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The process through which groups come to be socially constructed as races, based on characteristics such as ethnicity, language, economics, religion, culture, politics.

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Words or phrases that refer to members of racial and ethnic groups in a derogatory manner. These terms dehumanize targeted groups and justify racial oppression by suggesting that targeted populations are unworthy of equality.

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an unfair and unreasonable opinion or feeling, especially when formed without enough thought or knowledge

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Results from the use of institutional power and privilege where one person or group benefits at the expense of another. The use of power and the effects of domination.

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Persons and/or groups can have racial meanings attributed to them in ways that negatively impact their social, political, and economic life. This includes but is not necessarily limited to people classified as “visible minorities” and may include people impacted by antisemitism and Islamophobia.

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Any  action  that  relies  on  stereotypes  about  race, colour,  ethnicity, ancestry,  religion  or  place  of  origin,  or  a  combination  of  these,  rather  than  on  a reasonable  suspicion  to  single  out  a  person  for  greater  scrutiny  or  different  treatment.

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A  belief  that  one  group  is  superior  or  inferior  to  others.  Racism  can  be  openly displayed  in  racial  jokes,  slurs  or  hate  crimes.  It  can  also  be  more  deeply  rooted  in attitudes, values and stereotypical beliefs. In some cases, people don’t even realize they  have  these  beliefs.  Instead,  they  are  assumptions  that  have  evolved  over  time and  have  become  part  of  systems  and  institutions.

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A social construct that artificially divides individuals into distinct groups based on characteristics such as physical appearance (particularly skin color), ancestral heritage, cultural affiliation or history, ethnic classification, and/or the social, economic, and political needs of a society at a given period of time. Scientists agree that there is no biological or genetic basis for racial categories.

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Possession of control, authority, or influence over others

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Hatred or fear of foreigners/strangers or of their politics or culture.

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Discomfort and defensiveness on the part of a white person when confronted by information about racial inequality and injustice.

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The set of social and economic advantages that white people have by virtue of their race in a culture characterized by racial inequality

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Commonplace daily verbal, behavioral, or environmental indignities, whether intentional or unintentional, that communicate hostile, derogatory racial slights. These messages may be sent verbally, ("You speak good English"), non-verbally (clutching one's purse more tightly around people from certain race/ethnicity) or environmentally (symbols like the confederate flag or using Native American mascots). Such communications are usually outside the level of conscious awareness of perpetrators.

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Excluded, ignored, or relegated to the outer edge of a group/society/community.

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The way in which people’s lives are shaped by their multiple and overlapping identities and social locations, which, together, can produce a unique and distinct experience for that individual or group, for example, creating additional barriers, opportunities, and/or power imbalances

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Trauma that has compounded over time and been passed from one generation to the next. The negative effects can impact individuals, families, communities and entire populations, resulting in a legacy of physical, psychological, and economic disparities that persist across generations.

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A social construct which divides individuals into smaller social groups based on characteristics such as a shared sense of group membership, values, behavioral patterns, language, political and economic interests, history and ancestral geographical base.

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The act of preventing someone from entering a place or taking part in an activity.

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Authentically bringing traditionally excluded individuals and/or groups into processes, activities, and decision/policy making in a way that shares power.

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Takes into consideration the fact that the social identifiers (race, gender, socioeconomic status, etc.) do, in fact, affect equality. In an equitable environment, an individual or a group would be given what was needed to give them equal advantage. This would not necessarily be equal to what others were receiving. It could be more or different. Equity is an ideal and a goal, not a process. It insures that everyone has the resources they need to succeed.

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Qualities ascribed to individuals or groups that are based on misconceptions, false generalizations, and/or oversimplifications that potentially result in stigmatization. A race-based stereotype is a quality ascribed to individuals/groups related to race. Stereotypes can perpetuate racism and racial discrimination and give rise to racial inequalities.

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Concept that encompasses acceptance and respect. It means understanding that each individual is unique, and recognizing our individual differences.

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It is widely accepted that racism is, by definition, institutional. Institutions have greater power to reward and penalize. They reward by providing career opportunities for some people and foreclosing them for others. They reward as well by the way social goods are distributed, by deciding who receives institutional benefits.

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Complex interactions of culture, policy, and institutions that create and maintain racial inequality in nearly every facet of life for people of color.

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to free (a people or area) from colonial status : to relinquish control of (a subjugated people or area)

to free from the dominating influence of a colonizing power

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The denial of justice and fair treatment by both individuals and institutions in many areas, including employment, education, housing, banking, and political rights. An action that can follow prejudiced thinking.

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A term used to describe the taking over of creative or artistic forms, themes, or practices by one cultural group from another. It is in general used to describe Western appropriations of non‐Western or non‐white forms, and carries connotations of exploitation and dominance.

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Culture is the pattern of daily life learned consciously and unconsciously by a group of people. These patterns can be seen in language, governing practices, arts, customs, holiday celebrations, food, religion, dating rituals, and clothing.

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The action or process of settling among and establishing control over the indigenous people of an area. The action of appropriating a place or domain for one's own use.

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An inclination or preference, especially one that interferes with impartial judgment.

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Prejudice, attitudes, beliefs, stereotyping and discrimination that is directed at people of African descent and is rooted in their unique history and experience of enslavement and its legacy.

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A person of one social identity group who stands up in support of members of another group. Typically, member of dominant group standing beside member(s) of targeted group; e.g., a male arguing for equal pay for women.