo essay you should pretty much know what that story is all about without even having read a word in a text piece or a caption.

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The Hindenburg disaster was an airship accident that occurred on May 6, 1937, in Manchester Township, New Jersey, United States. The German passenger airship LZ 129 Hindenburg caught fire and was destroyed during its attempt to dock with its mooring mast at Naval Air Station Lakehurst

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Murray Becker, an Associated Press photographer whose pictures of the burning airship Hindenburg and a weeping Lou Gehrig are among the most celebrated in journalism.

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From then on, it wasn’t really news if you didn’t have a picture. They needed the picture to go with the news.

"No picture no news"

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In 1916 in Yosemite started his path to photography. When Adams was doing his best work everyone thought it was irrelevant. Beautiful pictures of little pristine little lakes in the high Sierras.

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When Ansel Adams developed the Zone System with Fred Archer in 1940. Ansel Adams was filled with this idea of photography of natural spaces being very much linked with an American vision.

"I have thought about the land...observing its precarious status quo: beautiful yet on the verge of disaster."

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People misunderstand Adams because he photographed mountains and peaks, so people think it’s about geography or geology. But he really was photographing the weather. He made pictures unlike anybody else had made, or for that matter has made.
Later after the world became concerned with ecological issues, and when it began to seem to people that the preservation of our place was as important, as central an issue as any
What did that mean during the Great Depression, during the Second War. It really seemed like escapism then. Later after the world became concerned with ecological issues, and when it began to seem to people that the preservation of our place was as important, as central an issue as any, then Adams began to seem very relevant, and very prophetic.

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LIFE Magazine and former FSA photographers were rushed to the front lines. It soon became a worldwide tragedy of unimaginable proportions, but ironically, World War II was a photographer’s dream. To win World War II it wasn’t enough to tell the American public what they were fighting for, it was necessary to drive home what they were fighting against.

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Wire services were now sending pictures instantly around the world not only on telephones lines but via radio waves. 35-millimeter cameras and fast lenses made it possible to capture life in action. With these technical innovations, photography had immense power to shape public opinion. All this potential came together on December 7, 1941.

The Japanese soon became Japs, not just in LIFE but in the press in general.

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Tuesday, 6 June 1944 of the Allied invasion of Normandy in Operation Overlord during World War II. For years it had been in the planning. The return of allied forces to France. The ultimate crushing of Germany and the end of the war in Europe. Every magazine and newspaper editor in the country knew that D-Day would be their biggest story. Life Magazine sent John Morris to London in late 1943. His instructions were simple: get us the first pictures of the invasion. If anyone could capture the events of D-Day on film, it would be Robert Capa.

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World War II produced many famous photographs, but of a young woman’s back. Her name was Betty Grable, and at the height of the war, 50,000 servicemen a month we're asking for this picture. 20th Century Fox made a movie to capitalize on the fame of the photograph. They called it Pin-Up Girl. The war created a fad for pin-ups of all kinds. On barrack walls, in decals, in soldier’s wallets. Life Magazine published a set of pictures of beautiful women and then conducted a poll among the troops.

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Gordon Parks was an American photographer, musician, writer, and film director, who became prominent in U.S. documentary photojournalism in the 1940s - 1970 particularly in issues of civil rights, poverty, and African-Americans—and in glamours photography.
Parks was the first African American to produce and direct major motion pictures. Pictures of the experience of slaves and struggling black Americans and creating the "blaxploitation" genre. He is best remembered for his iconic photos of poor Americans during the 1940s (taken for a federal government project), for his photographic essays for LIFE magazine, and as the director of the 1971 film Shaft.

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American Gothic, Washington D.C. was a photograph taken by Gordon Parks in 1942. The image has become iconic due to its similarities to the also very popular image also called American Gothic, by Grant Wood, only 12 years prior in 1930. The image uses a great deal of cultural appropriation, there by becoming compared to the original image. This image depicts a dour-faced farmer and his daughter in front of their house, with a Gothic-style window in the background. It is representative of traditional American rural values, and is widely copied and parodied.

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Roy Stryker believed that photographs could be used to combat racial discrimination. He began by showing Parks how things really worked on the streets of the nation's capital.

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This is a government agency and that picture is an indictment against America and I realize from the reactions of people that the camera could be a very powerful instrument against discrimination. Against poverty. Against racism... As the FSA program expanded Roy used it to combat discrimination racism.

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Fashion Photography "ideal perfection" (1950s)

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Fashion Photography "ideal perfection" (1950s)

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In a mid-1950s, a new generation of photographers led by Robert Frank, William Klein rejected the perfect lighting and composition of professional picture taking.
"These photographers said, here’s your world, this is your world. This is not the fantasy of it, this is the real world and made pictures that were graphic and iconic and could both tell the truth about what they were seeing and stand for something big."

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The best photographers showed that in this vast country, huge country, there are many lost souls, that not everybody fits in, and that the one American dream is not a one-size-fits-all.
For example, somebody pins it up in the back and pins it up on the side, and it's still a dress. And then a photographer, and Avedon, take a photograph. And it's something that everyone wants. It's this beautiful, incredible dress. And then, what happens is, they go to the store. But it never looks like the photograph. Nothing ever really looks like the photograph. And that's the sad part of life.

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The vision of America, and the vision of the good life that’s presented in magazines like Life and Look is extremely narrow, extremely circumscribed in terms of who's being pictured. It is clearly middle class, it is clearly white, it clearly has a husband and a wife who accept that the man is out in the public world, the wife home, she's a mother she’s taking care the whole domestic sphere -- a very clear, narrow, tightly defined vision what it is to be normal.

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An exhibition called "The Family of Man.". It was a fusion of carefully selected photographs and captions, all to support the concept -- mankind is one. It included five hundred photographs, from sixty-eight countries around the world. It featured groups of related pictures that moved the viewer from images of lovers meeting to pictures of marriage, to birth, and finally to universal concerns of food and shelter.

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A book was published based on the exhibit and it brought the pictures to millions more. In all, the "Family of Man" became the most widely seen collection of images in the history of photography.

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It was a collection of the single most powerful images that I had ever seen, certainly to that date, and probably ever have seen together. These extraordinary pictures celebrated a humanism saying that all people were alike under the skin, but yet in their differences they express the beauty of what it is to be human. For one thing it came after this terrible war and the aftermath of the war in which societies were really disrupted. It made the point that people everywhere had the same needs and same desires, that families were families wherever they existed, no matter what the people dressed like and what their surroundings looked like. It appealed to people on a just very human level.

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During the 180 years since the appearance of Freedom’s Journal, the Black Press has chronicled and commented upon events as they have occurred and impacted upon African Americans. Throughout that time the Black Press has given voice to the struggles of African Americans as they have sought to overcome the effects of enslavement and discrimination to attain social equality

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Emmett Louis Till (July 25, 1941 – August 28, 1955) was a 14-year-old African American who was lynched in Mississippi in 1955, after being accused of offending a white woman in her family's grocery store.

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I think my generation of black southerners who became active in the Civil Rights Movement in the late ‘50s, early ‘60s was the Emmett Till generation. “ Because we were the same age as he, and we didn’t know whether or not they would come and get us.”
“And I would go to bed every night, frightened to death, nearly frightened to death...”
"they were enraged and felt powerless at the same time and vowed as I did that one day they were going to get even. They were going to do something about it."

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Street photography’s main purpose is to just record life as it happens in public. It can embrace art and geometry, or it can embrace elements of landscape photography, portraiture, etc. A great street photograph is one that comes from your soul and explains how you see the world. Light, faces, composition, and forms are all part of the recipe but they are not the reason why you click that shutter. And you can create better street photographs by better understanding yourself and your world.

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He was working as commercial photographer in Switzerland from 1941 until 1947 when he traveled to the United States. Frank's work demanded that we look again, and again, which was his explicit goal as a photographer: “When people look at my pictures I want them to feel the way they do when they want to read a line of a poem twice,”

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Robert Frank was best known for his groundbreaking book "The Americans" a masterwork of black and white photography drawn from his cross-country road trip in the mid-1950s and published in the 1959.

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LINK to video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gpwPBnzkdcA

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The initials SNCC stood for the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee. It was formed by a group of students from across the South who had come together to integrate public facilities

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Many of them went on the freedom rides into Mississippi and they were arrested and sent to Parchman State Penitentiary. So when they got out of prison, some of them stayed in Mississippi to organize for voter registration. That was the moment when the growing civil rights struggle and the tensions around it began to have implications for American foreign policy, implications that were worldwide and I don’t think that came from television, I don’t think that came from the movies, that came from still photographic pictures.

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James Foreman, and he said, "you got a camera?" He said, "go into the courthouse. They got a big water cooler for white people and a little one, a little bowl for black people," he says, "go take a picture of that." Things like that existed all over the South.

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Danny Lyon is an American photographer and filmmaker. All of Lyon's publications work in the style of photographic New Journalism, meaning that the photographer has become immersed in with, and is a participant of, the documented subject. He is the founding member of the publishing group Bleak Beauty. A self-taught photographer, he traveled with the Chicago Outlaws motorcycle club in 1965-1966 and published his pictures of the club members as The Bike riders

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The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, was a conflict in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vietnam and South Vietnam

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For certain subjects, still photography is the most powerful medium, and I think war is one of those subjects. No war will ever be covered the way the Vietnam war was covered. There was no censorship in Vietnam of any kind, photographers had greater access to that war then they did either Korea or World War II.

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The New York Times wouldn't print it because they regarded it as such an offensive photograph, that it was not suitable for a breakfast newspaper for families, but most other newspapers did print it and President Kennedy saw it the following morning and Ambassador Lodge was about to go out to Saigon, told me later that, Kennedy had pointed to this picture of mine and said, this just won't do, it's time to get rid of the Diem regime.

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Two young monks brought out a plastic jerry can of gasoline, and poured it over the old monk, stepping back. Tic Quang Duc then lit a match that he had in his lap and set fire to himself. The New York Times wouldn't print it because they regarded it as such an offensive photograph, that it was not suitable for a breakfast newspaper for families

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General Loan executing a suspect on the street of Saigon,  people were stunned, because they had never before seen this moment of death. We'd had this accumulation of demonstrations, and deaths and burning hooches, and television footage, and suddenly it all came down to a policeman executing a suspect. At that very moment, the bullet was entering this man's brain. He was dying in front of our eyes. And it struck home in some terribly fierce way. And became symbolic of everything that had happened in that long war.

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Photograph of the murdered student at Kent State. It happened May 4, 1970. The students at Kent State were doing what they thought they had the American right to do, which was to protest governmental action. And they were slaughtered for it by the National Guard. Four of them died. This photograph shows a girl leaning over the prostrate body of one of the slain students with her arms out questioning.

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The famous photograph of a young Vietnamese girl running down the road after having been napalmed by the American Army. Now you can say words, a young girl was badly burned yesterday, and actually suffered severe wounds You can get some ideas. But what you can't get is the emotional force. And actually the reinforcing and corroborative element

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Stewart Brand was the founder of the Whole Earth Catalogue.
The Whole Earth Catalog was an American counterculture magazine and product catalog published by Stewart Brand several times a year between 1968 and 1972, and occasionally thereafter, until 1998. The magazine featured essays and articles but was primarily focused on product reviews.

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On Christmas eve, 1968, astronaut William Anders was circling the moon. Along with his fellow astronauts in Apollo 8, he became one of the few human beings ever to see the moon's dark side. Anders saw and photographed an even more astounding sight. The half-lit planet earth rising over the bleak landscape of the moon. If we had a photograph of earth from space, people would change their mind about the infiniteness of the earth, and realize it's very finite, and I started selling a button saying, "why haven't we seen a photograph of the whole earth yet?"

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The planet seeing itself from the outside was major self-realization of its existence as a planet, as a beautiful thing, as a kind of fragile appearing thing. It is clearly alive.  The first Earth Day, and the real taking off of the ecology movement, which did not exist as a movement before that time.

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We tend to believe it since we tend to believe our eyes.
You can’t take a picture of something that is not in front of the camera. You can slant the angle wrong, you can light it wrong, you can lie in what you set before the camera, but the camera itself does not lie.

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The trial that took place of Joel Steinberg who had been a lawyer in New York City -- he, and a woman he lived with named Hedda Nussbaum, were accused of the horrendous death of a child that lived with them. The photographs told us so much about what had happened to this child. But, I think the pictures of Hedda Nussbaum, told me more about the case even than the pictures of the child. What you see of Hedda Nussbaum is a woman who had suffered massive, massive physical abuse, at the hands of Joel Steinberg. And it made you understand, she had really been as much his victim, as the child was both their victims.

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The photograph began to be used very early in crime detection and the solving of crimes.
Most skillful prosecutors will make sure that they try to get at least a photograph of the victim at the scene, and hopefully some snapshot, showing the person in good health. So they contrast between this living being that was, and this person who no longer is that makes it real in a way that has no logical evidentiary importance.

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Photographs have continued to be evidence, and they were presented in court, often, to show what had happened, and for very good reason. There are certain things you can't find out any other way.

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American presidents, of any real intelligence, have always known the power of the photograph. There's a wonderful photograph of the 332 pound President Taft, playing golf. And Teddy Roosevelt wrote to him and said, "You're an absolute idiot for allowing yourself to be photographed in that posture"

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An innocent snapshot photograph of a potential presidential candidate, Gary Hart, stopped his campaign dead. Donna Rice, sitting on Gary Hart’s lap, on the boat Monkey Business, wearing the T-Shirt that said "Monkey Business" destroyed a potential candidate. The picture or the action? What actually did it? Probably it was the picture.

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Contract Photographer: Kennedy was the first modern master of the photo op. Photographers used to call Kennedy ``Jack the back". And the reason that they called him that is because Kennedy had this habit of turning his back to photographers the minute they came in, and not turning around until he was totally composed and ready to do the picture. And he knew exactly what persona he wanted to project.

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During the '20s and '30s, there were always kinds of images that were projected of, black children who wore tattered clothes, or unhappy, or homeless kind of images. Looking at the history of images of black subjects. Redefining from the caricatures and the stereotypical images that were made earlier, about African Americans in photography.

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Deborah Willis is a contemporary African-American artist, photographer, curator of photography, photographic historian, author, and educator. Among her awards and honors, she was a 2000 MacArthur Fellow. She is currently Professor and Chair of the Department of Photography and Imaging at Tisch School of the Arts of New York University.

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One of my photographs, in my family album, my father actually photographed my sister and I seated on a sofa. I'm smiling, my sister's smiling. I have a black doll, my sister has a white doll. I was really interested in that photograph, because I began to think about it as a way of identifying my own interests in African American culture.