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Steganography means "hidden text" in ancient Greek and is the name given to the science of hiding information (important: not encryption). The biggest advantage of Steganography over encryption is that a person who sees the information does not realize that what he sees contains important information, so he does not look for information in it (whereas an encrypted message attracts attention because of its mystery, even if it is difficult to decode).
Historically, steganography has been used both before and after encryption (due to its uninteresting advantage).

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Scytale Was A Simple Cipher Used By The SpartansIts First Appearance: Ancient Greece - 7th Century BCWhere It Appeared: Classical/Ancient Greece/SpartaWhen It Was Cracked (if applicable): Unknown - But known about by Plutarch (50-120AD)Scytale was an ancient form of encryption commonly in ancient/classical Greece. It is a form of transposition cipher where letters are re-arranged in the messages prior to being deciphered by the recipient. This method involved the use of a cylinder around which a parchment was wrapped and the message written onto it. The recipient would use a rod of the exact same dimensions to read the message.Given its simplicity, it was easily decipherable by the enemy too. 

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One of the most popular encryption methods after Caesar encryption has been Rotational Encryption (English Rotor Machine). The most popular example of these machines is Nazi Germany's II. It is a device called the Enigma machine during World War II.
The most important feature of the rotational cipher machine is that the encryption can be dynamically changed by combining several rotors: for example, the first letters can be encrypted with one type of encryption, the second letters with another type of encryption, and the third letters with another type of encryption.

To crack such ciphers, the most popular letter sequences should be known rather than the most popular ones; For example, in English, the letters NG and ST are frequently encountered one after the other.

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The Vigenère Cipher Should Be Called The Bellaso Cipher

Its First Appearance: 1467

Where It Appeared: Italy

When It Was Cracked (if applicable): Decryption technique published in 1863

The Vigenère cipher is now widely accepted to have been originally created by Giovan Battista Bellaso (an Italian Cryptologist). It was later misattributed to Blaise de Vigenère in the 19th Century, hence its current name.

It encrypts text using a series of interwoven Caesar ciphers based on a keyword. It is, therefore, a form of polyalphabetic substitution.

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 Hüseyin A.                             The Caesar Shift Cipher Was Used By the Roman ArmyIts First Appearance: Unknown - Likely 1st Century ADWhere It Appeared: Roman EmpireWhen It Was Cracked (if applicable): Unknown - Likely between 5th and 9th Century ADThe cipher was named in honor of Julius Caesar who, according to Suetonius, used it to encrypt military and other official messages. As the majority of Rome's enemies were illiterate at this time the cipher remained secure for a time. By the 9th Century AD, after the fall of Rome, records exist of methods to crack it using frequency analysis from Al-Kindi.  

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 Hüseyin A.                             The Caesar Shift Cipher Was Used By the Roman ArmyIts First Appearance: Unknown - Likely 1st Century ADWhere It Appeared: Roman EmpireWhen It Was Cracked (if applicable): Unknown - Likely between 5th and 9th Century ADThe cipher was named in honor of Julius Caesar who, according to Suetonius, used it to encrypt military and other official messages. As the majority of Rome's enemies were illiterate at this time the cipher remained secure for a time. By the 9th Century AD, after the fall of Rome, records exist of methods to crack it using frequency analysis from Al-Kindi.  

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What is encryption?

This is the confidentiality of message content

Where is the encryption used?

If you need to sell information to someone at the same time
we want to make sure that no one else knows the information

What are the encryption tools used throughout history?

In history, they shuffled the order of the letters or replaced the individual symbols of the text content with designated additional symbols or groups of symbols.

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Cryptography means the science of encryption. With the rapid development of technology, military, electronics, banking systems and many other places have become the areas of use of cryptography science. One of the most important requirements in today's systems is the smooth transportation of information and privacy. Various encryption, keying and decoding algorithms developed through the science of cryptography are used so that data can be sent securely and received from the other side. The most widely used of the cryptology algorithms is encryption algorithms. The encryption algorithm takes the text to be encrypted and the encryption key as input. The parsing algorithm works in the opposite direction of the encryption algorithm.

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encryption is the process of encoding information. This process converts the original representation of the information, known as plaintext, into an alternative form known as ciphertext. Ideally, only authorized parties can decipher a ciphertext back to plaintext and access the original information. Encryption does not itself prevent interference but denies the intelligible content to a would-be interceptor.

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In cryptography, encryption is the process of encoding information. This process runs the original demonstration of information known as plain text into an alternative formula known as ciphertext. Ideally, only authorized parties can decrypt the ciphertext back into plain text and access the original information.

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What is encryption?

Encryption is the process of encoding information, denying comprehensible content.

It is a representation of the original text on the encrypted.

We can decipher the encrypted text back to the original and gain access to the information.

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encryption security infosec illustration getty

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Cryptography or encryption is the science of methods of concealing the meaning of messages by converting them into a form that is readable only with special knowledge. The word cryptography comes from the Greek - cryptós is hidden and gramphein means to write

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What is cryptography?

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What is Cryptography? The Importance of Cryptography

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What is ecryption?

Encryption is a way of scrambling data so that only authorized parties can understand the information.

Where is the encryption used?

Encryption is used in electronic money schemes to protect conventional transaction data like account numbers and transaction amounts.

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Very simply, you can say that encryption is writing text in such a way that it can the unauthorized reader had no chance to understand.
It is most often encrypted in its various forms used in communication: one person has the information he needs to send to another; however, he does not want to anyone else could read it along the way.

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Encryption is a means of securing data by encoding it mathematically such that it can only be read, or decrypted, by those with the correct key or cipher.

Digital encryption processes translate data using an algorithm that makes the original information unreadable except for authorized users.

Encryption is crucial in a digitally-connected world to keep private information, messages, and financial transactions private and secure.

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You can  see the encryption  methods/ tools from the past to the present in the video below. Video prepared by Kırıkkale High School.

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You can  see the encryption  methods/ tools from the past to the present in the video below. Video prepared by Kırıkkale High School.

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Encoding or encryption is the transformation of information from one form to another using a parameter algorithm. If the parameter is public, it is encoding, if it is secret, it is encryption

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What are the interesting cryptographic events in history?

In 1917, Gilbert Vernam proposed a teleprinter cipher in which a previously prepared key, kept on paper tape, is combined character by character with the plaintext message to produce the cyphertext. This led to the development of electromechanical devices as cipher machines, and to the only unbreakable cipher, the one time pad.

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Cryptography, the use of codes and ciphers to protect secrets, began thousands of years ago. Until recent decades, it has been the story of what might be called classic cryptography — that is, of methods of encryption that use pen and paper, or perhaps simple mechanical aids. In the early 20th century, the invention of complex mechanical and electromechanical machines, such as the Enigma rotor machine, provided more sophisticated and efficient means of encryption; and the subsequent introduction of electronics and computing has allowed elaborate schemes of still greater complexity, most of which are entirely unsuited to pen and paper. The development of cryptography has been paralleled by the development of cryptanalysis — the "breaking" of codes and ciphers. The discovery and application, early on, of frequency analysis to the reading of encrypted communications has, on occasion, altered the course of history. Thus the Zimmermann Telegram triggered the United States' entry into World War I; and Allied reading of Nazi Germany's ciphers shortened World War II, in some evaluations by as much as two years. Until the 1960s, secure cryptography was largely the preserve of governments. Two events have since brought it squarely into the public domain: the creation of a public encryption standard , and the invention of public-key cryptography.

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Encryption is a term that comes from the science of cryptography. It includes the coding and decoding of messages in order to protect their contents.

One of the most ancient forms of encryption is letter substitution. For example: Substitute the letters in your message with the next ones. That way “I love math” will become “J mpwf nbui”.

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What is the relationship between encryption and mathematics?

Cryptography is the science of using mathematics to hide data behind encryption. It involves storing secret information with a key that people must have in order to access the raw data. Without cracking the cipher, it's impossible to know what the original is.

Most cryptographic algorithms use keys, which are mathematical values that plug into the algorithm. If the algorithm says to encipher a message by replacing each letter with its numerical equivalent (A = 1, B = 2, and so on) and then multiplying the results by some number X, X represents the key to the algorithm.

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What is encryption?
Encryption is the method by which information is converted into secret code that hides the information's true meaning.

Where is the encryption used?
Encryption makes the modern world go round. Every time you make a mobile phone call, buy something with a credit card in a shop or on the web, or even get cash from an ATM, encryption bestows upon that transaction the confidentiality and security to make it possible.

What is the relationship between encryption and mathematics?
Cryptography is the science of using mathematics to hide data behind encryption.  Most cryptographic algorithms use keys, which are mathematical values that plug into the algorithm.

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MEXICAN ARMY CIPHER WHEEL
- Developed by Mexican in 19th century
- It was used during the Mexican Revolution
- It is deciphering and enciphering tool
-It consists of 5 concentric rotatable wheels

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Columnar transposition (or rectangular transposition) which consists of writing the plain message in a table / grid / rectangle, then arranging the columns of this table according to a defined  permutation.

The permutation key is a series of numbers (often generated from a word) which indicates in which order to arrange the columns.

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It is a simple method used in ancient Greek times.It was developed by the famous historian Polybius(150 BC). It is a method that converts letters to numbers with square checkboards. Mathematics and numbers have always been used for encryption.
FOR EXAMPLE :
ETWINNING=154452243333243322

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(BERNA ARSLAN )

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Blaise de Vigenère, the French diplomat and cryptologist, developed the Caesar encryption and took it to the next level. This time, we set a keyword for the text we will encrypt. We encrypt our text using a keyword and the "Vigenére Table"The steps we need to follow to do Vigenére encryption are as follows:

Creating a Vigenére Chart based on the alphabet you specified.
Covering the text to be encrypted with the specified key text.
After the second step, encrypted text is created by finding the encrypted letters using the table created in the first step.

Let our word to be encrypted be "telephone" and our key word be "branch". We write our keyword repeatedly until it completely covers the text to be encrypted.

t e l e f o n (7 letters)
d a l d a l d (7 letters)

Looking at the correspondence of the overlapping letters in the table, we obtain our encrypted text.

"T" x "d" = "w"
"E" x "a" = "e"
"L" x "l" = "w"
"E" x "d" = "h"
"F" x "a" = "f"
"O" x "l" = "z"
"N" x "d" = "q"

Our encrypted text is "wewhfzq".

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Caesar encryption is the encryption technique that was first reproduced by the Roman leader Julius Caesar.

The first cryptological ideas of history carry the name transposition and substitution cipher in English, i.e. displacement and letter substitution cipher. One of these methods is obtained by replacing the letters in a text, and the second by replacing them with other letters. Perhaps the most famous technique that uses this encryption is the Caesar Cipher: In this cipher, its letters are written a few subsequent letters. For example, in the Caesar Cipher written in 3 letters, "ghqhph" is written instead of "trial".

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10 tips for creating a strong password(mrgesmanur)

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10 tips for creating a strong password(mrgesmanur)

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Passwords to help you fend off malicious people on the internet.Never use the same password for several different accounts.
Do not use descriptive terms in person.
Avoid common words and phrases.
Use different types of characters.
Set a long password.
Spell some words wrong.
Use two-factor authentication.
Change your password regularly.
Never share or save your password.
Use a password manager.

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Quantum Computers, Quantum Physics and Encryption(mrgçağla)

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Quantum Computers, Quantum Physics and Encryption(mrgçağla)

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Uzmanlar kırılamaz bir şifre arayışı içinde bugünde çalışma içerisindedirler. Bunun için yaygın olarak Kuantum teknolojisini kullanmak isterler. Yani Kuantum Fiziği ile Kuantum Bilgisayarları bir araya getirerek kırılması imkansız bir şifreleme üzerinde çalışıyorlar.

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Nowadays, the purpose of encryption is to prevent the information shared between the two parties from falling into the hands of others.Encryption methods are used to keep our data safe in many applications, including transactions such as credit card numbers, confidential documents, Bitcoin exchanges. Blockchain, the technology behind Bitcoin, connects hundreds of thousands of computers over a distributed network and uses encryption to protect each user's identity and keep a permanent record of their transactions.

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Video about Fully Homomorphic Encryption

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Fully Homomorphic Encryption | The Future of Cryptography

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How Encryption Works - and How It Can Be Bypassed

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Traditional encryption vs Modern encryption
Traditional encryption
This type of encryption is simply done by manipulating the letters of the main (like in the first part of this challenge for example).
They are generally weaker than modern encryption.
This type of encryption relies mostly on the obscurity of the encryption technique.

Modern encryption
This type of encryption uses binary to encrypt the plain text. With this type of encrpytion you need to posses a secret key (a code or link for example).
This type of encryption is generally stronger than traditional encryption.
The security of this this algorithm depends on the publicly known mathematical algorithm

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10 interesting facts about encryption.

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9 out of 10 users aren't aware that their photos, videos, documents etc. aren't safe online. Here's our proof!

Yeah, you've probably heard that one from us before. That's because we believe that data security is important and we try our best to ensure no one touches your files. What you still haven't heard from us, however, are these 10 interesting encryption facts!

1. Encryption is a term that comes from the science of cryptography. It includes the coding and decoding of messages in order to protect their contents.

2. The very word cryptography has Greek origins. "Kryptos" means hidden and "Graphein" - word.

3. One of the most ancient forms of encryption is letter substitution. Here's an example: Substitute the letters in your message with the next ones. That way "I love pCloud" will become "J mpwf qDmpvE".

4. The oldest encryption attempt known to mankind dates back to the kingdom of Egypt, around two thousand years before Christ. The ciphers are found on the tomb of Khnumhotep II. They may have been, however, a joke or an attempt to create a mystic atmosphere.

5. Julius Caesar used encryption in the days of the Roman Empire to cipher letters and messages. Generally, encryption played an important role in many wars and in military circles throughout the years.

6. Currently, encryption is the most practical and easy way to protect electronically stored, processed or transmitted data.

7. There are 2 parts to any encryption system: the algorithm for doing the transformation and a secret piece of information that specifies the particular transformation (called the key).

8. pCloud Crypto uses client-side encryption to protect your files. This means that your data will be ciphered on your device, before it is transferred to the pCloud servers.

9. Your files also get an additional layer of security in pCloud Crypto thanks the Crypto Pass you insert.

10. Back in 2015 we announced the pCloud Crypto Hacking Challenge. With 2860 participants among which representatives from Berkeley, NOBODY managed to hack us!

Curious to see how pCloud Crypto works? Subscribe now and ensure the file privacy your files deserve!

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We're sure you don't know these 10 interesting facts about encryption

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9 out of 10 users aren't aware that their photos, videos, documents etc. aren't safe online. Here's our proof! Yeah, you've probably heard that one from us before. That's because we believe that data security is important and we try our best to ensure no one touches your files.

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Enigma
The Enigma machine is a cipher device developed and used in the early- to mid-20th century to protect commercial, diplomatic, and military communication. It was employed extensively by Nazi Germany during World War II, in all branches of the German military. The Germans believed, erroneously, that use of the Enigma machine enabled them to communicate securely and thus enjoy a huge advantage in World War II. The Enigma machine was considered to be so secure that even the most top-secret messages were enciphered on its electrical circuits.

Enigma was broken with great effort from all allied countries, such as Poland, France and England. Germans believed in their cypher-machine and too late understood that it was broken. This circumstance gave Allied forces an opportunity to know German plans for long time.

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What is cryptography?

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The Science of Making and Breaking Codes

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What is Cryptography - Introduction to Cryptography - Lesson 1

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In this video I explain the fundamental concepts of cryptography. Encryption, decryption, plaintext, cipher text, and keys. Learn Math Tutorials Bookstore http://amzn.to/1HdY8vm Donate - http://bit.ly/19AHMvX

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Interesting website about cryptography with short videos. 😊

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Ciphers, codes and other encryption methods have been used throughout history by most civilization in some form or other to prevent non-authorized people from understanding messages. They have increased in sophistication considerably throughout history and are commonly in use today.

These 11 methods range from some of the earliest examples in history to some of the most advanced encryption techniques in history.

1. The Caesar Shift Cipher Was Used By the Roman Army

Its First Appearance: Unknown - Likely 1st Century AD

Where It Appeared: Roman Empire

When It Was Cracked (if applicable): Unknown - Likely between 5th and 9th Century AD

The cipher was named in honor of Julius Caesar who, according to Suetonius, used it to encrypt military and other official messages.

As the majority of Rome's enemies were illiterate at this time the cipher remained secure for a time. By the 9th Century AD, after the fall of Rome, records exist of methods to crack it using frequency analysis from Al-Kindi.

2. Scytale Was A Simple Cipher Used By The Spartans

Its First Appearance: Ancient Greece - 7th Century BC

Where It Appeared: Classical/Ancient Greece/Sparta

When It Was Cracked (if applicable): Unknown - But known about by Plutarch (50-120AD)

Scytale was an ancient form of encryption commonly in ancient/classical Greece. It is a form of transposition cipher where letters are re-arranged in the messages prior to being deciphered by the recipient.

This method involved the use of a cylinder around which a parchment was wrapped and the message written onto it. The recipient would use a rod of the exact same dimensions to read the message.

Given its simplicity, it was easily decipherable by the enemy too.

3. Steganography Hides Messages in Plain Sight

Its First Appearance: Circa 440BC

Where It Appeared: Ancient Greece

When It Was Cracked (if applicable): Unknown

Steganography is a method of hiding messages 'in plain sight' by camouflaging it as something else. The earliest recorded use of this form of 'encryption' was described by Herodotus in his Histories.

He describes how Histiaeus sent a message to his vassal, Aristagoras, by shaving the head of his most trusted servant, "marking" the message onto his scalp, and then letting the slave's hair regrow. The slave was then sent to Aristagoras and ordered to once again shave his head.

This method can also be used to hide files or other messages within other files or messages.

4. The Pigpen Cipher Was Used by The Masons

Its First Appearance: Unknown - Perhaps before 1531

Where It Appeared: Europe/Freemasons

When It Was Cracked (if applicable): Unknown

The Pigpen cipher, as known as masonic or freemason cipher, is a geometric simple substitution cipher. It uses symbols to encode the letters within a message.

It is encoded and decoded by producing a grid or set of grids to produce the subsequent symbols.

5. Breaking The Enigma Code Significantly Shortened World War 2

Its First Appearance: 1918-1920

Where It Appeared: Germany/Nazi Germany

When It Was Cracked (if applicable): It varies depending on the source - between 1941 and 1945

The term ' Enigma Code' is generally understood as the cipher device used by German forces during WW2 to encrypt their transmissions.

Enigma machines were invented by the Germans towards the end of the First World War and were then adopted by various militaries around the world.

During the Second World War, different military services developed their own encryption keys that would often be changed daily. As the allies cracked the codes the Axis forces would be forced to change them - only to have them cracked again.

A primary example of this 'code arms race' was the different phases of the success of German U-Boat 'Wolf Packs' during the Battle for the Atlantic.

The brunt of the deciphering work was conducted by Polish code breakers and famously, Alun Turing and his team at Bletchley Park with his Bombe Enigma cracking machine.

6. The Playfair Cipher Used Pairs of Letters For Encryption

Its First Appearance: 1854

Where It Appeared: England/United Kingdom

When It Was Cracked (if applicable): It was still in use during WW2 but gradually replaced from 1914 onwards.

First developed by Charles Wheatstone in 1854, the Playfair Cipher was named after its promoter, Lord Playfair.

This form of encryption uses pairs of letters rather than single letters in simpler substitution ciphers making it much harder to break.

7. The Polyalphabetic Cipher Finally Bested Frequency Analysis

Its First Appearance: 1467

Where It Appeared: Italy

When It Was Cracked (if applicable): Unknown

Until Leon Battista Alberti devised his polyalphabetic cipher in 1467 most ciphers could be solved using frequency analysis. His method uses various substitution sources for different parts of the message.

This marked the biggest improvement in cryptology since ancient times, earning him the title of " Father of Western Cryptology". At least according to David Khan.

8. The Vigenère Cipher Should Be Called The Bellaso Cipher

Its First Appearance: 1467

Where It Appeared: Italy

When It Was Cracked (if applicable): Decryption technique published in 1863

The s now widely accepted to have been originally created by Vigenère cipher i Giovan Battista Bellaso (an Italian Cryptologist). It was later misattributed to Blaise de Vigenère in the 19th Century, hence its current name.

It encrypts text using a series of interwoven Caesar ciphers based on a keyword. It is, therefore, a form of polyalphabetic substitution.

9. The Data Encryption Standard Kicked Off Modern Cryptology Advancement

Its First Appearance: 1970's

Where It Appeared: IBM, The United States of America

When It Was Cracked (if applicable): It was replaced by AES in the early 21st Century

The Data Encryption Standard (DES) was devised by IBM (based on earlier work by Horst Feistel) during the 1970's. It is a symmetric key algorithm used for the encryption of electronic data.

Flow diagram for DES processing. Source: Hellisp/Wikimedia Commons

10. Public-Key Cryptography Was An Official Secret For 27 Years

Its First Appearance: 1970

Where It Appeared: United Kingdom

When It Was Cracked (if applicable): It was declassified in 1997

Public Key Cryptography was first conceived by James H. Ellis in 1970 whilst working as a cryptographer for the GCHQ - but he soon ran into problems trying to implement it. His work was improved upon in 1973 by Clifford Cocks who developed RSA encryption algorithm.

Later adapted by Malcolm J. Williamson in 1974 this method of encryption was also used by the NSA and would remain a secret for 27 years until it was declassified in 1997.

11. Advanced Encryption Standard Is the Modern Standard

Its First Appearance: 1998-2001

Where It Appeared: United States of America
When It Was Cracked (if applicable): 2011
AES, also called Rijndael, is a modern form of encryption of electronic data that was first published by the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).

It has since been adopted worldwide.

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11 Cryptographic Methods That Marked History: From the Caesar Cipher to Enigma Code and Beyond

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Ciphers, codes and other encryption methods have been used throughout history by most civilization in some form or other to prevent non-authorized people from understanding messages. They have increased in sophistication considerably throughout history and are commonly in use today.

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Data encryption is a process that does not secure electronic data converted by cryptography to encrypted data, available only to the owner of the decryption key. Data encryption serves to protect them against detection by third parties and Member States when accessing and transmitting data, including telecommunications.

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https://theconversation.com/encryption-today-how-safe-is-it-really-37806

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Similar to today's practice, one of the first encryption studies with the purpose of transmitting secret messages was BC. 5-7. Used by the Spartans in the centuries. The cylinder-like vehicle, called Scytale, was used to carry the encrypted message by replacing the symbols on it. It is stated that this method, which is an example of the alternating encryption type and used by the Spartans in wars, has a low margin of error but a high probability of being resolved.

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What is cryptography?

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What is cryptography? | Journey into cryptography | Computer Science | Khan Academy

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Video about asymmetric encryption

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Asymmetric encryption - Simply explained

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S5JDPi_6N2s

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https://youtu.be/fMACmQ9aLl4

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What is Encryption and How Does it Work? | Mashable Explains

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Asymmetric encryption Asymmetric encryption solves the problem of key distribution to the recipient. Here, unlike symmetric encryption, there is no need to get the secret key securely to the other party. As the name implies, another key is used to encrypt and another back to decrypt. Each participant in the communication has two keys. The first is public, the others may or even need to know it. The second is private. This key pair has the property that one encrypts the message and decrypts the other. Therefore, the sender encrypts the message with the recipient's public key. He receives the encrypted message and decrypts it with his private key. Because he is the only one with this private key, no one can read the message. (Of web, if we use another key that does not belong to the key that was encrypted, we get nonsense).

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1. What is encryption?
Encryption is the method by which information is converted into secret code that hides the information's true meaning.

2. Where is the encryption used?
Encryption makes the modern world go round. Every time you make a mobile phone call, buy something with a credit card in a shop or on the web, or even get cash from an ATM, encryption bestows upon that transaction the confidentiality and security to make it possible.

3. What is the relationship between encryption and mathematics?
Cryptography is the science of using mathematics to hide data behind encryption.  Most cryptographic algorithms use keys, which are mathematical values that plug into the algorithm. If the algorithm says to encipher a message by replacing each letter with its numerical equivalent (A = 1, B = 2, and so on) and then multiplying the results by some number X, X represents the key to the algorithm.

4. What would life be without encryption?
In our day-to-day lives, the use of encryption is everywhere. For example, we use it to securely send passwords over vast networks for online purchases. If all of the cryptographic engines/functions stopped working for a day, modern life as we know it would stop. Bank transactions wouldn’t go through, internet traffic would come to a halt, and cell phones would no longer function. At this point, all of our important information would be exposed, and it then could be exploited to do unimaginable harm to us all.

5. What are the interesting cryptographic events in history?
During World War II, the Allies scored some notable victories against the Germans because their encryption systems did not sufficiently scramble messages. Rigorous mathematical analysis by Allied code crackers laid bare patterns hidden within the messages and used them to recreate the machine used to encrypt them.

6. What are the encryption tools used throughout history?

Circa 600 BC: The ancient Spartans used a device called a scytale to send secret messages during battle.
This device consists of a leather strap wrapped around a wooden rod.
The letters on the leather strip are meaningless when it's unwrapped, and only if the recipient has the correctly sized rod does the message make sense.

Circa 60 BC: Julius Caesar invents a substitution cipher that shifts characters by three places: A becomes D, B becomes E, and so on. A simple and effective encoding method at that time.

1553: Giovan Battista Bellaso envisions the first cipher to use a proper encryption key - an agreed-upon keyword that the recipient needs to know if he or she wants to decode the message.

1854: Charles Wheatstone invents the Playfair Cipher, which encrypts pairs of letters instead of single ones and is, therefore, harder to crack.

1917: An American, Edward Hebern, invents the electro-mechanical machine in which the key is embedded in a rotating disc. It's the first example of a rotor machine. It encodes a substitution table that is changed every time a new character is typed.

1918: German engineer Arthur Scherbius invents the Enigma machine (pictured) for commercial use. Rather than the one rotor used by Hebern's device, it uses several. Recognizing its genius, the German military begins to use it to send coded transmissions.

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E-BOOK about encryption science: Cryptology

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E-BOOK about encryption science: Cryptology

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This book was prepared by Kırıkkale High School for another friend:) eTwinning project (Mysterious Ciphers). You can find useful information about chellenge  9 in the book.