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During World War I, Britain made several conflicting agreements to gain the support of various groups in the Middle East. Most notably was the Balfour Declaration – which was a public pledge promising the “establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people”.

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1918-1947 - Jewish immigration from Europe to Palestine

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1918-1947 - Jewish immigration from Europe to Palestine

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At the turn of the 20th century, European Jews were migrating to Palestine in large numbers as they were fleeing religious persecution. In Russia, Jewish people were being segregated into an area along the country's western border, called the Pale of Settlement. In 1881, Russians began mass killings, which were called pogroms and caused many Jews to escape from Russia and settle in Palestine.

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The Arab-Israeli War of 1948 broke out when five Arab nations invaded territory in the former Palestinian mandate immediately following the announcement of the independence of the state of Israel on May 14, 1948.  On November 29, 1947, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Partition Resolution that would divide Great Britain’s former Palestinian mandate into Jewish and Arab states in May 1948. Under the resolution, the area of religious significance surrounding Jerusalem would remain under international control administered by the United Nations. The Palestinian Arabs refused to recognize this arrangement, which they regarded as favorable to the Jews and unfair to the Arab population that would remain in Jewish territory under the partition.

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In 1948, following disputes surrounding the founding of Israel, a coalition of Arab nations had launched a failed invasion of the nascent Jewish state as part of the First Arab-Israeli War. The Six-Day War was a brief but bloody conflict fought in June 1967 between Israel and the Arab states of Egypt, Syria and Jordan. Following years of diplomatic friction and skirmishes between Israel and its neighbors, Israel Defense Forces launched preemptive air strikes that crippled the air forces of Egypt and its allies. On June 5, 1967, the Israel Defense Forces initiated Operation Focus, a coordinated aerial attack on Egypt. That morning, some 200 aircraft took off from Israel and swooped west over the Mediterranean before converging on Egypt from the north.