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Saussure was a Swiss Linguist, credited with finding the field of structural linguistics. He was often treated as the father of modern linguistics.

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It is the idea that language is a systematic contrast and equivalence.
Structural linguistics holds the view that language consists of a string of linguistics objects, such as words, phonemes, morphemes, and each object earned its meaning to contrast of other objects in a linguistic system.
Saussure’s investigation of structural linguistics gives us a clear and concise presentation of the view that language can be described in terms of structural units. He explains that this structural aspect means that language also represents a system of values.

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In order to understand the Saussure structural system, we have to first understand, the key ideas and distinction between ‘sign/signifier/referent’, ‘Langue/Parole’,
‘synchronic/diachronic’ and ‘syntagm/paradigmatic’.

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Signifier: It is the sound image of that what we talking about, the act of speech or utterance.

Signified: It is the concept of the thing of which we are talking about. It is the idea of our mind.

Referent: The actual real thing in the world is called the referent.

Thus for Saussure, the sign is tri sided psychological entity. One cannot exist without the other; otherwise, it just could not be a sign.

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Langue: it is the underlying system passively assimilated and not explicitly formulated by speakers. Langue makes all acts of speaking possible, intelligible, and meaningful. It is the systematic language shared by the community.

Parole: it consists of individual usages of language at particular times to make statements, ask questions, individual utterances, commands, etc. Parole is the speech act.

Saussure used the term ‘langue’ to signify, language as a system or structure (langue) on the other hand by ‘parole’ he means any given utterance in that language.
For example – a particular remark in French (a sample of parole) only makes sense to you if you are already in possession of the whole body of rules and conventions governing verbal behavior which we call ‘French’ ( the langue or the French linguistic
structure).

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Syntagm: is the linear pattern or sequence of linguistic objects. For example, the words in a sentence: The cat sat on the mat. It can also be the sounds in a word. For example, the word "clay".

Paradigm: refers to a group of linguistics objects which have similarities and that can replace one another in the syntagm.  For example, you have the word "Still" and replace the letter "t" with a letter "p" to produce the syntagm "Spill. So the" T "and" P "belong to the same paradigm.